Sinyavsky–Daniel trial
Native name | Процесс Синявского и Даниэля |
---|---|
Date | February 10–13, 1966 |
Location | anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda (Article 70 of the RSFSR Criminal Code) |
Verdict | Sinyavsky was sentenced to seven years in strict-regime labor camp, Yuli Daniel was sentenced to five years |
The Sinyavsky–Daniel trial (
The Sinyavsky-Daniel case is widely considered to mark the end of the liberal Khrushchev Thaw period and the rise of political repression in the Soviet Union under hardliner Leonid Brezhnev, and a major starting impulse for the Soviet dissident movement.[1][2]
Trial
Background
On 13 September 1965, Andrei Sinyavsky was arrested, and Yuli Daniel's arrest followed five days later. Initially, leaders of the CPSU were hesitant about prosecuting Sinyavsky and Daniel, but the trial pressed ahead under the initiative of General Secretary
Charges
Sinyavsky and Daniel's offenses were not illegal under
Agitation or propaganda carried on for the purpose of subverting or weakening of the Soviet regime ['vlast'] or of committing particular, especially dangerous crimes against the state, or the circulation, for the same purpose of slanderous fabrications which defame the Soviet state and social system, or the circulation or preparation or keeping, for the same purposes, of literature with such content.[9]
Sinyavsky and Daniel's works published abroad were considered to consciously intend to subvert and weaken the Soviet system and constitute anti-Soviet propaganda – the first time that the article was applied to fiction.[10]
Hearings
The hearings began on February 10, 1966, in Moscow City Court under chairman of the court Lev Smirnov. The trials of Sinyavsky and Daniel were not open to the public or foreign observers, and only fragments of the proceedings reached the outside world.[3]: 309
Citing their works, the prosecution claimed Sinyaysky and Daniel had purposefully attempted to make the Soviet state look corrupt and immoral on the world stage.[11] Sinyavsky's and Daniel's literary works were themselves presented as evidence.[7]
The defendants in turn claimed to be loyal
Sentence
On 12 February 1966, the court sentenced Yuli Daniel to five years in a strict-regime labor camp. The next day, Andrei Sinyavsky was sentenced to seven years in a strict-regime labor camp.[13] Daniel and Sinyavsky were sent to the special labor camps for political criminals in Mordovia, with both spending time in the Dubravlag.
Daniel served his five-year full term, and after his release lived in the cities of
In 1991, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR rescinded the verdict and sentences against Sinyavsky and Daniel, and ordered the case closed for lack of the elements of a crime.[14]
Significance and legacy
Reaction abroad
Articles in the
The trial was universally condemned in the Western media and drew criticism from public figures from around the world.[16]: 15–16 PEN International as well as individual writers such as W. H. Auden, William Styron and Hannah Arendt expressed their indignation.[5] Others who petitioned for the writers' release were Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, Lillian Hellman, Saul Bellow, Norman Mailer, Robert Lowell, Philip Roth, Marguerite Duras and Philip Toynbee.[17] After Sinyavsky and Daniel's conviction, Graham Greene unsuccessfully asked for his royalties in the Soviet Union to be paid over to their wives.[5]
Criticism of the trial and sentences was also shared by
In the spring of 1968, the US ambassador to the
Internal reaction
The proceedings were framed by denunciations in the media, headed by the newspapers
Nonetheless, the trial provoked protests. A letter which became known as the "Letter of the 63" (also: 62), signed by members of the
We think that any attempt to whitewash Stalin can cause a serious split in Soviet society. Stalin bears responsibility not only for the numerous deaths of innocent people, for our lack of preparation for the [Second World] war, for the divergences from the Leninist norms of the party and the state life. His crimes and wrongdoing distorted the idea of communism to such a degree that our people would never forgive him. [...]
