Mordovia
Republic of Mordovia | |
---|---|
Республика Мордовия | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Moksha | Мордовия Республикась |
• Erzya | Мордовия Республикась |
ISO 3166 code | RU-MO |
License plates | 13, 113 |
OKTMO ID | 89000000 |
Official languages | Russian;[11] Mordvin (Moksha and Erzya)[12] |
Website | http://www.e-mordovia.ru/ |
Mordovia (
(39.8%) account for the majority of the population.History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2024) |
Early history
The earliest archaeological signs of modern humans in the area of Mordovia are from the
Mordovia was briefly united under the Principality of Purgaz, led by Erzya prince Purgaz, who fought against the colonisation of the region by Vladimir-Suzdal. The Mordvin tribes were then plunged into a civil war between Purgaz, who was supported by Volga Bulgaria, and Puresh, a Moksha prince backed by Vladimir-Suzdal.[16] The Principality of Purgaz survived the war with Vladimir-Suzdal, which ended in 1232, and was later subjugated to the Golden Horde as the Mukhsha Ulus.[17]
The Golden Horde disintegrated in the 1430s, which resulted in some Mordvins becoming subjects of the
Part of the Russian Empire
After
Part of the Soviet Union
During the Russian
Part of the Russian Federation
When the Soviet Union disintegrated, the Mordovian ASSR proclaimed itself the Mordovian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990 and remained a part of the Russian Federation. Mordovia was one of only two republics that did not proclaim sovereignty.[18] On 25 January 1994, it was renamed the Republic of Mordovia.
Geography
The republic is located in the eastern part of the
- Area: 26,200 square kilometers (10,100 sq mi)
- Borders:
- internal: (W/NW)
- Highest point: 324 meters (1,063 ft) (crossing of the road from Bolshoy Maresev with the roads to Mokshaley, Pyaigiley, and Picheury)
Rivers
There are 114 rivers in the republic. Major rivers include:
- Alatyr River(Erzya: Rator)
- Issa River
- Moksha River
- Satis River
- Sivin River
- Sura River
- Vad River
Lakes
There are approximately five hundred lakes in the republic.
Natural resources
Natural resources include peat, mineral waters, and others.
Climate
The climate is moderately continental.
- Average January temperature: −11 °C (12 °F)
- Average July temperature: +19 °C (66 °F)
- Average annual precipitation: ~500 millimeters (20 in)
Administrative divisions
Politics
The supreme law is the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia .
During the
In that same year,
In 1993, the Supreme Council of Mordovia abolished the post of president, on the basis of which Guslyannikov was removed from his post. Guslyannikov appealed the action of the supreme legislative body of the republic in the
The head of the government in the Republic of Mordovia is the Head of the Republic. The office is currently held by Artyom Zdunov, who was made acting head on 18 November 2020. His predecessor was Vladimir Volkov who held the office from 2012.
The State Assembly is the legislature of the republic.
The Republic of Mordovia has regional offices of the main political parties:
Economy
The most developed industries are machine construction, chemicals, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital
The largest companies in the region include
Demographics
The population of Mordovia is 783,552 (2021 Census);[20] .
