Ímar mac Arailt

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Ímar mac Arailt
King of Dublin
Reign1038–1046
PredecessorEchmarcach mac Ragnaill
SuccessorEchmarcach mac Ragnaill
Died1054
HouseUí Ímair
FatherAralt mac Amlaíb

Ímar mac Arailt (died 1054) was an eleventh-century ruler of the

Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin, a man driven from Dublin by Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
in 1036.

Ímar's reign in Dublin spanned at least eight years, from 1038 to 1046. Although he began by seizing the kingship from Echmarcach in 1038, he eventually lost it to him in 1046. As king, Ímar is recorded to have overseen military operations throughout Ireland, and seems to have actively assisted the family of

Gofraid Crobán, King of Dublin and the Isles, the progenitor of a family
that ruled in the Isles until the mid thirteenth century.

Familial background

Map of Britain and Ireland
Locations relating to Ímar and his contemporaries in Britain and Ireland.

Ímar was probably the son of Aralt mac Amlaíb,

Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin.[15]

Struggle for Dublin

Sitriuc mac Amlaíb as it appears on folio 16v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: "Sitriuic mac Amlaim".[16]

Ímar's probable uncle, Sitriuc, ruled Dublin for almost fifty years between 989 and 1036.

Norway.[20] Knútr's apparent authority in the Irish Sea region, coupled with Sitriuc's seemingly close connections with him, could account for the remarkable security enjoyed by Sitriuc during Knútr's reign.[21] It is possible that Echmarcach had been bound from taking action against Sitriuc whilst Knútr held power,[22] and that the confusion caused by the latter's death in 1035 enabled Echmarcach to exploit the situation and seize control of the Irish Sea region.[23] Although there is no direct evidence that Echmarcach controlled Mann by this date, Sitriuc does not appear to have taken refuge on the island after his expulsion from Dublin. This seems to suggest that the island was outside Sitriuc's possession, and may indicate that Mann had fallen into the hands of Echmarcach sometime before.[24] In fact, it is possible that Echmarcach used the island to launch his takeover of Dublin.[25]

Refer to caption
The name of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill as it appears on folio 17r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: "Eachmarcach".[26]

Echmarcach's hold on Dublin was short-lived as the fourteenth-century

Þórfinnr Sigurðarson, Earl of Orkney extended his presence into the Isles and the Irish Sea region at about this period.[29] The evidence of Þórfinnr's power in the Isles could suggest that he possessed an active interest in the ongoing struggle over the Dublin kingship.[30] In fact, Þórfinnr's predatory operations in the Irish Sea region may have contributed to Echmarcach's loss of Dublin in 1038.[29]

Haraldr Knútsson as it appears on 156v of British Library Cotton Tiberius B I (the "C" version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle): "Harold cing".[31]

It is conceivable that Ímar received some form of support from Knútr's son and successor in Britain,

Haraldr Knútsson, King of England. The latter was certainly in power when Ímar replaced Echmarcach, and an association between Ímar and Haraldr could explain why the Annals of Ulster reports the latter's death two years later.[32] Ímar's reign lasted about eight years,[33] and one of his first royal acts appears to have been the invasion of Rathlin Island within the year.[34] The fact that he proceeded to campaign in the North Channel could indicate that Echmarcach had held power in this region before his acquisition of Mann and Dublin.[35]

Viking longboat uncovered in Denmark, was originally built of Dublin oak. It dates to about Ímar's floruit, and could have been commissioned during his reign.[36] Havhingsten fra Glendalough (image b), a modern Danish reconstruction of Skuldelev II.[37]

In 1044, the Annals of Tigernach records that Ímar penetrated into the domain of the

Fine Gall[45]—Dublin's agriculturally-rich northern hinterland[46]—in what may have been a retaliatory raid.[45]

Refer to caption
Ímar's name and title as they appear on folio 41r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489 (the Annals of Ulster).[47]

The following year, the Annals of Tigernach states that Echmarcach succeeded Ímar.

Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster drove Echmarcach from Dublin in 1052, Diarmait reinstalled Ímar as king.[52]

After Ímar's death, Diarmait appears to have appointed his own son, Murchad, control of Dublin later that decade, as the Annals of the Four Masters accords him the title tigherna Gall, meaning "lord of the foreigners" in 1059.[53][note 5] In 1061, Murchad invaded Mann and seems to have overthrown Echmarcach.[55] The record of Murchad's actions against Echmarcach could indicate that the latter had seated himself on the island after his expulsion from Dublin.[56] Another possibility is that Echmarcach had only reestablished himself as king in the Isles after Ímar's death in 1054.[57] Whatever the case, both Diarmait and Murchad were dead by 1072, and the Annals of Tigernach describes Diarmait on his obituary as King of the Isles (rí Innsi Gall, literally "king of the isles of the foreigners"), a declaration which seems to indicate that, by the eleventh century at least, the kingship of the Isles was contingent upon control of Mann.[58]

Involvement in Wales

Simplified family tree illustrating the familial connection between Ímar and the family of Cynan ab Iago, an apparent ally. Women are italicised.[59]
Amlaíb Cuarán (died 980/981)
King of Northumbria and Dublin
Sitriuc
(died 1042)
King of Dublin		Aralt (died 999)
AmlaíbÍmar (died 1054)
King of Dublin		Iago (died 1039)
King of Gwynedd
RagnailtCynan (fl. 1064)
Gruffudd (died 1137)
King of Gwynedd
Refer to caption
The name of Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig as it appears on folio 60r of Oxford Jesus College 111 (the Red Book of Hergest): "Jago uab Jdwal".[60]

The principal Welsh monarch during Ímar's reign was

kingship of Gwynedd after his death.[62] It was likely in the context of Iago's fall and this resulting regime change that the latter's son, Cynan, fled overseas and sought refuge in Dublin.[63]

Manx runestone displaying a contemporary sailing vessel.[65] The power of the kings of the Isles laid in their armed galley-fleets.[66] The inscription of the vessel may date from about the eleventh- to the thirteenth century.[65] Surviving sources reveal that the powerful eleventh-century fleet of the kings of Dublin was a much sought-after military commodity.[67]

According to the thirteenth-century Historia Gruffud vab Kenan, the mother of Cynan's son was Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb, a paternal granddaughter of Sitriuc. Further revealed by this source is the fact that this woman's father, Amlaíb mac Sitriuc, built and commanded a Welsh fortress called Castell Avloed.[68] Although it is unknown how long the Dubliners possessed the fortress, in 1036 another son of Sitriuc was slain in Wales by an apparent kinsman,[69] an event which could be evidence of a struggle for control of the site.[70] Echmarcach's aforesaid expulsion of Sitriuc from Dublin in the same year could in turn indicate that this exiled monarch sought refuge in Wales.[71]

Despite the uncertainty of its specific location, Castell Avloed appears to have been situated in territory formerly controlled by Iago,

Annales Cambriæ report that this Welsh king was captured by forces from Dublin.[75] The episode is further elaborated upon by a sixteenth-century text compiled by David Powell and a seventeenth-century text by compiled by James Ware. According to these admittedly late versions of events, Gruffudd was captured by the Dubliners in the context of them supporting the cause of Cynan. The accounts further state that Gruffudd managed to escape his captors when the Dubliners were counterattacked by Welsh forces before they could return to Ireland.[76] The evidence of Cynan cooperating with the Dubliners against Gruffudd suggests that, not only was Ímar personally involved as king, but that the Welsh fortress of Castell Avloed was still controlled by the Dubliners.[34]

Gruffudd ap Llywelyn as it appears on 163r of British Library Cotton Tiberius B I (the "C" version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle): "Griffine cinge".[77]

Another conflict that could have involved Ímar and the military forces of Dublin was Gruffudd's final defeat of

River Tywi—perhaps in the vicinity of Carmarthen—and included Vikings from Ireland who supported Hywel's cause.[78] It is apparent that Gruffudd's adversaries generally utilised foreign military support from Ireland's Viking enclaves. Certainly, the twelfth-century Book of Llandaff declares that Gruffudd struggled against English, Irish, and Vikings during his career.[79]

Ancestral figure

Refer to caption
The name of Gofraid Crobán as it appears on folio 19v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: "Goffraidh mac Maic Arailt".[80]

Ímar may have been the father,

Chronicle of Mann, on the other hand, gives Gofraid's patronym as "... filius Haraldi nigri de Ysland".[85] Whilst the former source identifies Gofraid as the son of a man named Aralt (Old Norse Haraldr), the latter identifies Gofraid as the paternal grandson of a man so named.[86][note 7]

Refer to caption
The patronym identifying Ímar on folio 17r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: "mac n-Arailt".[93]

In the aforesaid record of the military actions conducted in 1044, Ímar is merely named as the son of Aralt, a fact which could indicate that this was how he was known to his contemporaries. If correct, the patronym preserved by the Chronicle of Mann could merely be a garbled form of this style.[94]