The issue of Stalin’s political rehabilitation is not only an issue for our domestic but also for our foreign policy. Any step towards his rehabilitation would undoubtedly lead to a new split within the world communist movement, now between us and communists in the West. From their point of view, such a rehabilitation would be considered as our capitulation to the Chinese [communist leadership]. [...] Nowadays, when we are threatened both by the activity of the American imperialists and the West Germans seeking revenge and by the leaders of the Communist Party of China, it would be absolutely unreasonable to create a pretext for a split, or even for new difficulties in our relations with the brotherly [communist] parties in the West.— Open letter to Brezhnev signed by twenty-five intellectuals[25]
On February 14, 1966, twenty-five prominent Soviet intellectuals wrote an open letter to
Several people, including Daniel's wife Larisa Bogoraz, sent independent letters in support of Sinyavsky and Daniel.[26]
Beginning in December 1965, speeches were held in Moscow in defense of Sinyavsky and Daniel and in memory of the victims of Stalinism. The participants demanded a revision of laws and certain articles of the Criminal Code, and the release from custody of distributors of anti-Soviet documents detained by the KGB.
The actions of the participants in the gatherings were not random. They were inspired and prepared by people who set out to discredit the Soviet system. Among them were Volpin, Yakir, Ginzburg, and others. Snegov, Henri, Petrovsky, Balter, Kosterin, Nekrich, Chukovskaya, as well as some scientists and cultural figures who signed a number of dubious documents, played an unseemly role in this matter. This group of 35-40 people produced and distributed anti-Soviet literature and held demonstrations. It was associated with the foreign anti-Soviet organization NTS, whose leaders sent direct instructions to individual members of this group.
In this regard, the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR and the KGB prosecuted the following: Ginzburg, Galanskov, Dobrovolsky, Lashkova, Radzievsky, Kushev, Khaustov, Bukovsky, Delaunay, and Gabay.[27]
Dissident movement
Many members of the intelligentsia felt ambivalent towards the publication of works abroad, especially under a pseudonym. Nevertheless, many saw the Sinyavsky–Daniel case as a return to the show trials of the 1930s and a sign that the Brezhnev Politburo was preparing to reverse the gains of Khrushchev's de-Stalinization. Critics of the trial protested the harsh sentences meted out to Sinyavsky and Daniel and emphasized issues of creative freedom and the historical role of the writer in Russian society.[8]: 658 [28]: 122
Others were troubled by the claims of the court that the trial was in full adherence to existing laws and rights guaranteed in the
The demonstration was followed by an increase in open protest and
Underground coverage of these and similar events ultimately led to the appearance of the samizdat civil rights periodical Chronicle of Current Events in April 1968.
The encounter with foreign journalists during the course of the trial also helped foster a type of dissident-journalist relationship which became increasingly important to the emerging dissident movement. Through such media organs as
Political and legal consequences
The trial of Sinyavsky and Daniel was the first Soviet show trial during which writers were openly convicted solely for their literary work.[22][31][6]: 24
The trial brought to the end the period of Khrushchev's liberalism (
- Article 190-1 made it a punishable offense to circulate statements defamatory of the Soviet system. In contrast to article 70, this offense did not stipulate any intention of subverting or weakening Soviet authority.[33]: 126
- Article 190-3 prohibited violation of public order by a group, either in coarse manner or in disobedience to legal demands of representatives of authority.[33]: 127
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-312-16816-2.
- ^ (in Russian) http://www.igrunov.ru/vin/vchk-vin-dissid/smysl/articl_diss/vchk-vin-dissid-dem_mov-speech_92.html — Речь В.В. Игрунова на Международной научной конференции "Диссидентское Движение в СССР. 1950-е — 1980-е."
- ^ ISBN 0465003125.
- ^ Vasili Mitrokhin, The Pathfinders (the Sinyavsky-Daniel show trial. Folder 41. The Chekist Anthology). Mitrokhin Archive from the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP). [1]
- ^ ISBN 9781412811613.
- ^ OCLC 358400.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7391-0488-0.
- ^ S2CID 159974080.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-674-82636-6
- ISBN 978-1-4381-1001-1.
