Sarama
In
Early Rig-Vedic works do not depict Sarama as a dog, but later
Etymology and epithets
Orientalist
There are two epithets for Sarama in the original Rig Veda. Firstly, she is described as supadi, which means "having good feet", "fair-footed" or "quick", an epithet only used for Sarama in the text. Her other epithet is subhaga – "the fortunate one", or "the beloved one" – a common epithet of the Ushas, the Dawn.[4] Sarama's other name Deva-shuni means "divine bitch" or "bitch of the gods".[5][6]: 694
It has been suggested that the Greek Hermes is a cognate of Sarama.[7]
Finding the stolen cows
Sarama is the subject of a
Sarama is also mentioned in a few Vedic hymns, usually in connection with the Angirasas and the winning of the highest realms of existence, the most important of which is the
The Anukramanika, the index to the Rig-Veda samhita (a part of the Rig-Veda), records that Indra sent the Deva-shuni to look for the cows and repeats that a conversation took place between Sarama and the Panis.
The Samhita texts like the Vajasaneyi Samhita, the Kathaka, the Maitrayani Samhita and the Atharvaveda Samhita repeat Rig-Vedic verses with references to Sarama. The Atharvaveda Samhita has another reference to Sarama, which talks about her dew-claws, suggesting her place as deity for all dogs.[17]
The
In the
Parentage and children
The Taittiriya Aranyaka states Sarama is a vedi – a holy altar, daughter of Dyaus ("Heaven") and Prithvi ("Earth"), and the sister of Brihaspati and Rudra.[21]
In a late hymn in the tenth Mandala of the Rig Veda, two Sarameya (literally, "sons of Sarama"),
Often described as the mother of all dogs, she is also sometimes regarded as the mother of all beasts of prey, including lions and tigers, as in Bhagavata Purana.[2] She is also a daughter of Daksha and wife of the sage Kashyapa in this Purana and not a dog.[23]
Epics
The epic
Interpretations and associations
Scholars, including Max Müller, Sri Aurobindo and Wendy Doniger emphasize that most references in the early Veda do not refer to Sarama as canine. She may be a fair-footed goddess to whom the Panis are attracted and whom they ask to be their sister. It is only in later interpretations of the Vedic imagery that Sarama becomes a divine hound, who sniffs out the Panis and leads her master to them. According to Sri Aurobindo, the phrase in which Sarama demands food for her progeny is misinterpreted with equating Sarama's children to a dog-race born of Sarama. It is the reference to the Sarameya dogs – sons of Sarama – in a late hymn that cements the notion of Sarama being a dog.[8][19][26]
The role of Sarama in the Rig Vedic legend leads Sri Aurobindo to say, "Sarama is some power of Light and probably of Dawn". She "must be a forerunner of the dawn of Truth in the human mind". Sarama is "the traveller and the seeker who does not herself possess [the Truth] but rather finds what is lost".[8] However, about the interpretation of Sarama as canine, Sri Aurobindo adds, "The image of the hound of heaven is, however, exceedingly apt and striking and was bound to develop out of the legend".[27] Max Müller relates Sarama to the Ushas, the Dawn. The tale of kidnapping of the cows and their recovery, he explains, is the disappearance of the bright cows or rays of the Sun. Sarama, the Dawn, finds them and is followed by Indra, the god of light.[28]
When explaining the two references in which Sarama follows the "path of Truth", Sayana calls Sarama the heavenly dog or Speech (Vāc) herself.[10] The Vac-identity of Sarama is also emphasized in the Yajus-samhitas and by Mahidhara, commentator of the Vajasaneyi Samhita.[3] The Brhaddevata, which speaks of Sarama's unfaithfulness, also mentions Sarama as one of the names of Vac in the middle sphere (world), where Vac is said to have three forms in three spheres. Sarama is also mentioned as a deity within Indra's sphere in the same text.[29]
Notes
- ^ Müller p. 482
- ^ a b c d "Monier-Williams Dictionary p. 1182".
- ^ a b c Singh pp. 158–61
- ^ Müller p. 487
- ^ ISBN 9781443722278.
- ^ ISBN 0-8426-0822-2.
- ISBN 978-0143064701.
- ^ ISBN 81-7058-714-X.
- ^ Müller pp. 482–3
- ^ a b c Singh pp. 144–153
- ^ Singh p. 165-6
- ^ Müller p. 485
- ^ Singh pp. 143–4
- ^ Müller pp. 485–6
- ^ Singh pp. 167–73
- ^ Singh p. 173-75
- ^ Singh pp. 153–5
- ^ Singh pp. 155–6
- ^ ISBN 9780140443066.
- ^ a b c Singh pp. 187–92
- ^ Singh pp. 156–7
- ^ Singh pp. 157–8
- ^ "Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 6 Chapter 6 Verses 24-26". vedabase.net. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010.
- ISBN 0-226-84663-6.
- ISBN 0-226-84664-4.
- ^ Singh p. 143
- ^ "Attention Required! | Cloudflare".
- ^ Müller pp. 487–491
- ^ Singh p. 161-2
References
- Müller, Max (1865). "Lecture XI: Myths of the Dawn". Lectures on the science of language. Vol. 2. pp. 481–543.
- Singh, Nagendra KR (1997). Indian Legends. APH Publishing. ISBN 81-7024-902-3.
Further reading
- Debroy, Bibek (2008). Sarama and Her Children: The Dog in Indian Myth, New Delhi: Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-306470-1.