The patronym given by the Chronicle of Mann states that Gofraid's father was from "Ysland", a place which could refer to either

Mediaeval French.[102]

Notes

  1. patronyms in English secondary sources: Imar mac Arailt,[2] Ivar Haraldsson,[3] Ivarr Haraldsson,[4] Ivar mac Arailt,[5] Ímar mac Arailt,[6] Ímar mac Arallt,[7] Ívarr Haraldarson,[8] and Ívarr Haraldsson.[9]
  2. ^ According to local tradition, Aralt's grave is marked by pre-historic standing stone at Crehelp, near Dunlavin, in County Wicklow.[12] In the nineteenth century, the battle was erroneously regarded to have been fought near Dunlavin.[13]
  3. Uí Briúin Bréifne.[41]
  4. ^ This source erroneously identifies Ímar by his father's name, Aralt.[49]
  5. ^ Although this source styles Murchad merely as a "lord", the original upon which this annal draws likely read "king". The Annals of the Four Masters is otherwise known to relegate royal titles to lordly ones.[54]
  6. Moel-y-don or Castell Bryn Gwyn.[73]
  7. Sitriuc Cáech, King of Northumbria and Dublin.[91] It is possible that the pedigree's "Ifor Gamle" represents Ímar himself.[88] The fact that his father was named Aralt, however, could be evidence that the compiler of the pedigree either erroneously reversed the order of "Harallt Ddu" and "Ifor Gamle", or else missed an additional Aralt in the lineage.[92]

