Sigtrygg Silkbeard
Sigtrygg Silkbeard | |
---|---|
Gormflaith ingen Murchada |
Sigtrygg II Silkbeard Olafsson (also Sihtric, Sitric
Sigtrygg's long reign spanned 46 years, until his abdication in 1036.[4] During that period, his armies saw action in four of the five Irish provinces of the time. In particular, he conducted a long series of raids into territories such as Meath, Wicklow, Ulster, and perhaps even the coast of Wales. He also came into conflict with rival Norse kings, especially in Cork and Waterford.
He went on a pilgrimage to Rome in 1028 and is associated with the foundation of Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin. Although Dublin underwent several reversals of fortune during his reign, on the whole trade in the city flourished. He died in 1042.[4]
Life
Family
Sigtrygg was of
An incident involving the ransom of one of Sigtrygg's sons late in his reign, in which "seven score British horse" were mentioned in the list of demands,[7] suggests that Dublin was one of the main ports for importing horses into 11th century Ireland, and that Sigtrygg and his family may have been personally involved in animal husbandry.[8]
King of Dublin
Sigtrygg may have succeeded his paternal half-brother Glúniairn as king of Dublin in 989,
Hudson argues that Tryggvason's return to Norway in 994 coincided with the temporary expulsion of Sigtrygg from Dublin by his rival Ivar of Waterford.[12] Ivar may have already ruled there from 989 until forced out by Sigtrygg in 993. Much depends on the interpretation. Either way, Sigtrygg was back within a year. In 995, he and his nephew, Muirchertach Ua Congalaich, attacked the church at Donaghpatrick in County Meath.[12] In retaliation, Máel Sechnaill entered Dublin and took the ring of Thor and the sword of Carlus.[12] Sigtrygg then attacked Kells and Clonard in 997.[12] In 998, Máel Sechnaill and the King of Munster, Brian Boru, forced Sigtrygg to recognise their lordship by giving hostages.[12]
Sigtrygg realised that Dublin's wealth made him a target, and that his city needed powerful allies and walls.[12] The Dublin countryside did not provide sufficient resources for competition against powerful Irish princes.[12] Sigtrygg first allied with his maternal uncle, Máel Mórda mac Murchada, King of the Uí Fáeláin of north Leinster.[12] In 999, they defeated their cousin, the King of Leinster, Donnchad mac Domhnaill, and imprisoned him in Dublin.[12]
First Leinster revolt against Brian Boru
Late in 999, the Leinstermen, historically hostile to domination by either the
According to the Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh, Sigtrygg's flight from the city took him north, first to the
Aournd this time, Sigtrygg married Sláine, Brian's daughter by his first wife,[3] and Brian in turn took Sigtrygg's mother, the now three-times-married Gormflaith, as his second wife.[3]
Years between the revolts
Dublin enjoyed a sustained period of peace while Sigtrygg's men served in the armies of Brian.
A remembrance of Sigtrygg's reign during these years is preserved in the late medieval Icelandic
Second Leinster revolt against Brian Boru
Sometime during the 1010s, Brian Boru divorced Queen Gormflaith, and she began to engineer opposition to the High King.[19] Around 1012, relations between Brian and Leinster had become so strained that revolt broke out among the Leinstermen.[20] Sigtrygg aligned himself with the forces of Máel Mórda, leader of the revolt, and the chiefs Ua Ruairc, Ua Néill, and others.[21] Together, they defeated Brian's ally Máel Sechnaill near the town of Swords, and Brian for the moment was unable to render assistance.[21]
Sigtrygg sent his son Oleif to lead a fleet south to Munster to burn the Viking settlement of Cork.[16] The fleet also attacked Cape Clear, crippling Brian's naval power, which was concentrated in Cork.[16]
According to Njál's saga, Gormflaith "egged on her son Sigtrygg very much to kill King Brian",
Sigtrygg went next to Man, where he also persuaded Bróðir to be in Dublin by Palm Sunday,[20][24] and he promised Bróðir too that, if successful, he would be allowed marry Gormflaith and become King of Ireland; the terms of this agreement were kept secret.[25] Óspak was dissatisfied with the arrangement,[23] and refused to "fight against so good a king".[22]
The two forces met at the Battle of Clontarf, on Good Friday in 1014, a battle that claimed the lives of the main commanders on both sides: Brian and his son Murchad on the Munster side; and Máel Mórda, Sigurd and Bróðir on the Leinster-Norse side.[26] According to Irish sources, Sigtrygg did not take part in the battle, but held his garrison in reserve in Dublin.[27] The Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh records that Sigtrygg was able to observe the progress of the battle and the movement of the battle standards from the ramparts of his fortress.[28] As the modern Irish medievalist historian Donnchadh Ó Corráin notes, Sigtrygg "wisely kept within the city and lived to tell the tale".[26]
Earlier Scandinavian sources (the
Reign after Clontarf
Immediately after Clontarf, Sigtrygg's fortunes appear to have declined, even though he emerged with his kingdom intact.[31] Máel Sechnaill, now again recognised as high king, was undoubtedly the battle's main beneficiary.[31] In 1015, plague struck Dublin and Leinster, and Máel Sechnaill seized the opportunity to march south to burn Dublin's suburbs.[31] While Sigtrygg was able to ally with Leinster for another attack on Meath in 1017, the alliance was dissolved when Sigtrygg blinded his cousin Bróen, Máel Morda's son and heir, in Dublin.[31]
In 1018, Sigtrygg plundered Kells; he "carried off innumerable spoils and prisoners, and slew many persons in the middle of the church".[32] These captives would either have been ransomed or sold off into Dublin's lucrative slave trade.[33] When Sigtrygg raided south in 1021, he was defeated at Delgany in County Wicklow[33] where the new King of Leinster, Augaire mac Dúnlainge, "made a dreadful slaughter of the foreigners" in the Kingdom of Breifne.[34] In 1022, the Dublin fleet sailed north against the Ulaid, only to be destroyed in a naval battle against Niall mac Eochaid, after which the Norse crews and ships were taken prisoner.[33]
According to the American medievalist historian Benjamin Hudson, "matters went from bad to worse" for Sigtrygg after the death of Máel Sechnaill in 1022.[35] The great Irish princes began to compete for the High Kingship, and the political situation in Ireland became chaotic as there was no clear choice for supremacy.[35] Accordingly, "Dublin became a prize for those who would rule Ireland and wanted the town's wealth to finance their ambitions."[35]
Hostages were taken from Sigtrygg by
In 1029, Sigtrygg's son Olaf was taken prisoner by the new lord of Brega, Mathghamhain Ua Riagain.
