Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
Echmarcach mac Ragnaill | |
---|---|
King of Dublin and the Isles | |
Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó | |
Died | 1064/1065 Rome |
Issue | Mór |
House | probably Uí Ímair |
Echmarcach mac Ragnaill (died 1064/1065) was a dominant figure in the eleventh-century Irish Sea region.[note 1] At his height, he reigned as king over Dublin, the Isles, and perhaps the Rhinns of Galloway. The precise identity of Echmarcach's father, Ragnall, is uncertain. One possibility is that this man was one of two eleventh-century rulers of Waterford. Another possibility is that Echmarcach's father was an early eleventh-century ruler of the Isles. If any of these identifications are correct, Echmarcach may have been a member of the Uí Ímair kindred.
Echmarcach first appears on record in about 1031, when he was one of three kings in northern Britain who submitted to
Echmarcach appears to have forged an alliance with the powerful
In about 1064, having witnessed much of his formerly expansive sea-kingdom fall into the hands of the Uí Cheinnselaig, Echmarcach accompanied Donnchad—a man who was himself deposed—upon a pilgrimage to Rome. Possibly aged about sixty-five at this point in his life, it was here that Echmarcach died, in either 1064 or 1065. In the decades following his demise, the Uí Briain used Echmarcach's descendants as a means to dominate and control Dublin and the Isles. One of his grandsons eventually ruled as king.
Uncertain parentage
![Map of Britain and Ireland](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill_%28map%29.png/170px-Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill_%28map%29.png)
Echmarcach was the son of a man named Ragnall. Whilst Echmarcach bore a
Echmarcach and the imperium of Knútr Sveinnsson
Knútr and the three kings
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Domitian_A_VIII%2C_folio_67r%29.jpg/220px-Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Domitian_A_VIII%2C_folio_67r%29.jpg)
Echmarcach appears to first emerge in the historical record in the first half of the eleventh century, when he was one of the three kings who met with
Of the three kings, Máel Coluim appears to have been the most powerful, and it is possible that Mac Bethad and Echmarcach were underkings or clientkings of his.
Further confusion about Knútr in Scottish affairs comes from a continental source. At some point before about 1030, the eleventh-century
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Suibne_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_16v%29.jpg/220px-Suibne_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_16v%29.jpg)
The record of Echmarcach in company with Máel Coluim and Mac Bethad could indicate that he was in some sense a 'Scottish' ruler, and that his powerbase was located in the Isles. Such an orientation could add weight to the possibility that Echmarcach was descended from Ragnall mac Gofraid.
Context of the concordat with Knútr
The rationale behind the meeting of the four kings is uncertain. One possibility is that it was related to Máel Coluim's annexation of Lothian,
Knútr may have sought the submission of the assembled kings in an attempt to protect his northern borders.
The army had to obey the ring-harmer from Þursasker to Dublin;
I tell people truly how Þorfinnr was regarded.
— translated excerpt from Þorfinnsdrápa, composed by
Close connections between the rulers of
It is possible that Knútr took other actions to contain Orkney. Evidence that Knútr installed Hákon as overlord of the Isles may be preserved by the twelfth-century
Uí Briain alliance and the conquest of Dublin
Simplified family tree illustrating familial connections between Echmarcach and the Uí Briain kindred. Women are italicised. It is uncertain how or if Cacht ingen Ragnaill was related to Echmarcach. Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó and his son Murchad were opponents of Echmarcach, whilst Donnchad mac Briain appears to have accompanied Echmarcach upon a pilgrimage. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Donnchad_mac_Briain_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_18r%29.jpg/220px-Donnchad_mac_Briain_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_18r%29.jpg)
Following his meeting with Knútr, Echmarcach appears to have allied himself with the
At about the time of his union with Cacht, Donnchad aspired to become High King of Ireland. With powerful maritime forces at his command, Echmarcach would have certainly been regarded as an important potential ally.[103] Clear evidence of an alliance between Echmarcach and the Uí Briain exists in the record of a marriage between Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, and Toirdelbach Ua Briain's son, Tadc,[105] preserved by the twelfth-century Banshenchas, a text which records the marriage of Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, to Tadc, son of Toirdelbach Ua Briain.[106] Annalistic evidence of such an alliance is found well into the late eleventh century. In fact, kinship between Echmarcach's descendants and the Uí Briain even led to the accession of one of Echmarcach's maternal grandsons, Domnall mac Taidc, to the kingship of the Isles at about the turn of the twelfth century.[note 8]
If Echmarcach was a son of Ragnall mac Gofraid, this alliance with the Uí Briain would have been a continuation of amiable relations between the two families.
In 1036, Echmarcach replaced Amlaíb Cuarán's son,
Another factor behind Echmarcach's actions against Sitriuc could concern Knútr. Echmarcach's seizure of Dublin occurred only a year after the latter's death in 1035.[124] There appears to be numismatic evidence, annalistic evidence, and charter evidence indicating that Knútr and Sitriuc had cooperated together in terms of trade and military operations in Wales.[125] In contrast to this apparent congeniality, the relationship between Knútr and Echmarcach appears to have been less amiable. In fact, it is possible that Echmarcach's meeting with Knútr may have bound him from taking action against Sitriuc,[124] and that the confusion caused by Knútr's demise may have enabled Echmarcach to exploit the situation by seizing control of the Irish Sea region.[11]
According to a poetic verse composed by the contemporary Icelandic skald
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_489%2C_folio_39r%29.jpg/220px-Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_489%2C_folio_39r%29.jpg)
If Echmarcach was a member of the Waterford dynasty, his action against Sitriuc may have been undertaken in the context of continuous dynastic strife between Dublin and Waterford in the tenth- and eleventh centuries. This could mean that Echmarcach's expulsion of Sitriuc was a direct act of vengeance for the latter's slaying of Ragnall ua Ímair (then King of Waterford) the year before.[134]
Little is known of Echmarcach's short reign in Dublin other than an attack on
Strife in the Isles, Ireland, and Wales
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Silver_coin_and_mixed_hoards_in_Scandinavian_Scotland_and_Mann.svg/170px-Silver_coin_and_mixed_hoards_in_Scandinavian_Scotland_and_Mann.svg.png)
The evidence of Þórfinnr's power in the Isles could suggest that he possessed an active interest in the ongoing struggle over the Dublin kingship.
