Shlomo ibn Aderet
Shlomo ben Avraham ibn Aderet | |
---|---|
Personal | |
Born | 1235 |
Died | 1310 (aged 74–75) |
Religion | Judaism |
Shlomo ben Avraham ibn Aderet (
Aderet was born in Barcelona, Crown of Aragon, in 1235. He became a successful banker and leader of Spanish Jewry of his time. As a rabbinical authority his fame was such that he was designated as El Rab d'España ("The Rabbi of Spain"). He served as rabbi of the Main Synagogue of Barcelona for 50 years. He died in 1310.
Biography
Aderet's teachers were
Aderet's responsa to Moravia in the year 1255 represent the earliest ever recorded evidence of a permanent Jewish presence in Austerlitz and in Třešť, as well as one of earliest recorded Jewish sources for that region.[2]
His responsa show evidence of wide reading, keen intelligence, and systematic thought. They also afford a clear insight into the communal life of the time, portraying Aderet's contemporaries, and are of value for the study not only of rabbinical procedure but also of the intellectual development of the age in which he lived. Only half of these responsa have been published, as they number three thousand.
Among his numerous students were
A manuscript purporting to be a certificate of indebtedness, dated 1262, in favor of a certain Solomon Adret, Jew of Barcelona, and a passport for the same Adret, dated 1269, are still extant.[3]
Defense of Judaism
Aderet had to contend with the external enemies of Judaism, as well as with religious dissensions and excesses within its own ranks. He wrote a refutation of the charges of Raymond Martini, a Dominican friar of Barcelona, who, in his work, "Pugio Fidei," had collected passages from the Talmud and the Midrash and interpreted them in a manner hostile to Judaism. These charges also induced Aderet to write a commentary on the Haggadot, of which only a fragment is now extant. He refuted also the attacks of a Muslim who asserted that the priests had falsified the Bible. M. Schreiner[4] has shown that this Muslim was Aḥmad ibn Ḥazm, and the book referred to was "Al-Milal wal-Niḥal" (Religions and Sects).
Aderet opposed also the increasing extravagances of the
Aderet and Abba Mari
Opposed to these was another tendency, the chief object of which was the preservation of the pure faith of Judaism. At the head of this movement stood Abba Mari ben Moses ha-Yarḥi. He appealed to Aderet for assistance. An extensive correspondence ensued between the authorities of southern France and northern Spain, Aderet taking a most important part. Afterward this correspondence was collected and published by Abba Mari, in a separate work, entitled "Minḥat Ḳenaot".[5]
Aderet, whose disposition was peaceable, at first endeavored to conciliate the opposing spirits. Ultimately he was called upon to decide the affair, and on July 26, 1305, together with his colleagues of the rabbinate of Barcelona, he pronounced the ban of excommunication (ḥerem) over all who studied physics or metaphysics before the completion of their thirtieth year. A protest against this ban may be found in a poem in which Philosophy "calls out in a loud voice against . . . Solomon ben Adret and against all the rabbis of France . . . who have placed under the ban all people who approach her".[6] Those who desired to study medicine as a profession were exempted from the ban. A special ban was pronounced against the rationalistic Bible exegetes and the philosophic Haggadah commentators, their writings and their adherents. The enforcing of these bans caused Aderet much trouble and embittered the closing years of his life. He left three sons, Isaac, Judah, and Astruc Solomon, all of whom were learned in the Talmud.
Maimonidean controversy
Aderet defended Maimonides during contemporary debates over his works, and he authorized the translation of Rambam's commentary on the Mishnah from Arabic to Hebrew.