Sigtrygg's fortunes improved in the 1030s. In 1030, he allied with
Meanwhile, in a renewal of ancient feuds that same year, Sigtrygg executed Ragnall
Issue and legacy
Sigtrygg married Brian Boru's daughter, Sláine, and they had one son: Olaf (d. 1034).[4] According to the Annals of the Four Masters, Olaf "was slain by the Saxons" on his way on a pilgrimage to Rome.[41] Olaf was survived by a daughter, Ragnhild, who was the mother of Gruffudd ap Cynan and from whom the Kings of Gwynedd were descended.[4]
Separately from Sláine, Sigtrygg had five children: Artalach (d. 999), Oleif (d. 1013), Godfrey (d. 1036), Glúniairn (d. 1031) and Cellach (d. 1042).[4][39] The annals record the death of Oleif—"son of the lord of the foreigners"—who was killed in revenge for the burning of Cork.[42] Glúniairn was killed by the people of South Brega in 1031.[43] Godfrey was killed in Wales in 1036 by one Sitric, "son of Glúniairn"—as factionalism was common among Viking settlers, this could have been the same Glúniairn as Sigtrygg's half-brother, thus making Godfrey and his killer cousins.[44] Sigtrygg's daughter Cellach died in the same month as her father.[45]
Sigtrygg was also, according to the
See also
- History of Ireland (800–1169)
- History of Dublin
- Church of Ireland
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e Ó Corráin, p. 123
- ^ a b c Winn, p. 46
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mac Manus, p. 278
- ^ a b c d e f Hudson, p. 83
- ^ "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 821. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ Njal's Saga. sagadb.org. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 819. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ a b c Hudson, p. 111
- ^ Etchingham, p. 181
- ^ a b c Hudson, p. 84
- ^ Hudson, p. 85
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hudson, p. 86
- ^ "Entry for AD 999 of the Annals of Ulster". Annals of Ulster. University College Cork. p. 745. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ Hudson, pp. 86–87
- ^ a b c Hudson, p. 87
- ^ a b c d e f Hudson, p. 95
- ^ "Part 10 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 745. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Hudson, p. 94
- ^ MacManus, pp. 278–79
- ^ a b Ó Corráin, p. 129
- ^ a b c MacManus, p. 279
- ^ Njal's Saga. sagadb.org. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
- ^ a b MacManus, p280
- Njal's Saga. sagadb.org. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
- ^ MacManus, pp. 279–80
- ^ a b Ó Corráin, p. 130
- ^ MacManus, p. 281
- ^ a b Hudson, p. 101
- ^ Hudson, p. 103
- Njal's Saga. sagadb.org. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
- ^ a b c d Hudson, p. 104
- ^ "Part 12 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 793. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ a b c Hudson, p. 108
- ^ "Part 12 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 799. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ a b c d Hudson, p. 109
- ^ Hudson, pp. 109–10
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hudson, p. 110
- ^ a b "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 815. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25545. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 825. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ a b c "Part 14 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 831. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ "Part 11 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 769. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ "Part 13 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 823. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ Hudson, p. 82
- ^ "Part 14 of the Annals of the Four Masters". Annals of the Four Masters. University College Cork. p. 843. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
- ^ Richter, pp. 124–25
- ^ Richter, p. 125
References
- Etchingham, Colmán, "North Wales, Ireland and the Isles: the Insular Viking zone", in Peritia 15 (2001 [2002]): 145–187.
- ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0.
- ISBN 0-517-06408-1.
- Gill and Macmillan.
- Richter, Michael (2005). Medieval Ireland: The Enduring Tradition (Revised, illustrated ed.). ISBN 978-0-7171-3293-5.
- Winn, Christopher (2007). I Never Knew that About Ireland. Illustrated by Osawa, Mai (Illustrated ed.). ISBN 978-0-312-36880-7.
External links