Echmarcach may well have controlled Mann throughout his second reign in Dublin.
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%C3%8Dmar_mac_Arailt_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_489%2C_folio_41r%29.jpg/220px-%C3%8Dmar_mac_Arailt_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_489%2C_folio_41r%29.jpg)
During his second reign, Echmarcach may have been involved in military activities in Wales with
Since Echmarcach's extensive
Downfall in Dublin and Mann
In 1052, Diarmait drove Echmarcach from Dublin.
The fact that in 1054, Ímar mac Arailt is styled on his death "rí Gall", a title meaning "king of the foreigners", could indicate that Diarmait reinserted him as King of Dublin after Echmarcach's expulsion.[173] Murchad appears to have been granted the kingship by 1059, as evidenced by the title tigherna Gall, meaning "lord of the foreigners", accorded to him that year.[174][note 12] Murchad was evidently an energetic figure, and in 1061 he launched a successful seaborne invasion of Mann.[176] The Annals of the Four Masters,[177] and the Annals of Tigernach further reveal that Murchad extracted a tax from Mann, and that the son of a certain Ragnall (literally "mac Raghnaill" and "mac Ragnaill") was driven from the island.[178] The gathering of cáin or tribute was a mediaeval right of kingship in Ireland.[179] In fact, Murchad's collection of such tribute from the Manx could be evidence that, as the King of Dublin, Murchad regarded himself as the rightful overlord of Mann.[180] If the vanquished son of Ragnall was Echmarcach himself, as seems most likely,[181][note 13] the record of Murchad's actions against him would appear to indicate that Echmarcach had seated himself on the island after his expulsion from Dublin.[183] Another possibility is that Echmarcach had only been reestablished himself as king in the Isles after Ímar mac Arailt's death in 1054.[182]
Magnús Haraldsson and Ælfgar Leofricson
In 1055, after being outlawed for treason in the course of a comital power-struggle, English nobleman
Although this campaign ultimately secured Ælfgar's reinstatement, Ælfgar (then
Exactly who Ælfgar received aid from in the Irish Sea region is uncertain. It is conceivable that, after his flight from England in 1055, Ælfgar was outfitted in Dublin, then ruled by Murchad (with Diarmait as overlord).[189] Likewise, since Diarmait's forces had previously driven Echmarcach from Dublin in 1052, and apparently from Mann in 1061, the joint campaign of Ælfgar and Magnús in 1058—which utilised Islesmen and Dubliners—could well have involved Diarmait's cooperation as well.[190] That being said, there are several reasons to doubt a part played by Diarmait in Ælfgar's military undertakings. For instance, Diarmait seems to have lent assistance to Ælfgar's enemies—the Godwinsons—in the 1050s and 1060s.[191] Diarmait also appears to have previously backed Cynan ab Iago, a man who was a bitter rival and seemingly the eventual slayer of Ælfgar's ally and son-in-law, Gruffudd ap Llywelyn.[192]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Magn%C3%BAs_Haraldsson_%28AM_47_fol%2C_fol._22r%29.jpg/220px-Magn%C3%BAs_Haraldsson_%28AM_47_fol%2C_fol._22r%29.jpg)
Ælfgar's Irish confederate of 1055 is not identified in any source, and it is not clear that Diarmait had a part to play in the aforesaid events of that year.[194] In fact, it is possible that Ælfgar received aid not from Diarmait, but from Donnchad—Diarmait's enemy and Echmarcach's associate—a man who then controlled the Norse-Gaelic enclaves of Limerick and possibly Waterford. Furthermore, although Diarmait appears to have gained overlordship of Mann by 1061, Echmarcach presumably enjoyed overlordship of at least part of the Hebrides in 1058. Since Magnús utilised Islesmen during his English campaign of that year, it is conceivable that Echmarcach may have played a prominent part in these operations. If Echmarcach was indeed involved in the campaign, the enmity between him and Diarmait could indicate that these two were unlikely to have cooperated as allies.[195]
The prime motivation behind Magnús' cooperation with Ælfgar is uncertain. One possibility is that he was attempting to establish Norwegian authority in the west as a means to prepare an invasion of England. In so doing, Magnús may have backed the cause of a local faction that opposed Echmarcach. Certainly, the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century
Pilgrimage and death in Rome
In 1064, Echmarcach seems to have been accompanied by Donnchad upon a
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amla%C3%ADb_mac_Sitriuc_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_16v%29.jpg/220px-Amla%C3%ADb_mac_Sitriuc_%28Oxford_Bodleian_Library_MS_Rawlinson_B_488%2C_folio_16v%29.jpg)
Marianus Scotus' account of Echmarcach accords him the Latin title "rex Innarenn".
If Echmarcach was indeed the son of Ragnall mac Gofraid, and succeeded his father sometime in the 1030s, Echmarcach may well have first gained control of the Rhinns when he apparently began his domination of the Irish Sea region in 1036 (the year he first seized Dublin).[11] Even if such a chronology is correct it does not necessarily mean that Echmarcach owed his rule in the Rhinns to ancestral connections in the Isles—it could have instead derived from his new-found position in Dublin.[238] Although in practice, the collection of cáin could be undertaken without the displacement of an underking, if "rex Innarenn" indeed refers to the Rhinns it could reveal that, after having been defeated by Murchad on Mann, the defeated Echmarcach fled to this mainland region.[239] Furthermore, if Echmarcach was a native of what is today the south-west of Scotland, the title could be evidence that, on the collapse of Echmarcach's once expansive kingdom, Echmarcach proceeded to entrench himself in the protection of his native home.[240]
Margaðr and Guthormr Gunnhildarson
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Marga%C3%B0r_%28AM_47_fol%2C_fol._19v%29.jpg)
Echmarcach has sometimes been identified as a certain Margaðr who appears in various mediaeval sources documenting the contemporary Irish Sea adventures of Margaðr and Guthormr Gunnhildarson. One such source is Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar, within Heimskringla. According to this source, Margaðr was King of Dublin, and a close friend of Guthormr, an accomplished man who was a nephew of the Norwegian kings Óláfr and Haraldr Sigurðarson.[242][note 19] Late one summer, the saga relates that Margaðr and Guthormr took part in a particularly successful raid in Wales. As their loot of silver was being assessed, Margaðr demanded Guthormr's share, forcing the latter to fight for his portion of the plunder. Although outnumbered sixteen ships to five, the saga relates that, through the miraculous intervention of God and Guthormr's saintly uncle (Óláfr), Guthormr was able to defeat and slay Margaðr and all his followers in the ensuing battle.[242]
![Refer to caption](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Guthormr_Gunnhildarson_%28AM_47_fol%2C_fol._18r%29.jpg/220px-Guthormr_Gunnhildarson_%28AM_47_fol%2C_fol._18r%29.jpg)
The fateful encounter between Margaðr and Guthormr is sometimes dated to 1052 on the presumption that Margaðr is identical to Echmarcach, and that the event must have taken place at the conclusion of Echmarcach's second reign in Dublin.