- ^ The works cited at the trial were Sinyavski's On Socialist Realism (1959), The Trial Begins (1960), Lyubimov (The Makepeace Experiment) (1964), as well as Daniel's This Is Moscow Speaking (1963), The Man from MINAP (1963), Hands (1966), and Atonement (1964). Green, J., Karolides, N. J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Censorship, New York: Facts On File, 2005. p. 515
- S2CID 251258011. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-8122-3418-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-56324-344-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8131-7124-1.
- ISBN 978-0-88738-252-9.
- ISBN 978-0822959113.
- ISBN 0521381142.
- ^ Drew Middleton, U.S. Scores Trials of Soviet Writers, N.Y. Times, 7 Mar. 1968, at 1.
- ^ Drew Middleton, Soviet Wins Deletion of Most of US Charge From UN Report, N.Y. Times, 15 Mar. 1968, at 6.
- S2CID 144147528. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
- ^ a b c Benedikt Sarnov, Stalin and writers, (Russian: «Сталин и писатели»), four volumes, Eksmo, Moscow, 2008—2011, IBN 978-5-699-36669-9, vol. 3, pp. 261-265
- ^ Obituary: Andrei Sinyavsky, The Independent, February 27, 1997
- ISBN 978-1-4128-1161-3.
- Online: "Soviet Writers' Appeal for the Release of Sinyavsky and Daniel". osaarchivum.org. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
- Hayward, Max: On Trial: the Soviet State versus "Abram Tertz" and "Nikolai Arzhak", Harper & Row, 1967; p. 185f. OCLC 358400
- (in Russian) Reprint in: Eremina, L.S. (1989). Tsena metafory, ili Prestuplenie i nakazanie Siniavskogo i Danielia. Moscow: Kniga. pp. 499–500. ISBN 5-212-00310-5.
- ^ a b
Oushakine, Serguei Alex (2001). "The Terrifying Mimicry of Samizdat". Public Culture. 13 (2): 191–214. S2CID 145600839., p. 197
- (in Russian) Original: “Pismo 25-ti deyatelei kulturi Brezhnevu o tendezii reabilitazii Stalina” [About the tendency toward Stalin’s rehabilitation: The letter to Brezhnev signed by twenty-five intellectuals], Sobranie Documentov Samizdata [Collection of Samizdat Documents, SDS], vol. 4, AC no. 273 (1966)
- (in Russian) Online: "Письмо 25 деятелей советской науки, литературы и искусства Л. И. Брежневу против реабилитации И. В. Сталина". Институт истории естествознания и техники им. С.И. Вавилова РАН. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
- ISBN 0-8195-6176-2.
- ^ В. Е. Семичастный. Беспокойное сердце. М. 2002, С.254
- ^ ISBN 0-521-23172-8.
- ISBN 978-0-674-03344-3.
- S2CID 159647840. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
- ^ Numerous writers executed during Stalinist repressions were usually falsely accused of terrorism or espionage.
- ISBN 978-90-04-14087-5.
- ^ ISBN 9028608109.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-1412811613.
- Glenny, Michael (January 1968). "Sinyavsky and Daniel on trial". Survey: 145–146.
- ASIN B000BF3EIE.
- Kolonosky, Walter (2003). "Satirists on Trial". Literary Insinuations: Sorting Out Sinyavsky's Irreverence. Lexington Books. pp. 11–26. ISBN 0739104888.
- ISBN 0887382525.
- Murav, Harriet (1998). "Siniavskii, Libel, and the Author's Liability". Russia's Legal Fictions. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 193–232. ISBN 0472108794.
- ISBN 0822959119.
Other languages
- Великанова Е. М, Еремина Л. С. Цена метафоры, или Преступление и наказание Синявского и Даниэля. М.: Книга, 1989. ISBN 5-212-00310-5
- Синявский и Даниэль на скамье подсудимых [Sinyavsky and Daniel on the dock] (PDF) (in Russian). Нью-Йорк: Международное литературное содружество. 1966. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2009.
- Гинзбург, Александр (1967). Белая книга по делу А. Синявского и Ю. Даниэля [The white book on the case of A. Sinyavsky and Yu. Daniel] (PDF) (in Russian). Франкфурт на Майне: Посев. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2010.
