Sega AM2

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Sega AM Research & Development No. 2
Sega

Sega AM Research & Development No. 2,[a] previously known as SEGA-AM2 Co., Ltd.,[b] is a video game development team within the Japanese multinational video game developer Sega. Yu Suzuki, who had previously developed arcade games for Sega including Hang-On and Out Run, was the first manager of the department.

AM2's first game produced was 1992's

CSK Research Institute in 2000, and a year later became SEGA-AM2 Co., Ltd. Their development of Shenmue
was over budget and cost millions of dollars, and despite positive reviews and good sales was unable to become profitable.

Suzuki was promoted and left AM2 in 2003; Hiroshi Kataoka became the head of AM2. A year later Sega was acquired by Sammy Corporation and AM2 was merged back into Sega. Since, the team has continued work on arcade games such as Border Break and the Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA series, as well as smartphone games in Japan. Several games produced by Sega AM2 have influenced and innovated the video game industry from a technical and developmental perspective.

History

See also: Sega development studios

Precursors to AM2: Yu Suzuki and Studio 128

A picture of Yu Suzuki
Yu Suzuki, the first head of AM2

arcade system board,[4] which utilized 16-bit graphics and sprite-scaling.[5][6] Hang-On was very popular at launch and sold well for Sega.[4] Suzuki's success followed with additional titles Space Harrier, Out Run, and Enduro Racer.[4][7] He and his team relocated to "Studio 128", a more private location where After Burner and Power Drift were developed.[8] He also worked on development of G-LOC: Air Battle and the R360 arcade cabinet.[2] Developer Toshihiro Nagoshi joined Sega in 1989 as a designer with Suzuki's team.[9]

Establishment of AM2 and years as a department

An image of Toshihiro Nagoshi
Toshihiro Nagoshi joined Sega as a member of Yu Suzuki's team, and was a designer with AM2.

Some time after the release of Power Drift, Sega began to separate the amusement division into the Amusement Machine Research and Development teams, or AM teams. Suzuki was made general manager of Research and Development No. 2, or Sega AM2.[8][2] According to Suzuki, Sega employed approximately 600 people in research and development, and that AM2 began as a group of around 100 people. He has also stated the reason for this separation was the advent of advanced computer graphics technology.[2] Around the time of AM2's formation, Suzuki's team moved back into the main office, then to an annex a short walk from the office. Even so, Suzuki worked with a desire of secrecy, so much so that Sega president Hayao Nakayama was denied entry on one occasion.[8]

The first project developed by AM2 was

arcade system board on which it runs took approximately three years. AM2 also ported the game for the Sega Genesis.[2] Next Generation stated that AM2 "single-handedly chang[ed] the perception of polygons in a gaming environment" with Virtua Racing.[10]

After the release of Virtua Racing, AM2 split into two teams; one began work on

Street Fighter II in the industry at the time, he made the decision to make a 3D fighting game to compete.[11] In developing the game, Suzuki identified the need for the game to be realistic, yet fun to play.[12] Virtua Fighter became a huge success in Japan,[13] and its Sega Saturn port sold at a nearly one-to-one ratio with the console itself.[14]

Virtua Racing Twin Cabinet

For Daytona USA, Nagoshi was director and chief designer, while Suzuki served as producer. The concept for the game was suggested by Tom Petit, head of Sega Enterprises USA, as a way to debut Sega's new Model 2 arcade system board. Sega mandated that Daytona USA had to be better than

American Amusement Machine Association's Diamond Awards, which are based strictly on sales achievements.[21] In a 2002 report, Sega reported it to be one of the most successful arcade games of all time.[22]

Over the course of the remainder of the 1990s, Suzuki's primary concern in arcades were the Virtua Fighter series and working as a producer for other titles.[23] Subsequently, AM2 released Virtua Cop and Virtua Fighter 2 for the Model 2.[24] Produced in twelve months, Virtua Fighter 2 was an even greater success in Japan than its predecessor.[10] In a 1996 interview, Suzuki stated in an interview his philosophy to be not an imitator, but a pioneer in the arcade industry. He also described the palm tree logo of AM2 as representing reliance and peace of mind.[25] Further titles developed in the end of 1990s included Virtua Cop 2, Fighting Vipers, Daytona USA 2: Battle on the Edge, and SpikeOut. Daytona USA 2 and SpikeOut made use of the Model 3 system board.[26]

AM2 of CRI and SEGA-AM2 Co., Ltd.