Notes
- ^ Since the 1980s, academics have accorded Echmarcach various patronymic names in English secondary sources: Echmarcach mac Ragnaill,[2] Echmarcach Mac Ragnaill,[3] Echmarcach mac Ragnaill mic Gofraid,[4] Echmarcach Ragnallson,[5] Echmarcach Ragnallsson,[6] Echmarcach Rǫgnvaldsson,[7] Echmarcach Rögnvaldsson,[8] and Echmarcach Røgnvaldsson.[9]
- Hagroldus, a Danish chieftain from Normandy, unrelated to the Uí Ímair.[17] The Waterford dynasty descended from Ímar, King of Waterford. Although the parentage of this man is unknown, the names borne his kin, and the known events surrounding the dynasty itself, suggest that the family was a branch of the Uí Ímair.[18]
- ^ Iehmarc (Echmarcach) is sometimes mistakenly identified as a figure who appears in mediaeval and early modern genealogies concerning Clan Donald. The confusion results from a nineteenth-century misreading of one such pedigree in the fourteenth-century Book of Ballymote. This misreading gives "Imergi" instead of what actually reads "Indergi".[28]
- Gesta regum Anglorum places Knútr's journey to Scotland in the context of subduing a Scottish rebellion.[59]
- Chronicle of Mann and the Annals of Inisfallen reveal that Amlaíb mac Taidc's brother, the aforesaid Domnall, ruled as King of the Isles before and after the turn of the twelfth century.[112] In fact, the account of Domnall's appointment in the Isles, preserved by the Chronicle of Mann, seems to indicate that, by the end of the eleventh century, he was the senior male representative of Echmarcach's family.[113] There may be much later evidence of Echmarcach's family in the region, as the chronicle records an invasion of Mann by a certain Ragnall mac Echmarcacha in the 1170s or 1180s. The name of this man, combined with the chronicle's vague identification of him as "apparently a man of royal descent", could indicate that he was a distant relative.[114] From the standpoint of the Uí Briain, the union between Mór and Tadc seems to have been orchestrated in the context of extending Uí Briain authority into the Isles.[115]
- ^ The fact that Óttarr failed to name Norwegians suggests that he composed his poem before Knútr's conquest of Norway in 1028.[127]
- Fine Gall by the forces of Ulaid is recorded in 1026. Ulaid is not otherwise known to have been a maritime power, a fact which could suggest that this kingdom had been assisted in its naval victory by Echmarcach and his family.[139]
- ^ The latter source erroneously identifies Ímar by his father's name, Aralt.[150]
- ^ Although this source styles Murchad merely as a "lord", the original from which this annal draws upon likely read "king". The Annals of the Four Masters is otherwise known to relegate royal titles to lordly ones.[175]
- ^ Another candidate for the defeated "son of Ragnall" is Echmarcach's apparent brother, Amlaíb, the apparent father of Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill.[182]
- ^ The year before, in 1063, Donnchad was driven from Munster by Toirdelbach and Diarmait.[198]
- Cottonian Annals record his trek to Rome, but not his death specifically.[216] Another source documenting the pilgrimage of Echmarcach and Donnchad is the fifteenth-century Annla Gearra as Proibhinse Ard Macha.[217]
- ^ Specifically, the Annals of Clonmacnoise,[210] the Annals of the Four Masters,[212] the Annals of Tigernach,[213] and Chronicon Scotorum.[215] Within the building, a plaque of unknown provenance (although seemingly centuries old) refers to Donnchad.[219]
- ^ The pilgrimage undertaken by Echmarcach and Donnchad may have been partly influenced by that undertaken by Knútr.[221]
- Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd. If this source is to be believed, Amlaíb held royal power in the Rhinns and Galloway (amongst other places).[231] Of Sitriuc's two sons named Amlaíb: one is known to have died in 1013,[232] whilst the other died in 1034.[233] Either man could have been the Amlaíb referred to by the aforesaid source.[234] In fact, it is not certain if either ruled as a king.[235] Nevertheless, if Historia Gruffud vab Kenan refers to the latter Amlaíb, this source could be evidence that this man was a contemporary of Echmarcach and Suibne, and could indicate that this Amlaíb held power in Galloway and the Isles at some point between 1028 (the year his father set out upon a pilgrimage) and 1034 (the year of his death).[236] A cognate text that similarly connects the possession of the Rhinns and Galloway to a son of Sitriuc is the twelfth-century Vita Griffini filii Conani.[237]
- Passio et miracula beati Olavi. The latter text exists in two versions, and shorter of these two is called Acta sancti Olavi regis et martyris.[245]
- ^ An Old Norse form of the personal name Echmarcach would likely be similar to "Iehmarc", recorded in the Old English Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.[249]
- Sigurðr Hlǫðvisson, Earl of Orkney extracted a tax of silver from the Isles.[256]
Citations
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1036.8; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1036.8; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Ní Mhaonaigh (2018); Downham (2017); Wadden (2015); Duffy (2014b); Charles-Edwards (2013); Downham (2013a); Swift (2013); Clancy, TO (2011); Clancy, TO (2008); Candon (2006); Duffy (2006); Connon (2005); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Insley (2005); Woolf (2004); Duffy (2002); Clancy, T (2001); Etchingham (2001); Oram (2000); Thornton (1996); Duffy (1993a); Duffy (1992); Candon (1988); Byrne (1982).
- ^ Bracken (2004b).
- ^ Duffy (2013).
- ^ a b Lawson (2013).
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005).
- ^ Kunin; Phelpstead (2008); Williams, DGE (1997).