Settlements
Largest cities or towns in Mordovia
2010 Russian Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
Saransk Ruzayevka |
1 | Saransk | City of republic significance of Saransk | 297,415 | |||||
2 | Ruzayevka | Ruzayevsky District | 47,523 | ||||||
3 | Kovylkino | Kovylkinsky District | 21,307 | ||||||
4 | Komsomolsky | Chamzinsky District | 13,513 | ||||||
5 | Zubova Polyana | Zubovo-Polyansky District | 10,338 | ||||||
6 | Krasnoslobodsk | Krasnoslobodsky District | 10,151 | ||||||
7 | Chamzinka | Chamzinsky District | 9,463 | ||||||
8 | Romodanovo | Romodanovsky District | 9,410 | ||||||
9 | Ardatov | Ardatovsky District | 9,400 | ||||||
10 | Torbeyevo | Torbeyevsky District | 9,373 |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1926 | 1,260,073 | — |
1959 | 1,001,994 | −20.5% |
1970 | 1,029,562 | +2.8% |
1979 | 990,617 | −3.8% |
1989 | 964,132 | −2.7% |
2002 | 888,766 | −7.8% |
2010 | 834,755 | −6.1% |
2021 | 783,552 | −6.1% |
Source: Census data |
Vital statistics
- Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 1 026 | 15 423 | 9 048 | 6 375 | 15.0 | 8.8 | 6.2 | |
1975 | 1 003 | 14 983 | 9 689 | 5 294 | 14.9 | 9.7 | 5.3 | |
1980 | 984 | 14 320 | 10 287 | 4 033 | 14.6 | 10.5 | 4.1 | |
1985 | 964 | 15 123 | 11 152 | 3 971 | 15.7 | 11.6 | 4.1 | |
1990 | 963 | 12 910 | 11 018 | 1 892 | 13.4 | 11.4 | 2.0 | 1,87 |
1991 | 961 | 11 537 | 11 079 | 458 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 0.5 | 1,73 |
1992 | 961 | 10 215 | 11 574 | - 1 359 | 10.6 | 12.0 | - 1.4 | 1,55 |
1993 | 959 | 9 276 | 13 217 | - 3 941 | 9.7 | 13.8 | - 4.1 | 1,42 |
1994 | 956 | 8 916 | 14 748 | - 5 832 | 9.3 | 15.4 | - 6.1 | 1,37 |
1995 | 952 | 8 589 | 13 460 | - 4 871 | 9.0 | 14.1 | - 5.1 | 1,32 |
1996 | 946 | 7 883 | 13 579 | - 5 696 | 8.3 | 14.4 | - 6.0 | 1,22 |
1997 | 939 | 7 493 | 13 631 | - 6 138 | 8.0 | 14.5 | - 6.5 | 1,16 |
1998 | 931 | 7 469 | 13 116 | - 5 647 | 8.0 | 14.1 | - 6.1 | 1,16 |
1999 | 923 | 6 994 | 14 200 | - 7 206 | 7.6 | 15.4 | - 7.8 | 1,09 |
2000 | 913 | 7 148 | 14 838 | - 7 690 | 7.8 | 16.2 | - 8.4 | 1,12 |
2001 | 903 | 7 049 | 14 200 | - 7 151 | 7.8 | 15.7 | - 7.9 | 1,11 |
2002 | 891 | 7 131 | 14 918 | - 7 787 | 8.0 | 16.7 | - 8.7 | 1,12 |
2003 | 880 | 7 433 | 15 170 | - 7 737 | 8.4 | 17.2 | - 8.8 | 1,16 |
2004 | 873 | 7 689 | 14 768 | - 7 079 | 8.8 | 16.9 | - 8.1 | 1,20 |
2005 | 865 | 7 394 | 14 823 | - 7 429 | 8.5 | 17.1 | - 8.6 | 1,14 |
2006 | 858 | 7 367 | 13 981 | - 6 614 | 8.6 | 16.3 | - 7.7 | 1,14 |
2007 | 851 | 7 728 | 13 320 | - 5 592 | 9.1 | 15.6 | - 6.6 | 1,19 |
2008 | 846 | 8 215 | 13 167 | - 4 952 | 9.7 | 15.6 | - 5.9 | 1,28 |
2009 | 841 | 8 103 | 13 027 | - 4 924 | 9.6 | 15.5 | - 5.9 | 1,27 |
2010 | 835 | 7 974 | 13 106 | - 5 132 | 9.5 | 15.7 | - 6.1 | 1,24 |
2011 | 830 | 7 896 | 12 310 | - 4 414 | 9.5 | 14.8 | - 5.3 | 1,25 |
2012 | 822 | 8 180 | 11 925 | - 3 745 | 10.0 | 14.5 | - 4.5 | 1,32 |
2013 | 815 | 8 256 | 12 095 | - 3 839 | 10.1 | 14.8 | - 4.7 | 1,37 |
