Siege of Leuven
Siege of Leuven | |||||||
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Part of the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659) | |||||||
Relief of Louvain. Oil on canvas by Peter Snayers. | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Spain Holy Roman Empire |
United Provinces Kingdom of France | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
Garrison: 4,000[2][3][4] Relief force: 11,000[5] |
50,000[2] 30,000 Dutch 20,000 French | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
700 | At least 12,000 casualties[6][a] | ||||||
The siege of Leuven (24 June – 4 July 1635) was an important siege in the
Background
In 1635 the Dutch Republic concluded an alliance with France with the objective of taking on the Army of Flanders from two sides, in the hope of breaking the strategic stalemate in the Eighty Years' War and dividing up the Spanish Netherlands between the two partners in the alliance. The French invaded from the south and defeated the Spanish army at Les Avins on 20 May, eventually joining forces in Maastricht with Frederick Henry of Orange, who had departed the Dutch Republic in command of 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry soldiers,.[9] Meanwhile, the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, who was in Leuven, ordered the Spanish Tercios to move to Tienen and sent the Count of Fuenclara to Germany with instructions to call the Imperial army for help.[9]
The joint army of France and the United Provinces, then numbering 50,000 men,[9] composed by French, Dutch, German and English soldiers,[9] marched to Tienen, defended by a small garrison under Captain Martín de los Alarcos. The town was taken by assault, looted for three days, and finally razed.[9] The Spanish garrison and most of its inhabitants were massacred.[9] This event gave Ferdinand time to improve the fortifications of Leuven and to camp his army in a fortified position next to the city. The Franco-Dutch army made its appearance soon after and camped two leagues from Ferdinand's headquarters. Nevertheless, they remained inactive for eight days, which allowed the populace of all the country, but specially of Brussels, where the news of the sack of Tienen had caused great fear, to escape to safer places.[9]
Siege
First operations
On 20 June the Franco-Dutch army raised camp and advanced its lines to the eastern bank of the
Siege
That night all the artillery and baggage marched back to Brussels, and the following day so did the Cardinal-Infante with his camp,
The besiegers, irritated by the obstruction to their works, decided to storm the ramparts even exposed to enemy fire, taking advantage of their numerical superiority.[11] On one night three regiments assaulted the ramparts and bulwarks from the most advanced entrenchments, but were bloodily repelled by the wakeful defenders.[11] The following night, Frederick Henry in person led an assault on the ravelin which protected the gate of Mechelen, guarded by just a handful of Irish. Despite the initial success of the attack, the Irish, aided by some Germans and bourgeois, managed to reject Frederick Henry inflicting him serious losses.[11] Much of the failure was caused by the fact that the maneuvers of his army were being observed from a well-fortified tower, situated between the gates of Mechelen and Vilvoorde, popularly called Verlooren-Kost.[12] This tower, besides as artillery position, served as look-out to Baron of Grobbendonck. When the Franco-Dutch realized this, the Verlooren-Kost was put under heavy artillery fire, but the 9-meter-thick walls of the tower could not be overthrown.[12]
Relief
On 29 June,
Aftermath
The Franco-Dutch failure in front of Leuven's walls allowed the Spanish to take the initiative.[1] The Cardinal-Infante counter-attacked, pushing the Franco-Dutch army back to the Dutch border. He made a north-easterly thrust to the Rhine in the direction of Cleves, recapturing Diest and Tienen.[1] A party of 500 German mercenaries under Lt.-Col. Eyndhouts, roaming on his left flank, managed to surprise the Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans that at the time had a garrison of only 120 soldiers, in the night of 27/28 July. A large garrison was then put in the fortress, at first under the command of Eyndhouts. The Dutch brought up reinforcements right away, but could not prevent the occupation by a Spanish army of 20,000 of the Duchy of Cleves during August and September,[13] with the aim of linking the fort of Shenck with the main body of the Spanish Netherlands.[13] This army was a threat to the Dutch heartland and it was therefore urgent that this threat be countered. Frederick Henry personally started the siege of Schenkenschans within days of its fall, but soon transferred command to his cousin John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen. The fort fell to the Dutch but only after a long and very costly siege that lasted through the winter months.[1] Having secured the Dutch frontier, the Spanish forced the French back and counter-invaded the north of France towards the Somme, reaching as far as Corbie.[14]
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d e f Israel p. 70
- ^ a b Guthrie p. 181
- ^ a b Collin de Plancy p. 128
- ^ a b Ayres p. 127
- ^ a b c d e de Luna y Mora p. 393
- ^ a b Wilson 2009, p. 560.
- ^ Parrott p. 74
- ^ Israel p. 69
- ^ a b c d e f g de Luna y Mora p. 392
- ^ a b c d de Luna y Mora p. 394
- ^ a b c d e Collin de Plancy p. 129
- ^ a b c d Collin de Plancy p. 130
- ^ a b Israel p. 71
- ^ Israel p. 76
- Ayres, Ruby Mildred (2008). A Popular History of Ireland. BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN 978-0-554-33033-4.
- Collin de Pancy, Jacques Albin Simon (1836). Fastes militaires des Belges, ou Histoire des guerres, sièges, conquêtes, expéditions et faits d'armes qui ont illustré la Belgique depuis l'invasion de César jusqu'à nos jours (in French). Brussel, Belgium: Au Bureau des fastes militaires.
- Guthrie, William P. (2001). The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Westport, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32408-6.
- Israel, Jonathan Irvine (1997). Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the struggle for world supremacy, 1585–1713. London, UK: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-85285-161-3.
- Parrott, David (2001). Richelieu's Army: War, government, and society in France, 1624–1642. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79209-7.
- Luna y Mora, Diego (1842–1895). Relación de la campaña del año 1635, in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España (in Spanish). Vol. LXXV. Madrid, Spain: Impr. de la Viuda de Calero.
- Wilson, Peter H. (2009). The Thirty Years War: Europe's tragedy. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03634-5.