- ^ Bolton (2009); Hudson, B (2005); Hudson, BT (2004a); Hudson, BT (2004b); Hudson, B (1994); Hudson, BT (1992).
- ^ Downham (2007).
- ^ Clancy, TO (2011) pp. 374–375; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 128.
- ^ a b c d e Woolf (2007) p. 246.
- ^ Clancy, TO (2008) p. 29; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Todd (1867) p. 291 n. 22.
- ^ a b Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129.
- ^ Downham (2013b) p. 147; Woolf (2007) p. 246; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Connon (2005); Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35, 181–182, 197; Oram (2000) p. 16; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 104; Duffy (1992) pp. 96, 97; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 355.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 528, 564, 564 n. 140, 573; Downham (2013b) p. 147; McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Clancy, TO (2008) p. 29; Downham (2007) p. 193 fig. 12; Woolf (2007) p. 246; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 130 fig. 4; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35, 181–182; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 104, 145; Hudson, BT (1992) pp. 355–356.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Wadden (2015) pp. 27, 29; Downham (2007) pp. 186–192, 193 fig. 12.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Wadden (2015) p. 27; Beougher (2007) pp. 91–92, 92 n. 150; Downham (2007) pp. 186–191; Woolf (2007) p. 207; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 65–70.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 57.
- ^ Woolf (2001).
- ^ Baker (2000) p. 114; Cotton MS Domitian A VIII (n.d.).
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 132.
- ^ Bolton (2009) p. 307.
- ^ Lawson (2013); Walker, IW (2013) ch. 5; Hollander (2011) p. 401 ch. 131; Bolton (2009) p. 149; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 132; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 350, 350 n. 1; Anderson (1922a) pp. 546–547 n. 1.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) p. 8; Crawford (2013); Walker, IW (2013) ch. 5; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 132.
- ^ Firth (2018) p. 49, 49 n. 86; McGuigan (2015) p. 161; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 574; Lawson (2013); Molyneaux (2011) p. 76; Bolton (2009) pp. 136, 149; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 197–198; Downham (2004) p. 64; Irvine (2004) p. 76; Oram (2000) p. 16; Swanton (1998) pp. 156, 157, 159; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 104; Whitelock (1996) p. 255; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 350, 350 n. 2; Anderson (1922a) pp. 546–547 n. 1, 590–592 n. 2; Thorpe (1861) pp. 290–291; Stevenson (1853) p. 94.
- ^ Oram (2000) p. 16; Hudson, BT (1992) pp. 355, 360.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) p. 8; Lawson (2013); Walker, IW (2013) ch. 5; Clancy, TO (2008) p. 29; Woolf (2007) p. 245; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 132–133; Broun (2004b); Downham (2004) p. 64; Etchingham (2001) p. 161; Hudson, BT (1992).
- ^ Hudson, BT (1992) p. 351, 351 n. 2; Sellar (1966) pp. 130–131, 130 n. 8; Skene (1890) p. 466; Skene (1886) p. 397 n. 22.
- ^ Lawson (2013); Stowe MS 944 (n.d.).
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 132–134.
- ^ Broun (2004a); Hudson, BT (1992) p. 354.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1020.6; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1029.5; McGuigan (2015) p. 161, n. 522; Bolton (2009) p. 145; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1020.6; Woolf (2007) p. 228; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1029.5; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 354, 354 n. 1.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1992) p. 354.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 246–247.
- ^ Bolton (2009) p. 136 n. 117; Hudson, BT (1992) pp. 356–358.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1034.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Broun (2004b).
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 26; Lawson (2013); Bolton (2009) pp. 136–137; Woolf (2007) pp. 239–240; Lawson (1993) pp. 104–105; Prou (1886) pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b Lawson (2013); Lawson (1993) pp. 104–105.
- ^ Bolton (2009) pp. 136–137.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1034.3; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.3; Anderson (1922a) p. 578; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 171.
- ^ Etchingham (2001) pp. 161, 181–182.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 180; Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Woolf (2007) pp. 225–226, 253; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 133; Woolf (2004); Hudson, BT (1996) pp. 52 § 183, 90 § 183, 221; Anderson (1930) p. 51 § 181; Skene (1867) p. 99.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1034.10; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1034.3; Jennings; Kruse (2009) p. 125; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1034.10; Woolf (2007) p. 253; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.3; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 133.
- ^ Jennings (1996) p. 68.
- ^ Jennings (2015); Jennings; Kruse (2009) p. 124; Woolf (2007) p. 253 n. 45; Jennings (1996) p. 66.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 253; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 133.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 253.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1996) p. 223.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1058.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1058.6; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ Oram (2011b) ch. 5; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 133; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 358.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 234–235.
- ^ Hudson, BT (1992) p. 358.
- ^ a b Woolf (2007) pp. 247–248.
- ^ Walker, IW (2013) ch. 5.
- ^ Hicks (2003) p. 44 n. 107.
- ^ Oram (2011b) ch. 5; Aird (2009) p. 310; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 134; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 104; Hudson, BT (1992) pp. 358–359.
- ^ Firth (2018) p. 49; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 358; Giles (1847) p. 199 bk. 2 ch. 11; Hardy (1840) p. 308 bk. 2 § 182.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 134; Oram (2000) p. 31; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 359.
- ^ a b Wadden (2015) pp. 31–32; Downham (2004) p. 65.
- ^ Wadden (2015) pp. 27–28.
- ^ Lawson (2013); Bolton (2009) p. 147; Woolf (2007) p. 246; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 196–197; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 131–132; Krag (2003) p. 194; Oram (2000) p. 31.
- ^ a b Hollander (2011) pp. 535–536 ch. 249; Bolton (2009) p. 147; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 124–125; Hudson, B (1994) pp. 333–334; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 359; Jónsson (1908a) p. 247; Jónsson (1908b) p. 231.
- ^ Finlay; Faulkes (2016) pp. 166–167 ch. 32; Downham (2014) p. 25; Finlay; Faulkes (2014) p. 275 ch. 248; Hollander (2011) pp. 171–172 ch. 32, 538 ch. 248; Bolton (2009) p. 147; Edmonds (2008); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 221; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 84, 124–125, 223 n. 16; Oram (2000) p. 11; Hudson, B (1994) p. 323, 323 n. 16; Anderson (1922a) pp. 487 n. 2, 506, 506–507 n. 2; Jónsson (1911) pp. 126–127 ch. 32, 417 ch. 248; Storm (1899) p. 428 ch. 248; Vigfusson (1887) p. 15 ch. 12; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 359; Unger (1868) pp. 149–150 chs. 33–34, 511–512 ch. 262; Laing (1844a) pp. 399–400 chs. 33–34; Laing (1844b) p. 355 ch. 262.
