Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
LGBT activism | |
Area served | Global |
---|---|
Method | Events, campaigning, advocacy, charity, religious satire |
Website | www |
The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence (SPI), also called Order of Perpetual Indulgence (OPI), is a charitable, protest, and street performance movement that uses
From the original organization in San Francisco, the Sisters have grown throughout the U.S., Canada, Australia, Europe, and South America, and are now an international network of autonomous orders. These orders are mostly registered as
Throughout the movement's history there have been a number of conflicts with Christian communities. The group has been characterized by several Catholic clergy, organizations and laypeople (such as the
Inception
The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence made their first appearance on
On April 14, 1979 (Saturday of Easter weekend), three men (Ken Bunch, Fred Brungard, and a friend) dressed as nuns with habits, that Bunch had acquired several years before, walked through the Castro.[10][11][12] Later Bunch and Burngard with a different friend, Agnes de Garron a.k.a. Edmund Garron, appeared at a gay softball game in habit and with pom poms.[13] At the annual Castro Street Fair on August 19, 1979, Sister Adhanarisvara (Bunch) and Sister Missionary Position (Brungard) along with Sister Solicitation (de Garron) and Reverend Mother, the Abbess (Bill Graham) announced the order and started recruiting.[14][15] Later that year de Garron designed habits for the members while the group discussed what to do. Initially they made postcards and greeting cards depicting them in their habits which they handed out with a requested donation to cover costs. Either at the end of 1979 or beginning of 1980, the group decided on a name, Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence.[16] Their first protest as an official order was joining an anti-nuclear march in March 1980 with habits and pom poms and reciting their "Rosary in Time of Nuclear Peril".[17]
In August 1980 they confronted the evangelists, a dozen men dressed in 14th century Belgian nun's robes and habits, and according to one participant, Sister Missionary Position, "a teensy bit of make-up so as not to be dowdy on a Friday night", met the evangelists at Harvey Milk Plaza. One recited a litany asking among other things for "mercy on the self-righteous who take away our liberty". The evangelist left but then returned in a larger group to be met by the sisters dancing and reciting the litany.[9][18] The next day at a larger evangelical event including a Christian band the sisters joined in the dancing and flirted with the evangelists.[19]
In October 1980, the dozen or so Sisters held their first fundraiser, a bingo game and a disco and salsa dance that was well-attended in large part because of the write-up in The San Francisco Chronicle by Herb Caen the same day, who printed their organization name, the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence. The benefit was for San Francisco's Metropolitan Community Church gay Cuban refugee program, and it netted $1,500 ($5,328 in 2022).[20][21]
Structure and methods
Members of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence include people who identify with a variety of sexual orientations and genders, although the majority are gay men.[22] Joining an order mirrors the steps for joining an actual order of nuns. Potential members are encouraged to attend organizational meetings as aspirants, and told that if they are not intending to make a lifelong commitment they should seriously reconsider.[22] After showing intent and being approved by the order, an aspirant is promoted to a postulant and is expected to learn about the history of the organization and continue to work behind the scenes for at least six months. Postulants are not allowed to wear nun's attire, but may instead dress in "festive garb that fits in with Order", according to the Sisters' website. If the members approve of the postulant, a fully indoctrinated member may act as a sponsor and the postulant is promoted to a novice. Novices are allowed to wear white veils and whiteface make-up. This phase lasts another six months during which the novice is expected to work within the organization and plan an event. If three-fourths of the order agrees, the novice is promoted to a full member of the group.[23]
After their inception, the Sisters soon spread to other cities within the U.S. as a loosely connected network of mostly autonomous houses. There are thirteen houses and six missions in various cities across the U.S. Globally, 600 members work for established houses or missions in Australia, Canada, Colombia, France, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Uruguay.