In April 2000,

Aero Dancing. The new division became known as "AM2 of CRI", and Suzuki remained in charge.[27] Also in 2000, Sega restructured its arcade and console development teams into nine semi-autonomous studios headed by the company's top designers.[5][28] Sega's design houses were encouraged to experiment and benefited from a relatively lax approval process.[29] During the development of Shenmue, Nagoshi requested and was granted his own studio, leaving AM2.[30]

AM2 developed what Sega hoped would be the

Virtua Fighter 4: Evolution on PlayStation 2, used AI mined from players in Japan playing through VF.NET.[43]

In 2001, AM2 of CRI was renamed to SEGA-AM2 Co., Ltd.

Virtua Fighter 4 Evolution.[48] Makoto Osaki became AM2's head of development, reporting to Kataoka.[49] At the same time as the changes, a number of Sega's studios were merged. However, AM2 did not merge with any other studio.[45][50]

Merge into Sega and years since

R-Tuned : Ultimate Street Racing
cabinet

During mid-2004, Sammy Corporation bought a controlling share in Sega and created the new company Sega Sammy Holdings, an entertainment conglomerate. Since then, Sega and Sammy became subsidiaries of the aforementioned holding company, with both companies operating independently, while the executive departments merged.[51] Prior to the acquisition by Sammy, Sega began the process of re-integrating its subsidiaries into the main company,[52] which was completed by October 2004.[53] Sega would also restructure the development studios again, consolidating the divisions further into the Global Entertainment, Amusement Software, and New Entertainment R&D divisions.[54]

The controllers for Border Break

AM2 continued to develop games after the merger.

R-Tuned: Ultimate Street Racing. When the PSP game Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA was in development, it was decided that AM2 would develop an arcade version as well as develop the holographic imagery for Hatsune Miku's live concerts. The visuals for these projects were based on the Virtua Fighter 5 engine. Makoto Osaki called this period the most stressful for him since Shenmue.[63]

Arcade version of Kantai Collection

A major success for AM2 has been the Border Break franchise. The game was partly developed because the development team felt envious of the Virtua Fighter 5 team and wanted to develop a competitive game as well. The arcade release in 2009 was continuously updated, with releases Border Break Union in 2012, Border Break Scramble in 2015, and Border Break X in 2017—with a PlayStation 4 version released in 2018. In 2019, Border Break celebrated its 10th Anniversary.[64] Other titles from AM2 to get long-term support in arcades are Quest of D,[65] Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ,[66] and Shining Force Cross.[67] Hiroshi Kataoka likened the basic enjoyability of these network-based arcade games to those of an MMO, but collectible cards and a community differentiated these from the usually solitary MMO experience on PC.[68] According to Sega Amusement International CEO Paul Williams, these type of core games are only possible in Japan due to Sega owning their own chains and being able to kickstart an online infrastructure.[69] The latest effort, Soul Reverse, was born out of the desire to create a fantasy version of Border Break.[70] It lasted a year, launching in 2018 with its network features shutting down in 2019.[71] The game was not well received by the Japanese arcade player base. It took four years to produce.[72] Currently running arcade games with AM2 staff working on them are KanColle Arcade,[73] Fate/Grand Order Arcade[74][75] as well as an updated version of Virtua Fighter 5, Virtua Fighter 5: Ultimate Showdown, co-developed with Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio.[76]

As of 2014, Hiroshi Kataoka was still in charge of AM2.[77] Currently he is an executive for Sega supervising arcade engineers and the technology backend of games developed at the engineering division.[78][79]

Games

An arcade cabinet with two gun controllers
A Virtua Cop arcade cabinet

AM2 has several arcade and video game series they develop, including Daytona USA, Virtua Fighter, OutRun, Virtua Cop, Virtua Striker, Fighting Vipers, and Shenmue.[23][24][26] Other titles developed by the studio include Scud Race,[80] Sonic the Fighters,[26] 18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker,[81] F355 Challenge,[39] Outtrigger,[82] and Soul Reverse.[83] AM2 has also developed smartphone games in Japan.[60] Of AM2's games, the Virtua Fighter series is "the highest grossing game in Japan arcades."[55] The Hatsune Miku: Project Diva series has sold over 6 million units as of 2018.[84] As of March 2012, the game Border Break has grossed JP¥8.1 billion from arcade machine sales, equivalent to more than US$100 million.[85]