- ^ Bolton (2009) p. 147.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 124–125; Hudson, B (1994) pp. 333–334; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 359.
- ^ Goeres (2015) p. 161; Finlay; Faulkes (2014) pp. 113–114 ch. 103; Barrett (2007) p. 305; Whaley (2003) p. 27, 27 n. 12; Jónsson (1908a) pp. 343–348.
- ^ Crawford (1997) p. 75.
- ^ Goeres (2015) p. 161; Finlay; Faulkes (2014) p. 113 n. 192; Barrett (2007) p. 305.
- ^ Crawford (2013); Williams, G (2004); Crawford (1997) pp. 75, 233 nn. 83, 86; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 130 n. 235.
- ^ Finlay; Faulkes (2014) p. 339.
- ^ Bolton (2009) p. 148.
- ^ Bolton (2009) p. 150.
- ^ Bolton (2009) pp. 142–146.
- ^ Bolton (2009) pp. 143–146; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) pp. 209–210.
- ^ Bolton (2009) pp. 143–146; Crawford (2004); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 273–274; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) pp. 14–21 ch. 5; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 28–35 ch. 22.
- ^ Bolton (2009) p. 144; Woolf (2007) p. 244 n. 59; Crawford (2004).
- ^ Bolton (2009) p. 146; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135.
- ^ Bolton (2009) p. 146; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 40–41 ch. 27; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) pp. 27–28 ch. 11.
- ^ Bolton (2009) p. 146, 146 n. 153; Crawford (2004); Williams, DGE (1997) p. 130; Anderson (1922a) p. 584 n. 4; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 39–40 ch. 26; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) pp. 26–27 ch. 10.
- ^ Hollander (2011) pp. 361–362 ch. 103; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 273; Unger (1868) pp. 334–335 ch. 109.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135; Whaley (2003) p. 27; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 130; Jónsson (1908a) pp. 343–348; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 42–44 ch. 29; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) pp. 29–30 ch. 13.
- ^ Driscoll (2008) pp. 36–37; AM 325 II 4to (n.d.).
- ^ Abrams (2007) p. 181 n. 7; Woolf (2007) p. 246; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 196–198; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130–131; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 101–102.
- ^ Driscoll (2008) p. 97 n. 78; Woolf (2007) p. 246; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130–131.
- ^ Driscoll (2008) pp. 36–37; Woolf (2007) p. 246; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129–131; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 101–102.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 246; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129–130.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 246; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 131.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 197.
- ^ Crawford (2013).
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 196–198.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 197–198.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1059.11; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1059.11; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 134.
- ^ Jefferies (2005).
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 32; Downham (2013a) p. 171, 171 n. 77; Downham (2013b) p. 147; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1032.6; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1032.6; Bracken (2004a); Etchingham (2001) p. 182; Duffy (1992) p. 97.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1054.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1054.4; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 134; Etchingham (2001) p. 183.
- ^ Downham (2013a) p. 171, 171 n. 77; Downham (2013b) p. 147.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 32; Duffy (2014b); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4, 134; Clancy, T (2001); Oram (2000) p. 18.
- ^ a b Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Oram (2000) p. 18.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1054.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1054.4; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ a b c d Hudson, BT (2005) p. 134.
- ^ Duffy (2014b); Etchingham (2001) p. 183; Hudson, BT (1996) p. 185.
- ^ Downham (2017) p. 100 n. 62; Downham (2013b) p. 147; Candon (2006) p. 116; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Candon (1988) p. 403.
- ^ Downham (2017) p. 100 n. 62; Downham (2013b) p. 147; Duffy (2002) p. 55, 55 n. 7; Duffy (1993a) p. 34, 34 n. 16; Duffy (1992) p. 105, 105 n. 59; Candon (1988) p. 403; Dobbs (1931) pp. 196, 229.
- ^ Downham (2017) p. 100; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1073.5; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1073.3; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1073.5; Candon (2006) p. 116; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1073.3; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Duffy (2002) p. 54; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19; Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 375; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Candon (1988) p. 403.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Oram (2000) p. 19.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1087.7; Oram (2011a) p. 32; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1087.7; Candon (2006) p. 116; Duffy (2006) p. 62; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 233–234, 236; Duffy (2002) p. 55; Oram (2000) pp. 19–20; Duffy (1993a) p. 34; Duffy (1992) p. 105, 109; Candon (1988) pp. 403–404.
- ^ Oram (2011a) p. 32; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 233; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 130 fig. 4; Oram (2000) p. 19.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1096.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1096.8; Candon (2006) p. 116; Duffy (2006) p. 64; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236; Duffy (2002) pp. 55, 57; Duffy (1993a) pp. 34, 36; Duffy (1992) p. 109; Candon (1988) p. 404; Anderson (1922b) p. 99.
- ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1111.5; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1111.5; Duffy (2002) pp. 57, 57 n. 13, 59–60; Duffy (1992) p. 109, 109 n. 78, 114–115; Anderson (1922b) pp. 100–101; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236; Oram (2000) p. 21; Duffy (1992) p. 109.
- ^ Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 150, 260–261, 260 n. 121; Anderson (1922b) p. 305; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 76–79.
- ^ Candon (2006) p. 116; Candon (1988) p. 404.
- ^ Wadden (2015) pp. 28–29; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 984.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 984.2; Downham (2007) pp. 191, 195, 253; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 134.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1005.1; Wadden (2015) p. 28; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1005; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1004.5; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1005; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1004.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1005.1; Downham (2007) pp. 193 fig. 12, 197; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4, 134.