Citations

  1. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1045.3; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1045.3; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  2. ^ McDonald (1997).
  3. ^ McDonald (2019); Hudson (2005); Duffy (2002).
  4. ^ Holm (2015); McDonald (2007a); Woolf (2004).
  5. ^ Candon (1988).
  6. ^ Charles-Edwards (2013); Duffy (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Duffy (2004a); Duffy (2002); Oram (2000); Thornton (1996); Duffy (1993); Duffy (1992).
  7. ^ Woolf (2004).
  8. ^ Duffy (2006).
  9. ^ McDonald (2008); McDonald (2007b).
  10. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (1992) pp. 96, 106.
  11. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 998.11; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 998.11; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 999; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 999.8; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 999; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 999.8; Downham (2007) pp. 29 fig. 6, 58, 245; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228 n. 29; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; MacShamhráin (2005) p. 9; Duffy (2002) p. 56 n. 9; MacShamhráin (2001) p. 61; Oram (2000) p. 46 n. 81; Murphy (1896) p. 164.
  12. ^ Walshe (1931) pp. 116, 134–135.
  13. ^ MacShamhráin (2001) p. 61; Orpen (1906).
  14. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 22; Downham (2007) pp. 29 fig. 6, 241–243, 245; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Duffy (2004a).
  15. ^ Downham (2007) pp. 29 fig. 6, 58, 245; Duffy (2006) p. 60; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 n. 3, 135; Duffy (2002) pp. 55–56; Oram (2000) pp. 16, 46 n. 81; McDonald (1997) p. 33; Thornton (1996) p. 89; Duffy (1993) p. 35; Duffy (1992) pp. 96, 96 n. 14, 106.
  16. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1028.2; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1028.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  17. ^ Connon (2005).
  18. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 54; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–230; Duffy (1992) p. 98.
  19. ^ Connon (2005); Downham (2004) pp. 64–65; Etchingham (2001) pp. 157–158; Duffy (1997) p. 38.
  20. ^ Lawson (2013); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 120–125; Insley (2005); Downham (2004) pp. 63–64; Hudson, BT (2004a); Oram (2000) pp. 31, 34; Hudson, B (1994); Lawson (1993) pp. 106, 185.
  21. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 119–127; Insley (2005).
  22. ^ Downham (2004) pp. 64–65.
  23. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 246.
  24. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–231.
  25. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–231; Oram (2000) pp. 16–17.
  26. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1036.8; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1036.8; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  27. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1038.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1038.1; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135; Oram (2000) p. 16; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
  28. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135; Oram (2000) p. 16.
  29. ^ a b Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135.
  30. ^ Byrne (2008) p. 897.
  31. ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 107; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
  32. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1040.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1040.6; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 135–136.
  33. ^ a b Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1046.8; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 137; Oram (2000) p. 16; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
  34. ^ a b c d Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136.
  35. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Oram (2000) p. 16.
  36. ^ Holm (2015).
  37. ^ Ravn; Bischoff; Englert; Nielsen (2011) pp. 244, 245 fig. 10.6.
  38. ^ Erskine (2012) pp. 214–215; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1044.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1044.4; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 136, 171; Ryan (1949) p. 76; Crawford (1923) p. 80.
  39. ^ Erskine (2012) p. 60; Crawford (1923) p. 80.
  40. ^ Erskine (2013) p. 52; Erskine (2012) p. 60.
  41. ^ Erskine (2013) p. 52; Erskine (2012) pp. 62–64, 105.
  42. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 55; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1045.12; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1045.12; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1045.5; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1045.3; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1045.5; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1045.3; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136; Duffy (2002) p. 53; Duffy (1995) p. 391; Duffy (1993) p. 234; Duffy (1992) p. 98, 98 n. 29; Ryan (1949) p. 76; Murphy (1896) p. 177.
  43. ^ Duffy (2002) p. 53.
  44. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 55.
  45. ^ a b The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1045.11; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1045.11; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136.
  46. ^ Duffy (2017); Downham (2014) p. 19; Downham (2013) p. 158; Downham (2005); Downham (2005); Valante (1998–1999) p. 246, 246 n. 16; Holm (2000) pp. 254–255.
  47. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1054.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1054.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  48. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1046.6; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1046.6; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 137; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
  49. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1046.6; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1046.6; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
  50. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 137.
  51. ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1054.1; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1054.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1054.1; Duffy (1992) p. 97; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
  52. ^ Duffy (1992) p. 97.
  53. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1059.20; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1059.20; Duffy (2002) p. 54, 54 n. 3; Duffy (1993) p. 32, 32 n. 5; Duffy (1992) pp. 99–100, 100 n. 34.
  54. ^ Duffy (1992) p. 100 n. 34.
  55. ^ Hudson, B (2005); Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1997) p. 37; Duffy (1993) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1992) p. 100; Candon (1988) p. 402; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
  56. ^ Byrne (2008) pp. 864, 892; Duffy (2006) pp. 55–56; Etchingham (2001) p. 154; Duffy (1993) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1992) p. 100.
  57. ^ Candon (1988) p. 402.
  58. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1072.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1072.1; Duffy (2002) pp. 53–54; Duffy (1993) p. 33.