Journalists have praised AM2 as having a "legendary" status in game development, in particular under Yu Suzuki. According to Aaron Souppouris of Engadget, AM2 in the past developed games that defined their genres, and called the department Sega's "most-storied division". While lamenting the changes in development focus in recent years, Souppouris called the Hatsune Miku series "admittedly excellent".[60] In 1995, Edge called Suzuki "the legendary head of AM2, Sega's core coin-op operation".[2] Also in 1995, Next Generation stated that AM2's unusual repeated success came from its ability to release high-quality games on a regular basis.[10] IGN's Travis Fahs stated that "[f]or as long as SEGA has had internal studios, AM2 has been the favorite son of the arcade division... Without AM2, SEGA would not have been able to dominate the arcades the way that they did."[38] Video game journalist Ken Horowitz has stated that AM2 became the most well-known of Sega's in-house development teams and that the studio produced "ground-breaking classics".[8]

List of games developed by Sega AM2
Title Year released Platform Ref(s)
Hang-On 1985
Sega Hang-On hardware
 [86]
Space Harrier
Sega Space Harrier hardware
Out Run 1986
Sega OutRun hardware
After Burner 1987
Sega X Board
After Burner II
Power Drift 1988
Sega Y Board
Dynamite Düx
Sega System 16
Turbo Outrun 1989
Sega OutRun hardware
Sword of Vermilion
Sega Mega Drive
G-LOC: Air Battle 1990
Sega Y Board
GP Rider
Sega X Board
Strike Fighter 1991
Sega Y Board
Rent a Hero
Sega Mega Drive
F1 Exhaust Note 1991
Sega System 32
Arabian Fight 1992
Sega System 32
Virtua Racing
Sega Model 1
Soreike Kokology
Sega System 32
Burning Rival 1993
Sega System 32
Virtua Fighter
Sega Model 1
Daytona USA 1994
Sega Model 2
 [15]
Desert Tank [86]
Virtua Cop
Virtua Fighter Sega Saturn [87]
Virtua Fighter 2
Sega Model 2
 [86]
Virtua Racing
Sega Mega Drive
Daytona USA 1995 Sega Saturn [88][89]
Virtua Fighter 2 [86]
Virtua Fighter Remix
 		[90]
Virtua Striker
Sega Model 2
 [91]
Virtua Cop 2 [86]
Fighting Vipers
Virtua Cop 2 1996 Sega Saturn
Virtua Fighter 2 CG Portrait Series
Virtua Fighter Kids
Sega ST-V, Sega Saturn
Virtua Fighter 3
Sega Model 3
Fighters Megamix Sega Saturn
Fighting Vipers
Scud Race
Sega Model 3
Sonic the Fighters
Sega Model 2
Digital Dance Mix Vol.1 Namie Amuro 1997 Sega Saturn
Scud Race Plus
Sega Model 3
Virtua Fighter 3tb
Fighting Vipers 2 1998
: Battle on the Edge
Daytona USA 2: Power Edition
Virtua Fighter 3tb Dreamcast
Ferrari F355 Challenge 1999
Sega NAOMI Multiboard
Outtrigger
Sega NAOMI
18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker
Sega NAOMI
Shenmue Dreamcast
18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker 2000
Ferrari F355 Challenge
Beach Spikers 2001
Sega NAOMI
F355 Challenge 2 International Course Edition
Sega NAOMI Multiboard
Fighting Vipers 2 Dreamcast
Shenmue II
Outtrigger
Virtua Fighter 4
Sega NAOMI 2
Aero Elite: Combat Academy 2002 PlayStation 2
Beach Spikers Gamecube
Ferrari F355 Challenge PlayStation 2
Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ
Sega NAOMI 2
Shenmue II Xbox
The King of Route 66
Sega NAOMI 2
Virtua Cop: Elite Edition
 		PlayStation 2
Virtua Fighter 4
Virtua Fighter 4: Evolution
Sega NAOMI 2
Choujikuu Yousai Macross
 		2003 PlayStation 2
Virtua Cop 3
Sega Chihiro
Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ2
The King of Route 66 PlayStation 2
OutRun 2
Sega Chihiro
Virtua Fighter 4 Evolution PlayStation 2
Ghost Squad 2004
Sega Chihiro
 [92]
Quest of D [86]
Sega Ages 2500 Vol. 16: Virtua Fighter 2 PlayStation 2 [93]
Sega Golf Club
Sega Chihiro
 [94][95]
OutRun 2 SP
 		[86]
Virtua Fighter 4 Final Tuned