- ^ Duffy (1992) pp. 96–97.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1028.2; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1028.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 31; Duffy (2006) p. 55; Connon (2005); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 227; Insley (2005); Hudson, BT (2004b); Etchingham (2001) pp. 181–182; Oram (2000) pp. 16, 34; Thornton (1996) p. 89; Duffy (1992) p. 96.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 31; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1036.8; Duffy (2006) p. 55; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1036.8; Etchingham (2001) pp. 181–182; Oram (2000) p. 16; Thornton (1996) p. 89; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 49 fig. 2, 83 fig. 3; Insley (2005); Bracken (2004a); Hudson, BT (2004b).
- ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1026.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1026.2; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 134; Duffy (1998) p. 76.
- ^ a b Downham (2004) pp. 63–65.
- ^ Downham (2018) p. 112; Wadden (2015) p. 31; Downham (2014) p. 25; Lawson (2013); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 120–125; Downham (2004) pp. 63–64; Hudson, BT (2004b); Oram (2000) pp. 31, 34; Abrams (1998) p. 27; Hudson, B (1994); Lawson (1993) pp. 106, 185.
- ^ Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) p. 137; Jesch (2016) p. 314; Downham (2014) p. 25; Lawson (2013); Bolton (2009) pp. 131–132, 131–132 n. 99; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 119; Townend (2001) pp. 157–159, 158 n. 70, 159 n. 77; Abrams (1998) p. 27; Hudson, B (1994); Lawson (1993) p. 106; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 355 n. 3; Jónsson (1908a) p. 299; Jónsson (1908b) p. 275; Vigfusson; Powell (1883) p. 157.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 119.
- ^ Hudson, B (1994) p. 320.
- ^ Ní Mhaonaigh (2018) p. 137; Townend (2001) p. 159 n. 77; Hudson, B (1994) p. 320.
- ^ Hudson, B (1994).
- ^ Downham (2014) p. 25.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 119–127; Insley (2005).
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1035.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1035.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1035.5; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1035.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1035.3; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1035.5; Duffy (2006) p. 55; Connon (2005); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 227–228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Etchingham (2001) pp. 181–182; Duffy (1992) p. 96.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1037.10; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1037.10; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135; Ó Muraíle (1997) p. 202.
- ^ Bhreathnach (1999) p. 13.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–231.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–231; Oram (2000) pp. 16–17.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) §§ 1022.4, 1026.3; The Annals of Ulster (2008) §§ 1022.4, 1026.3; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 230–231; Oram (2000) pp. 16–18.
- ^ Williams, G (2004) p. 74 fig. 2.
- ^ Williams, G (2004) p. 75.
- ^ Byrne (2008) p. 897.
- ^ a b Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1038.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1038.1; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135; Oram (2000) p. 16; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228, 228 n. 29; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 135, 171; Oram (2000) pp. 16, 46 n. 81; Duffy (1992) pp. 96, 96 n. 14, 106.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1040.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1040.6; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 135–136.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Oram (2000) p. 16.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1046.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1046.8; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 137; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1046.6; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1046.6; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 137; Oram (2000) p. 16; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1046.6; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1046.6; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Oram (2000) p. 16.
- ^ Williams, G (2004) p. 74 fig. 2, 75.
- ^ a b Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 137–138.
- ^ Naismith (2017) p. 319; Barrett (2016) p. 4; Williams, G (2007) pp. 204–205; Williams, G (2004) p. 77; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 202.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 140.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1054.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1054.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 137.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 564; Walker, D (2006); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 121, 137; Lawson; King (2004); DeVries (1999) pp. 90–91, 91 n. 63; Swanton (1998) pp. 170, 171; Maund (1993) p. 164; Barlow (1970) pp. 99, 204; Lloyd (1912) p. 362, 362 nn. 11–12; Thorpe (1908) p. 203; Thorpe (1861) p. 310; Williams Ab Ithel (1860b) pp. 42–43; Forester (1854) p. 149; Stevenson (1853) pp. 105, 281–282.
- ^ a b Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 206–207; Oram (2000) p. 34.
- ^ McGuigan (2015a) pp. 124–125, 134; Edmonds (2014) pp. 209–210; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 206–207; Oram (2000) p. 34.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1059.2; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1059.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ a b Wadden (2015) p. 32; Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 528, 564, 573; Downham (2013a) p. 164; Duffy (2006) p. 55; Hudson, B (2005); Hudson, BT (2004a); Duffy (2002) p. 53; Duffy (1998) p. 76; Duffy (1997) p. 37; Duffy (1993a) p. 32; Duffy (1993b); Duffy (1992) pp. 94, 96–97; Candon (1988) pp. 399, 401; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1052.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1052.8; Duffy (2006) p. 55; Duffy (2002) p. 53; Duffy (1993a) p. 32; Duffy (1992) p. 94; Candon (1988) p. 399; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 528, 573; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1052.2; Duffy (2006) p. 55; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1052.2; Duffy (1998) p. 76; Duffy (1992) p. 94; Candon (1988) p. 399; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1052.8; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1052.8; Duffy (2006) p. 55; Duffy (2002) p. 53; Duffy (1993a) p. 32; Duffy (1992) p. 94.
- ^ Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1052; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1052; Duffy (2006) p. 55; Duffy (2002) p. 53; Duffy (1993a) p. 32; Duffy (1992) p. 94; Candon (1988) p. 399; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Byrne (2008) p. 863.
- ^ Duffy (1993b).
- ^ Duffy (2009) p. 291.
- ^ Duffy (2009) pp. 291–292; Byrne (2008) p. 863; Hudson, B (2005); Duffy (1993b).
- ^ Oram (2008) pp. 171, 181; Oram (2000) p. 148.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 139.
- ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1054.1; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1054.1; Duffy (1992) p. 97.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1059.20; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1059.20; Duffy (2002) p. 54, 54 n. 3; Duffy (1993a) p. 32, 32 n. 5; Duffy (1992) pp. 99–100, 100 n. 34.
- ^ Duffy (1992) p. 100 n. 34.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 32; Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 528, 564; Duffy (2009) p. 291; Duffy (2006) pp. 55–56; Hudson, B (2005); Duffy (2002) p. 54; Oram (2000) pp. 16–18, 166–167; Duffy (1993a) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1993b); Duffy (1992) p. 100; Candon (1988) pp. 401–402.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1060.6; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1060.6; Duffy (2006) pp. 55–56; Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1993a) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1992) p. 100; Candon (1988) pp. 401–402; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 32; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 528; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1061.3; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1061.3; Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1997) p. 37; Duffy (1993a) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1992) p. 100; Candon (1988) pp. 401–402; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 56; Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Duffy (1993b); Duffy (1992) p. 100.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 56.