- Boué, Michel (17 December 1992). "Du procès Siniavski-Daniel, contre la relégation de Skhavrov ou celle du cinéaste Paradjanov, qu'il" [The Sinyavsky-Daniel trial, against relegation of Shavrov or that of the filmmaker Paradjanov]. L'Humanité (in French).
- Mieli, Paolo (12 June 2012). "Intellettuali reticenti sul dissenso in Urss: la sinistra italiana e il processo Sinjavskij-Daniel" [Reticent intellectuals on dissent in the USSR: the Italian left and the Sinyavsky-Daniel trial] (PDF). Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2016.
External links
Trial transcripts and documents
- Гинзбург, Александр (1967). Белая книга по делу А. Синявского и Ю. Даниэля [The white book on the case of A. Sinyavsky and Yu. Daniel] (PDF) (in Russian). Франкфурт на Майне: Посев. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2010.
- Синявский и Даниэль на скамье подсудимых [Sinyavsky and Daniel on the dock] (PDF) (in Russian). Нью-Йорк: Международное литературное содружество. 1966. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2009.
- Soviet Writers' Appeal for the Release of Sinyavsky and Daniel, HU OSA63-3-117
- Protest Letter of Lidiya Chukovskaya to Mikhail Sholokhov (in response to his calls for a harsher punishment of the writers), HU OSA 63-3-119
Coverage of the trial
- "Two Russians reported confessing to clandestine anti-Soviet writing". The New York Times. 22 October 1965.
- "18 in U.S. protest over Soviet arrests; writers urge Kosygin to free accused authors". The New York Times. 8 December 1965.
- "Two score writers' trial". The New York Times. 21 February 1966.
- "Soviet Union: notes from underground". Time. 29 October 1965.
- "Investigation of 2 writers goes on, Soviet aide says". The New York Times. 9 December 1965.
- "Soviet McCartyism". The New York Times. 16 January 1966.
- "Russia: the trial begins". Time. 18 February 1966.
- "Moscow retorts to trial critics, says defenders of writers misunderstand system". The New York Times. 23 February 1966.
- "Russia: a bit of fear". Time. 25 February 1966.
- "World: a day in the life of Yuli Daniel". Time. 6 June 1969.
Other
- Obituary: Andrei Sinyavsky, The Independent, Feb. 27, 1997
- Frank, Joseph: The Triumph of Abram Tertz, The New York Review of Books, Vol. 38, No. 12, Jun. 27, 1991
- Горелик, Кристина (10 September 2005). "40 лет процессу над Синявским и Даниэлем" [40 years of the trial of Sinyavsky and Daniel] (in Russian). Radio Liberty.
- Толстой, Иван (22 September 2013). Новое десятилетие. К 60-летию РС. Год 2005 [New decade. On the 60th anniversary of the Radio Liberty. 2005]. Радио Свобода (in Russian). Radio Liberty.
- «А тут, видите ли, еще рассуждают о "суровости" приговора»: процесс Даниэля и Синявского ["And here, you see, they still talk about the "severity" of the sentence": the trial of Daniel and Sinyavsky]. Kommersant (in Russian). 3 April 2015.
- Процесс Синявского и Даниэля, или Как начиналась брежневская эпоха [The trial of Sinyavsky and Daniel, or How the Brezhnev era began] (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 10 February 2016.
- Кузнецов, Алексей; Бунтман, Сергей (31 January 2016). Судебный процесс против писателей А.Д.Синявского и Ю.М. Даниэля по обвинению в антисоветской агитации и пропаганде, 1965-66гг. [The trial against the writers A. D. Sinyavsky and Y. M. Daniel on charges of anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda, 1965-1966]. echo.msk.ru (in Russian). Echo Moscow. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
- Кара-Мурза, Владимир (15 February 2016). Абрам Терц и Николай Аржак: за что? [Abram Tertz and Nikolai Arzhak: for what?]. Радио Свобода (in Russian). Radio Liberty.