2014 | 811 | 8 133 | 11 621 | - 3 488 | 10.0 | 14.3 | - 4.3 | 1,37 |
2015 | 808 | 7 864 | 11 431 | - 3 567 | 9.7 | 14.2 | - 4.5 | 1,36 |
2016 | 808 | 7 975 | 11 367 | - 3 392 | 9.9 | 14.1 | - 4.2 | 1,40 |
2017 | 806 | 6 884 | 10 849 | - 3 965 | 8.5 | 13.5 | -5.0 | 1,26 |
Ethnic groups
The Mordvin people are a
According to the
Ethnic group |
1939 census | 1959 census | 1970 census | 1979 census | 1989 census | 2002 census | 2010 census1 | 2021 census[23] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | % of those who stated ethnicity | |
Russians | 719,117 | 60.53 | 590,557 | 59.04 | 606,817 | 58.94 | 591,212 | 59.75 | 586,147 | 60.83 | 540,717 | 60.84 | 443,737 | 53.05 | 406,061 | 51.82 | 54.09 |
Mordvins | 405,031 | 34.09 | 357,978 | 35.79 | 364,689 | 35.42 | 338,898 | 34.25 | 313,420 | 32.53 | 283,861 | 31.94 | 333,112 | 39.83 | 290,750 | 37.11 | 38.73 |
Tatars | 47,386 | 3.99 | 38,636 | 3.86 | 44,954 | 4.37 | 45,765 | 4.63 | 47,328 | 4.91 | 46,261 | 5.21 | 43,392 | 5.19 | 39,855 | 5.09 | 5.31 |
Ukrainians | 7,586 | 0.64 | 6,554 | 0.66 | 6,033 | 0.59 | 5,622 | 0.57 | 6,461 | 0.67 | 4,801 | 0.54 | 4,801 | 0.57 | 1,414 | 0.18 | 0.19 |
Other Ethnicities | 8,884 | 0.75 | 6,468 | 0.65 | 7,069 | 0.69 | 8,012 | 0.81 | 10,148 | 1.05 | 13,126 | 1.48 | 11,361 | 1.36 | 12,601 | 1.61 | 1.68 |
Ethnicity not stated | 32,867 | 4.19 | |||||||||||||||
TOTAL | 1,188,004 | 100.00 | 1,000,193 | 100.00 | 1,029,562 | 100.00 | 989,509 | 100.00 | 963,504 | 100.00 | 888,766 | 100.00 | 836,403 | 100.00 | 783,552 | 100% | 100% |
1 3,153 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24] |
Religion
According to a 2012 survey,
Education
The most important facilities of higher education include Mordovian State University and Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute in Saransk.
Culture
There are many museums in the republic. The largest ones include the Mordovian Republican United Museum of Regional Studies and the Museum of Mordvinian Culture in Saransk.
The National Library of the Republic of Mordovia is the largest library in the republic.
The State Puppet Theater of the Republic of Mordovia, located in Saransk, is well known in Russia. Most of the plays performed in this theater are Russian fairy-tales.
Erzya literature experienced a renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s.
The House and Museum of F. Sychkov was opened on March 11, 1970, at Kochelaevo, Kovylkinsky District after a reconstruction.
Mordovian cuisine is widespread in the country.
Penal colonies
Mordovia is home to multiple
Sport
Mordovia, along with neighbour Chuvashia and Penza Oblast, has given some of the best modern racewalking athletes, both women (Olga Kaniskina, Anisya Kirdyapkina, Elena Lashmanova, Olena Shumkina, Irina Stankina) and men (Sergey Bakulin, Valeriy Borchin, Stanislav Emelyanov, Vladimir Kanaykin, Sergey Kirdyapkin, Sergey Morozov, Denis Nizhegorodov, Roman Rasskazov), apart from Alexei Nemov (see more in the article History of Mordovian sport).