- ^ Hudson, B (2005); Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1997) p. 37; Duffy (1993a) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1992) p. 100; Candon (1988) p. 402; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ a b Candon (1988) p. 402.
- ^ Byrne (2008) pp. 864, 892; Duffy (2006) pp. 55–56; Etchingham (2001) p. 154; Duffy (1993a) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1992) p. 100.
- ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 115; Swanton (1998) p. 184; Thorpe (1861) p. 324; Stevenson (1853) p. 111; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
- ^ Barlow (2013) pp. 74–75; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 565; Moore (2013) ch. 3; Woolf (2007) p. 266; Redknap (2006) p. 8; Hudson, B (2005); Downham (2004) p. 67; Irvine (2004) pp. 84–85; Walker, D (2004); Williams, A (2004); Snyder (2003) p. 183; O'Keeffe (2001) pp. 115–116; DeVries (1999) pp. 134–136; Swanton (1998) pp. 184–187; Maund (1993) p. 165; Hudson, BT (1991) pp. 332, 345; Barlow (1970) p. 206, 206 n. 3; Walker, D (1960) pp. 85, 90–91; Thorpe (1861) pp. 324–325; Stevenson (1853) pp. 111–112.
- ^ Gough-Cooper (2015a) p. 49 § b1078.1; Gough-Cooper (2015b) p. 27 § c380.1; Barlow (2013) p. 87; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 566; Moore (2013) ch. 3; Hudson, B (2005); Downham (2004) p. 67; Snyder (2003) p. 183; DeVries (1999) pp. 67, 67 n. 195, 140–142; Maund (1993) pp. 125, 165; Hudson, BT (1991) pp. 332, 345; Barlow (1970) pp. 208–209; Walker, D (1960) p. 92; Thorpe (1908) p. 217; Lloyd (1899–1900) pp. 170–171; Jones; Williams; Pughe (1870) p. 663; Williams Ab Ithel (1860b) pp. 44–45; Forester (1854) p. 160; Stevenson (1853) p. 289.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 267.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 566; The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1058.4; Etchingham (2007) pp. 162–164; Woolf (2007) p. 266; Duffy (2006) p. 61; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1058.4; Downham (2004) p. 67; Etchingham (2001) pp. 152–158; DeVries (1999) p. 67, 67 n. 195; Maund (1993) p. 165; Hudson, BT (1991) p. 332, 332 n. 10; Barlow (1970) pp. 208–209; Anderson (1922b) p. 1.
- ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 266–267; Hudson, B (2005); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 152, 157; Downham (2004) p. 67; Maund (1993) p. 165.
- ^ Hudson, B (2005); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 152, 157; Hudson, BT (2004a); Etchingham (2001) p. 154.
- ^ Downham (2018) p. 112; Wyatt (2018) p. 791 n. 196; Barlow (2013) pp. 58, 165–166, 168–169; Wyatt (2009) p. 385, 385 n. 196; Downham (2004) pp. 66–67; Hudson, BT (2004a); Etchingham (2001) p. 155; Hudson, BT (1991) pp. 348–349.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 151; Downham (2004) p. 67; Etchingham (2001) p. 155; DeVries (1999) p. 143 n. 66; Hudson, BT (1991) pp. 340–344, 348.
- ^ Jónsson (1916) p. 78; AM 47 Fol (n.d.).
- ^ Etchingham (2001) p. 154.
- ^ Downham (2004) p. 67; Etchingham (2001) pp. 154–155.
- ^ Downham (2004) pp. 67–68; Anderson (1922b) pp. 18 n. 1, 43–44 n. 6; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–51.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 32; Duffy (2014b); Duffy (2013) ch. 3; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 143; Bracken (2004b); Clancy, TO (2002) pp. 24–25; Clancy, T (2001); Etchingham (2001) p. 182, 182 n. 108; Duffy (1992) p. 97; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 356; Candon (1988) p. 402; Gwynn (1953) pp. 196–197; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1063.15; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1063.15; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1064; Ní Úrdail (2012) pp. 169–170; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1063.6; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1064; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1063.6; Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 360, 360 n. 32.
- ^ Duffy (2014b); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 143–144.
- ^ Duffy (2014a) p. 11; Duffy (2014b); Flanagan (2010) p. 231, 231 n. 196; Bracken (2004a); Etchingham (2001) p. 182, 182 n. 108; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 356; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 32; Downham (2007) pp. 171, 187, 193 fig. 12; Duffy (2006) p. 57; Etchingham (2001) p. 187; Candon (1988) p. 402.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Clancy, TO (2008) p. 28; Woolf (2007) p. 245; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 57; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 130 fig. 4; Duffy (2002) pp. 53–54; Clancy, T (2001); Duffy (2002) p. 53; Etchingham (2001) p. 187; Candon (1988) p. 402; Byrne (1982); Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 32; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1064.7; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1064.7; Downham (2007) p. 193 fig. 12; Candon (1988) p. 402; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1064.7; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1064.7; Downham (2007) p. 193 fig. 12; Candon (1988) p. 402; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1064.9; Wadden (2015) p. 32; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 573, 573 n. 182; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1064.9; Downham (2007) p. 193 fig. 12; Candon (1988) p. 402; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ a b McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Wadden (2015) p. 32; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 573, 573 n. 182; Ní Úrdail (2012) p. 170; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Clancy, TO (2008) p. 28; Downham (2007) p. 171; Woolf (2007) p. 245; Clancy, TO (2006) p. 51; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 70, 129, 138; Duffy (2002) pp. 53–54; Etchingham (2001) pp. 160, 182 n. 108; Oram (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1993a) p. 32; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 356, 356 n. 1; Candon (1988) p. 402; Byrne (1982); Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2; Waitz (1844) p. 559.
- ^ Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Etchingham (2001) p. 182 n. 108; Gwynn (1953) pp. 196–197.
- ^ Duffy (2014a) p. 11; Wadden (2015) p. 32; Flanagan (2010) p. 231; Bracken (2004a); Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 360.
- ^ a b Duffy (2014b).
- ^ a b Duffy (2014b); Ní Úrdail (2012) p. 170, 170 n. 7; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Murphy (1896) p. 179.
