Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch

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Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch
Part of the
Anglo–Spanish War

The defeated Spanish garrison leaving 's-Hertogenbosch, 17 September 1629
by Pauwels van Hillegaert 1635. Oil on Canvas.
Date30 April 1629 – 14 September 1629
Location
's-Hertogenbosch
51°42′N 5°19′E / 51.700°N 5.317°E / 51.700; 5.317
Result Dutch victory
Territorial
changes		 Annexation of 's-Hertogenbosch by the Dutch Republic
Belligerents
Spain Spain  United Provinces
Commanders and leaders
Anthonie Schetz
Spain Hendrik van den Bergh

(Spanish Relief Army)		 Dutch Republic Frederick Henry
Dutch Republic Ernest Casimir
Dutch Republic Horace Vere
Dutch Republic William Brog
Strength

3,000 infantry

4,000 armed civilians

24,000 infantry of which:

  • c. 9000 English (Anglo-Dutch Brigade)
  • c. 5000 Scots (Scots Brigade)

4,000 cavalry

116 cannons
Casualties and losses

1,200 killed

1,200 diseased and injured		 Unknown

The siege of 's-Hertogenbosch also known as the siege of Bois-Le-Duc

Anglo–Spanish War in which a Dutch and English army captured the city of 's-Hertogenbosch.[2] The city had been loyal to the King of Spain since 1579 and was part of the Spanish Netherlands
.

Background

The

Habsburgs tried to punish the rebellious Dutch Republic by cutting it off from its hinterland
by a land blockade. 's-Hertogenbosch was the main fortress in this perimeter and enormous sums of money were poured into the improvement of its defences. As the ground surrounding the city was a marsh, the city was generally deemed to be impregnable, as the water-saturated soil seemed to make an application of current siege methods impossible; trench-digging and undermining were apparently out of the question. Maurice had failed twice in taking the city.

The blockade caused an economic crisis for the Republic and it reacted by trying to harm the enemy in its colonies. In 1628 one of the many schemes undertaken met with spectacular success when Admiral Piet Hein of the Dutch West India Company captured the Spanish treasure fleet. The vastly improved financial situation of the Republic allowed for a major counter-stroke and Stadtholder Frederick Henry decided to break the Habsburg morale by conquering their main stronghold in the Netherlands. This came very unexpectedly; most had predicted the goal of his campaign would be Breda, which had been retaken by the Habsburgs in 1625.

Siege

Map of the siege of Den Bosch in 1629. Joan Blaeu.

Advancing from

Aa) around the city by means of a double forty kilometre dike, in the form of a giant square, completely enclosing the fortress. Thus having created a polder
, he began to drain it with (mainly horse) mills. After the soil had sufficiently dried out his trenches could approach the city walls. Noble visitors from all over Europe visited the siege to admire the novel and spectacular method.

Ernst Casimir
at the siege of 's-Hertogenbosch.

Of course the Habsburg authorities didn't remain idle while their main bulwark was being reduced. They sent a large relief army under command of Frederick Henry's Catholic cousin

circumvallation, successfully tested at the siege of Grol in 1627, was too strong to breach. He tried to lure Frederick Henry away by invading the Republic through the Veluwe, capturing Amersfoort on 14 August. When his supply base at Wesel
was taken, he had to withdraw.

Meanwhile, the Protestant forces dug themselves ever closer to the city along the southern road from the direction of

Anthonie Schetz
surrendered the city.

Aftermath

Exodus of the Spanish garrison from Den Bosch, 1629. By Charles Rochussen

Bishop Michael Ophovius tried to plead with Frederick Henry for religious tolerance, but though the stadtholder himself would gladly have granted religious freedom to the Catholics, as he tried to gain popularity in the Spanish Netherlands in the hope support for the rebellion would grow, due to vehement Calvinist resistance it had already been decided to be as strict in this respect as in the rest of the Republic; only nunneries could remain until the last nun of those present in 1629 had died.

The fall of 's-Hertogenbosch was an enormous blow to the prestige of the Spanish monarchy and the worst defeat in the North since the

Spanish armada in 1588.[3] As a result, their position in the North would soon crumble and Frederick Henry, encouraged by the success, would start a series of other sieges, assisted by his cousin Van den Bergh, who changed sides after being accused of treason. Many of the English soldiers who fought during the siege would become prominent during the English Civil Wars. These were Thomas Fairfax, Jacob Astley, Philip Skippon, Thomas Glemham, George Monck as well as Henry Hexham, the historian of the Dutch wars. Fairfax, Skippon, and Monck, particularly, were Vere's pupils in the art of war.[4]

Although its population would remain predominantly Catholic, 's-Hertogenbosch would stay firmly in the hands of the Republic as part of the Generality Lands until French revolutionary forces captured it in 1794; only then would the Batavian Republic grant equality to Catholics. The former Duchy of Brabant remains divided to this day between Belgium (Flemish Brabant, Brussels and Walloon Brabant) and the Netherlands (North Brabant).

References

Citations
  1. ^ a b Markham pp. 435-38
  2. ^ Knight, Charles Raleigh: Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment. Vol I. London, Gale & Polden, 1905, pp. 69-70
  3. ^ Israel p. 507
  4. ^ s:Vere, Horace (DNB00)
Bibliography
  • ISBN 9780198207344
    .
  • Markham, C. R. (2007). The Fighting Veres: Lives of Sir Francis Vere And Sir Horace Vere. Kessinger Publishing.
    ISBN 978-1432549053
    .
  • van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010). The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688. Volume 31 of Warfare in History Series. Boydell & Brewer.
    ISBN 9781843835752
    .

External links
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