  59. ^ Thornton (1996) p. 108 fig. 3.
  60. ^ Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 38–39 § 1031; Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.); Oxford Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.) p. 60r.
  61. ^ Pryce (2004); Snyder (2003) p. 182.
  62. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136; Pryce (2004); Walker (2004); Snyder (2003) p. 182.
  63. ^ Duffy (2009) p. 290; Downham (2004) p. 66; Duffy (2004b) p. 104; Duffy (1997) p. 38.
  64. ^ McDonald (2007a) p. 59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 128–129 pl. 1; Rixson (1982) pp. 114–115 pl. 1; Cubbon (1952) p. 70 fig. 24; Kermode (1915–1916) p. 57 fig. 9.
  65. ^ a b McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007a) pp. 58–59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; Wilson (1973) p. 15.
  66. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 337; McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007b) pp. 120, 128–129 pl. 1.
  67. ^ Doherty (2005).
  68. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 120–121; Etchingham (2001) pp. 157–158; Thornton (1996) pp. 87–88; Duffy (1995) p. 381; Hudson, B (1994) p. 328; Loyn (1976) pp. 15–16, 16 n. 1; An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments (1964) pp. cxxxix–cxlii, cxxxix n. 2; Wainwright (1962) p. 56; Jones (1910) pp. 104–105, 160 n. 9.
  69. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1036.9; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1036.9; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 121; Etchingham (2001) pp. 157–158, 158 n. 35; Duffy (1997) p. 38; Duffy (1995) p. 381; Hudson, B (1994) p. 329.
  70. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 121; Duffy (1995) p. 381; Hudson, B (1994) p. 329.
  71. ^ Etchingham (2001) pp. 157–158; Duffy (1997) p. 38; Duffy (1995) p. 381; Hudson, B (1994) p. 329.
  72. ^ Longley (1991) pp. 82–83; An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments (1964) pp. cxxxix–cxlii, cxxxix n. 2.
  73. ^ Smith (2014) p. 539 n. 113; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 120; Hudson, BT (2004b) p. 43; Etchingham (2001) p. 157; Hudson, B (1994) p. 328; Hudson, BT (1991) p. 346; Longley (1991) pp. 82–83; An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments (1964) pp. cxxxix–cxlii, cxxxix n. 2; Wainwright (1962) pp. 56–58.
  74. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136; Downham (2004) p. 66, 66 n. 109.
  75. ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 562, 564; Gough-Cooper (2015a) p. 48 § b1063.1; Gough-Cooper (2015b) p. 26 § c364.2; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 121, 136; Downham (2004) p. 66, 66 n. 109; Walker (2004); Snyder (2003) p. 182; Moore (1996) p. 26; Walker (1960) p. 86; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 40–41 § 1040.
  76. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 136–137; Hudson, BT (1991) pp. 342–343; Powell; Price (1774) p. 87; Waræi (1658) pp. 138–139.
  77. ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 116; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
  78. ^ Gough-Cooper (2015a) p. 48 § b1065.1; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 562, 562 n. 128; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 121, 136; Downham (2004) p. 66, 66 n. 109; Walker (2004); Snyder (2003) pp. 182–183; Walker (1960) p. 86; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 40–41 § 1042.
  79. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136; Hudson, BT (1991) p. 331; Haddan; Stubbs (1869) p. 294; Rees (1840) pp. 258, 539–540.
  80. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1091.5; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1091.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  81. ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 22, 27 n. 4; McDonald (2008) pp. 133, 133–134 n. 12; McDonald (2007a) p. 50, 50 n. 24; McDonald (2007b) p. 62, 62 n. 18; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 60; Hudson, B (2006) p. 170; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 54, 83 fig. 3, 171; Duffy (2004a); Woolf (2004) p. 100; Duffy (2002) pp. 55–56; McDonald (1997) p. 33; Duffy (1993) p. 35; Duffy (1992) p. 106.
  82. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 27 n. 4; McDonald (2008) pp. 133–134 n. 12; McDonald (2007a) p. 50 n. 24; McDonald (2007b) p. 62 n. 18; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (2002) pp. 55–56; Duffy (1993) p. 35; Duffy 1992 p. 106; McDonald (1997) p. 33.
  83. ^ Woolf (2004) p. 100.
  84. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1091.5; McDonald (2007b) pp. 61–62; Duffy (2006) p. 60; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1091.5; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (2002) pp. 55–56; McDonald (1997) p. 33; Duffy (1993) p. 35; Duffy (1992) p. 106.
  85. ^ McDonald (2012) p. 164; McDonald (2007b) p. 62; Duffy (2006) p. 60; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (2002) p. 55 n. 8; Sellar (2000) p. 190 n. 16; McDonald (1997) p. 33; Thornton (1996) p. 95; Duffy (1993) p. 35 n. 19; Duffy (1992) p. 106; Broderick; Stowell (1973) p. 61; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–44 n. 6; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 50–51, 144.
  86. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 62; Duffy (2006) p. 60.
  87. ^ Sellar (1997–1998); Thornton (1996) pp. 94–96.
  88. ^ a b Sellar (1997–1998); Thornton (1996) pp. 95–96.
  89. ^ Thornton (1996) p. 95.
  90. ^ Thornton (1996) p. 95 n. 74.
  91. ^ Sellar (1997–1998); Thornton (1996) p. 95.
  92. ^ Thornton (1996) pp. 95–96.
  93. ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1044.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1044.4; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  94. ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171.
  95. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 60; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (2002) p. 55 n. 8; Sellar (2000) p. 190 n. 16; McDonald (1997) p. 33 n. 24; Thornton (1996) p. 95; Duffy (1993) p. 35 n. 19; Duffy (1992) p. 106; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–44 n. 6.
  96. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 60; Sellar (2000) p. 190 n. 16; McDonald (1997) p. 33 n. 24; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–44 n. 6.
  97. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 62; Duffy (2006) pp. 60–61; Duffy (2002) p. 55 n. 8; McDonald (1997) p. 33 n. 24.
  98. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 60.
  99. ^ McDonald (2012) pp. 180–181 n. 145; Duffy (2006) pp. 60–61; Duffy (2004a); Sellar (2000) p. 190; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–44 n. 6; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 54–55, 144.
  100. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 60; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55.
  101. ^ Duffy (2006) pp. 60–61.
  102. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 62; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171.

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Media related to Ímar mac Arailt at Wikimedia Commons

Ímar mac Arailt
 Died: 1054
Regnal titles
Preceded by
King of Dublin

1038–1046 		Succeeded by

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