Language
The Mordvinic languages,[31] alternatively Mordvin languages,[32] or Mordvinian languages (Russian: Мордовские языки, Mordovskiye yazyki, the official Russian term for the language pair),[33] are a subgroup of the Uralic languages, comprising the closely related Erzya language and Moksha language.[34] Previously considered a single "Mordvin language",[35] it is now treated as a small language grouping consisting of just two languages. Due to differences in phonology, lexicon, and grammar, Erzya and Moksha are not mutually intelligible, so the Russian language is often used for intergroup communications.[citation needed]
The two Mordvinic languages also have separate literary forms. The Erzya literary language was created in 1922 and the Mokshan in 1923.[36]
The two Mordvinic languages are official languages of Mordovia along with Russian.
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Law #50-Z
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia, Article 109
- ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia, Article 9.3
- ^ "Putin appointed Artyom Zdunov Acting Head of Mordovia". Vedomosti (in Russian). November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the originalon February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia, Article 12
- ^ a b Republic of Mordovia. Administrative-Territorial Division, p. 4
- ^ "Official website of the Government of the Republic of Mordovia". Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "Пургас и Пуреш" [Purgaz and Puresh]. Krasnoslobodsk (in Russian). February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
- ^ Khairetdinov, Damir Z. (December 4, 2018). "Khazars, Kipchaks, Burtas: On the Ethnic Ancestors of the Nizhnii Novgorod Mishar Tatars". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 57 (4): 317–318 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
- ^ Zamyatin, Konstantin (2013). "Sovereignisation and State Languages: Early Formation of Language Policy of Russia's Finno-Ugric Republics in the Conditions of the USSR Disintegration" (PDF). Finnish-Ugric Communications. 36: 132 – via University of Helsinki.
- ^ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "Mordvin language". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy, 1934-1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December 1984): 1019-1039.
- ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
- ^ "ВПН-2010". www.gks.ru. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- ^ a b c d e "IK-2 Mordovia: the harsh, notorious penal colony holding Brittney Griner". the Guardian. November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
- ^ Lebedev, Filipp (November 18, 2022). "Russian prison activist paints picture of life facing Griner". Reuters. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
- ^ Trevelyan, Mark; Lebedev, Filipp; Lewis, Simon; Trevelyan, Mark (November 3, 2022). "Brittney Griner faces bleak life in Russian penal colony". Reuters. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
- ^ Hopkins, Valerie. "Here’s a look at two Americans still detained in Russian penal colonies." New York Times, December 9, 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-19-505196-4.
- ^ ""Mordvin languages" - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ISBN 9780231115681.
Erza.
- ISBN 978-1-4020-1298-3.
- ISBN 978-90-04-07741-6.
- ISBN 978-0-87332-506-6.
Sources
- Конституционное собрание Республики Мордовия. 21 сентября 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Мордовия (текст в ред. от 15 марта 2011 г.)», в ред. Закона №62-З от 3 сентября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статьи 71 и 94 Конституции Республики Мордовия». Вступил в силу 22 сентября 1995 г. Опубликован: "Известия Мордовии", №180, 22 сентября 1995 г. (Constitutional Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia. September 21, 1995 Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia (text of rev. of March 15, 2011), as amended by the Law #62-Z of September 3, 2015 On Amending Articles 71 and 94 of the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia. Effective as of September 22, 1995.).
- Государственное Собрание Республики Мордовия. Закон №50-З от 19 ноября 2002 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Мордовия». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Известия Мордовии", #179, 21 ноября 2002 г. (State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia. Law #50-Z of November 19, 2002 On the State Anthem of the Republic of Mordovia. Effective as of the day of official publication.).
- Государственное Собрание Республики Мордовия (State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia). "Республика Мордовия. Административно-территориальное деление" (Republic of Mordovia. Administrative-Territorial Division). Саранск, 1998.
External links
- Official website of the Republic of Mordovia (in Russian)
- International Relations Office of Mordovian State University (in English, Russian, and French)
- Official website of Mordovian State University (in Russian)
- Official website of the National Library of the Republic of Mordovia (in Russian)
- Official website of the State Puppet Theater of the Republic of Mordovia (in Russian)
- Encyclopaedia about the Republic of Mordovia (in Russian)