Sega NAOMI 2
Virtua Quest PlayStation 2, GameCube
Quest of D Ver. 2.0: Gofu no Keisyousya 2005 Sega Chihiro [96]
Sega Ages 2500 Vol. 19: Fighting Vipers PlayStation 2 [97]
Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ3 Sega Chihiro [96]
Sonic Gems Collection (Sonic the Fighters) GameCube, PlayStation 2 [98]
After Burner: Climax 2006
Sega Lindbergh
 [99]
Quest of D Ver 3.0: Oukoku no Syugosya
Sega Chihiro
 [96]
Sega Golf Club Ver. 2006
 		[95]
Miyazato San Kyoudai Naizou: Sega Golfclub PlayStation 3
Virtua Fighter 5
Sega Lindbergh
 [96]
Ghost Squad Evolution 2007 Sega Chihiro [92]
Ghost Squad Wii
Quest of D: The Battle Kingdom Sega Chihiro [95]
Sega Network Casino Club Sega Lindbergh
Virtua Fighter 5 Xbox 360, PlayStation 3
R-Tuned: Ultimate Street Racing
 		2008
Sega Lindbergh
 [100]
Sega Network Casino Club Ver. 2 [96]
Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ4
Virtua Fighter 5 R
Border Break 2009 Sega RingeEdge [101]
Cyber Troopers Virtual-On Oratorio Tangram Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 [95]
Sega Racing Classic Sega RingWide [102]
Sega Network Casino Club Ver. 3 Sega Lindbergh [96]
Shining Force Cross Sega RingEdge [101]
After Burner: Climax 2010 Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 [95]
Border Break Airburst Sega RingEdge [101]
Cyber Troopers Virtual-On Force Xbox 360 [95]
Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Arcade Sega RingEdge [101]
Shining Force Cross Raid [99]
Virtua Fighter 5 Final Showdown
Sega Lindbergh
 [95]
Daytona USA 2011 Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 [95]
Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ5 Sega RingEdge [101]
Border Break Union 2012
Fighting Vipers Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 [95]
Hatsune Miku and Future Stars: Project Mirai Nintendo 3DS [103]
Shining Force Cross Elysion Sega RingEdge [101]
Sonic the Fighters Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 [95]
Virtua Fighter 2
Virtua Fighter 5: Final Showdown
Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Arcade Future Tone
 		2013 Sega Nu [73]
Hatsune Miku: Project Mirai 2 Nintendo 3DS [103]
Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ Microsoft Windows [96]
Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ5R Sega RingEdge
Shining Force Cross Elysion
Virtual On: Cyber Troopers Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 [95]
Virtua Striker
Border Break Scramble 2014 Sega RingEdge [101]
Shining Force Cross Exlesia Zenith
Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ Mobile iOS, Android
Border Break X 2016 Sega RingEdge
Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Future Tone
 		PlayStation 4 [104]
Kancolle Arcade Sega Nu [73]
Soul Reverse Zero iOS Android
Border Break X Zero 2017 Sega RingEdge
Sega Network Taisen Mahjong MJ Arcade Sega Nu
Border Break 2018 PlayStation 4 [105]
Soul Reverse ALLS UX [73]
Fate/Grand Order Arcade [74]
Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Mega Mix 2020 Switch [106]
Virtua Fighter 5 Ultimate Showdown[c] 2021 ALLS UX, PlayStation 4 [76]
Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Mega Mix + 2022 Microsoft Windows
Virtua Fighter 3tb Online 2023 Arcade

Notes

  1. ^ Japanese: セガ第二AM研究開発部, Hepburn: Sega Daini Ē Emu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Bu
  2. ^ Japanese: 株式会社SEGA-AM2, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Sega Ē Emu Tsū
  3. ^ Co-developed with Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio

See also

Notes

References

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External links

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