Nevertheless, Aderet was opposed to the philosophic-rationalistic approach to Judaism often associated with Rambam, and he was part of the beth din (rabbinical court) in Barcelona that forbade men younger than 25 from studying secular philosophy or natural science, although an exception was made for those who studied medicine. On July 26, 1305, the Rashba wrote:
"In that city [Barcelona] are those who write iniquity about the Torah and if there would be a heretic writing books, they should be burnt as if they were the book of sorcerers."[7]
Works
Of the works of Solomon ben Aderet there have appeared in print:
- A manual on kashrut (dietary laws) and other religious laws that are observed at home, Torat haBayit haArokh (The Long Law of the House), published at Venice in 1607, at Berlin in 1762, at Vienna in 1811, etc.
- The shorter manual, Torat haBayit haKatzar (The Short Law of the House), published at Cremona in 1565, and at Berlin in 1871. A number of his commentaries and novellaeon Talmudic treatises have been printed.
- Mishmeret HaBayit, a defense against Aharon HaLevi's critique of Torat HaBayit.
- Sha'ar HaMayim, a work focusing on the laws of a mikveh (ritual bath).
- Piskei Ḥallah (Decisions on Ḥallah), published at Constantinople in 1518, and at Jerusalem in 1876.
- Avodat haKodesh (The Holy Service), on the laws of Sabbath and festivals, published at Venice in 1602.
- His polemical work against Islam was edited by Perles, as an appendix to the latter's monograph on Aderet.[8]
Talmud commentaries
His commentaries upon seven Talmudic treatises published at Constantinople in 1720, and at Berlin in 1756. Similar disquisitions upon five treatises were published at Venice in 1523 and at Amsterdam in 1715. He wrote besides a number of disquisitions upon single treatises. His Talmud commentaries are now known as Hiddushei HaRashba.
Not all commentaries traditionally attributed to Rashba were actually composed by him.
Responsa
Aderet was considered an outstanding rabbinic authority, and more than 3,000 of his responsa are known to be extant. Questions were addressed to him from Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, and even from Asia Minor. His responsa, which cover the entire gamut of Jewish life, are concise and widely quoted by halakhic authorities.
Aderet's responsa also illustrate his opposition to
His responsa were printed in Bologna (1539), Venice (1545), Hanau (1610), and other places. The second part of his responsa appeared under the title "Toledot Adam" (The Generations of Man) at Leghorn in 1657, the third part at the same place in 1778, the fourth part at Salonica in 1803, and the fifth part at Leghorn in 1825.[8]
According to Elchonon Wasserman, some responsa attributed to Rashba were actually written by other authors, notably Meir of Rothenburg.[9]: 41
Academic genealogy
Nachmanides | Yonah Gerondi | ||||||||||||
Rashba | |||||||||||||
Yom Tov Asevilli | |||||||||||||
See also
Notes
- Arabicword, both mean "son". Occasionally, the "ben Avraham" is removed, leaving his name as Shlomo ibn Aderet.
- ^ Bertold (1934), Geschichte der Juden in Mähren in Mittelalter. 1. Theil (bis zum Jahre 1350), Brün, Prag, Leipzig, Wien: Rudolf M. Rohrer, pp. 100–101
{{citation}}
: More than one of|surname=
and|author=
specified (help) - ^ Jacobs, "Sources," pp. 16, 43, No. 130
- ^ "Z. D. M. G." xlviii, 39
- ^ Published in Presburg, 1838. See full analysis in Renan's "Les Rabbins Français," pp. 647–694.
- ^ See H. Hirschfeld, "Jew. Quart. Rev." xii. 140
- ^ H. Z. Dimitrovsky, ed. Teshubot HaRishba, Vol. 2 (Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1990) I, Pt. I, p. 361.
- ^ a b Kayserling, Meyer. "ADRET, SOLOMON BEN ABRAHAM (or RaSHBa)". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^ a b The role of manuscripts in halakhic decision-making: Hazon Ish, his precursors and contemporaries
References
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "ADRET, SOLOMON BEN ABRAHAM (or RaSHBa)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "ADRET". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
External links
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "ADRET, SOLOMON BEN ABRAHAM (or RaSHBa)". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.