- ^ Ní Úrdail (2012) p. 170, 170 n. 7; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1064.3; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1064.3; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ a b Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1064.6; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1064.6; Ní Úrdail (2012) p. 170, 170 n. 7; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ a b The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1064.2; Ní Úrdail (2012) p. 170, 170 n. 7; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Clancy, TO (2006) p. 51; Etchingham (2001) p. 182 n. 108; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1064.2; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1064.4; Ní Úrdail (2012) p. 170, 170 n. 7; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1064.4; Clancy, TO (2006) p. 51; Etchingham (2001) p. 182 n. 108; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ a b Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1064; Ní Úrdail (2012) p. 170, 170 n. 7; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1064; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Ní Úrdail (2012) p. 170, 170 n. 7; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1064.5; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; The Annals in Cotton MS (2010) § 1064; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1064.5; Clancy, TO (2006) p. 51; Etchingham (2001) p. 182 n. 108; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 32; Ann[acute ]la Gearra (2008) p. 32
- ^ Duffy (2014b); Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Etchingham (2001) p. 182 n. 108.
- ^ Duffy (2014b); Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196.
- ^ Duffy (2014b); Flanagan (2010) p. 231; Clancy, TO (2006) pp. 50–52.
- ^ Swift (2013) p. 133.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 1034.2; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 1064.4; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1064.5; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1064.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1064.4; Duffy (2006) p. 56; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Wadden (2015) p. 32; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 573, 573 n. 182; Clancy, TO (2008) p. 28; Downham (2007) p. 171; Woolf (2007) p. 245; Clancy, TO (2006) p. 51; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 70, 129, 138; Duffy (2002) pp. 53–54; Etchingham (2001) pp. 160, 182 n. 108; Oram (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1993a) p. 32; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99; Hudson, BT (1992) p. 356; Candon (1988) p. 402.
- ^ Clancy, TO (2008) pp. 28, 32; Woolf (2007) pp. 245, 254; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 138.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 254.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) pp. 107–108; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–230; Duffy (1992) p. 99.
- ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1014.3; Clancy, TO (2008) p. 29; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1014.3; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–230; Duffy (1993a) pp. 24, 30; Duffy (1992) p. 99.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–230.
- ^ Williams, P (2012) pp. 22, 62–63; Clancy, TO (2008) pp. 29, 32; Downham (2007) p. 198 n. 125; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158–159; Oram (2000) p. 16; Duffy (1992) p. 99; Evans (1990) pp. 23–24, 53–55; Jones (1910) pp. 102–105.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3; Etchingham (2001) p. 158 n. 35; Oram (2000) p. 16; Thornton (1996) p. 88.
- ^ Flanagan (2010) p. 231; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3; Hudson, BT (2004b); Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35, 159, 187; Oram (2000) p. 16; Thornton (1996) p. 88; Gwynn (1953) p. 196.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 120–121; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35; Oram (2000) p. 16; Thornton (1996) p. 88, 88 n. 37; Bartrum (1993) p. 171; Bartrum (1966) p. 136.
- ^ Davies (2011); Thornton (1996) p. 88, 88 n. 37.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 198 n. 125; Etchingham (2001) pp. 159–161.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) pp. 107–108; Clancy, TO (2008) p. 29.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 574.
- ^ Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1992) p. 100.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 138.
- ^ Jónsson (1916) p. 69; AM 47 Fol (n.d.).
- ^ a b Finlay; Faulkes (2015) chs. 54–55; Hollander (2011) pp. 618–619 chs. 54–55; Byrne (2008) pp. 889–890; Kunin; Phelpstead (2008) p. 110; Hudson, B (2006) p. 75; Barlow (1970) pp. 200–201; Sellar (1966) p. 132; Dickens (1945) p. 72; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590, 590–592 n. 2; Jónsson (1911) pp. 480–481 chs. 54–55; Storm (1899) pp. 493–494 chs. 54–55; Unger (1868) pp. 587–588 chs. 56–57; Laing (1844c) pp. 50–52 chs. 56–57.
- ^ Astås (1993).
- ^ Kunin; Phelpstead (2008) p. 109.
- ^ Kunin; Phelpstead (2008) pp. xxvi–xxxi, 33–34, 110; Hudson, B (2006) p. 71; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 143; Metcalfe (1881) pp. 75–78; Storm (1880) pp. 133–134.
- ^ Jónsson (1916) p. 63; AM 47 Fol (n.d.).
- ^ Byrne (2008) pp. 889–890; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.
- ^ Byrne (2008) p. 890; Kunin; Phelpstead (2008) p. 110; Woolf (2007) p. 244 n. 29; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 143; Woolf (2005) p. 4; Hudson, B (2002) p. 246; Ó Corráin (1998) p. 448; Ó Cuív (1998) p. 80; Poole (1991) p. 131; Sayers (1991) p. 172; Sellar (1966) p. 132.
- ^ Hudson, B (2006) p. 75.
- ^ Byrne (2008) p. 890; Kunin; Phelpstead (2008) p. 110; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 8–9, 143.
- ^ Finlay; Faulkes (2015) ch. 55; Crawford (2013); Hollander (2011) p. 619 ch. 55; Byrne (2008) pp. 889–890; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 8–9, 143; Jónsson (1911) pp. 480–481 ch. 55; Storm (1899) pp. 493–494 ch. 55; Unger (1868) pp. 587–588 ch. 57; Laing (1844c) pp. 51–52 ch. 57.
- ^ Kunin; Phelpstead (2008) p. 110; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 143.
- ^ Kunin; Phelpstead (2008) p. 110.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 143; Todd (1867) pp. ciii, 50–51.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 143; Williams, G (2004) pp. 95–96, 95 n. 38; Thomson (2008) p. 61; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 127, 127 n. 210; Dasent (1967) pp. 148–150 chs. 84–85; Jónsson (1908) pp. 184–187 chs. 85–86; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 321–324 chs. 86–87.
- ^ Williams, G (2004) pp. 95–96, 95 n. 139; Thomson (2008) p. 61; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 37, 127, 127 n. 211, 142–143; Anderson (1922a) p. 528; Gering (1897) p. 103 ch. 29; Morris; Magnússon (1892) p. 71 ch. 29.
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External links
- Iehmarc 1 (Male) at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
Media related to Echmarcach mac Ragnaill at Wikimedia Commons