Only in San Francisco could the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence not only make their first appearance, but become interwoven in the cultural and political fabric of the city, according to scholar Cathy Glenn in the journal Theory and Event.[22] Glenn uses the examples of San Francisco as a society of hyperpluralism, where all the groups who have called the city their home have successfully maintained their individual identities, creating a culture defined by counterculture and at times marked by political violence. The Sisters use Catholic imagery as simultaneous inspiration and fodder for parody through camp. They choose names based on the process of renaming women inducted into Catholic orders, but that suggest sexual promiscuity or that are based in absurdity: Sister Anita Blowjob, Sister GladAss of the Joyous Reserectum, Sister Hellena Handbasket, Sister Sensible Shoes, and Sister Homo Celestial, among others. They wear wimples, habits, and robes of nuns, but accessorize them with baubles, beads, and whiteface make-up. Sister Phyllis Stein, the Fragrant Mistress of Sistory, asserts that there is a clear distinction between drag queens and members of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence: "We're not dressed as girls, we're dressed as nuns... We definitely minister to the spiritual needs of our community, while drag queens sort of focus on camp and fun within our communities. We're very different communities. A lot of people refer to us as drag queens, but we say we're in nun drag. We are nuns."[22]
Sister Irma Geddon of the Portland, Oregon-based Order of Benevolent Bliss offered her view of the efficacy of using nun's clothing and drag: "The lightness of everything, in addition to the whiteface and the nun's habits, are a mechanism to reach out to people. When we're dressed up like that, kind of like sacred clowns, it allows people to interact with us."[27]
Activism
AIDS education
The organization of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence occurred at the same time
Campbell appeared on the cover of Newsweek declaring himself to be the "AIDS poster boy" in 1983. He was active in AIDS education and prevention and split his appearances as himself and Sister Florence Nightmare until his death in 1984. He and three other Castro residents started the
Members of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence who have died are referred by the Sisters as "Nuns of the Above". Specific losses due to AIDS are recorded in the
Political activism, protest, and religious parodies
Once founded in 1979, the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence attracted local attention by attending major LGBT events in the Castro District dressed as Catholic nuns.[38]
In 1982, Jack Fertig, known as Sister Boom Boom, ran for San Francisco Board of Supervisors earning over 23,000 votes with her occupation listed as "Nun of the Above". San Francisco passed a law soon after, commonly called the "Sister Boom Boom Law", that all people running for office had to do so with their legal name.[39]
The same year the Sisters attended a Mass at Cathedral of Saint Mary, after which the local Catholic newspaper The Monitor stated the group was degrading towards Catholic nuns, citing Sister Boom Boom's name, and Sister Hysterectoria's.[38] In response to the Sisters' presence in St. Mary's Cathedral, the Archbishop of San Francisco John R. Quinn issued a pastoral letter, stating that the Church condemns homosexual activity, but that homosexual people have to be provided "sound pastoral care" and are ultimately "no different than other Christians", that it was a Christian duty to "stand up against violence directed toward gays and to protect gay civil rights", and that harassment or persecution of homosexual people is incompatible with the Gospel.[38] Some activists praised the letter or considered it "an encouraging sign", while others were critical of it; the Bay Area Reporter criticized it for upholding the traditional church line and suggested that despite a seemingly supportive letter, Quinn still condemned homosexuality in the hope of receiving a "major papal appointment".[38]
Outlined as one of the Sisters' missions "to promulgate universal joy and to expiate stigmatic guilt",[22] the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence have a history of bringing attention to conservative movements that attempt to shame members of the LGBT community or people with HIV/AIDS. Sisters performed a public exorcism of anti-feminist Phyllis Schlafly that was deliberately timed to take place at Union Square during the 1984 Democratic National Convention, taking place in San Francisco. A Sister dressed as Schlafly was held down as another spoke to the crowd, and other Sisters pulled out rubber snakes from the mock-Schlafly's clothing. Also taking place was Jerry Falwell's Family Forum, hosted by the Moral Majority whose major planks focused on condemning homosexuality, pornography, and abortion. A Sister dressed as Falwell was undressed during the performance to reveal fishnet stockings and a corset in front of an audience of 2,000.[40]
The same year, the Sisters held another mock exorcism, this time of Pope John Paul II, coinciding with his visit to San Francisco, calling it the "Official San Francisco Papal Welcoming Committee".[41] The Sisters claim the action, also taking place in Union Square, earned the organization a spot on the Papal List of Heretics.[14][42] At the time of the papal visit, the relations between the Catholic and LGBT communities of San Francisco were strained because of a letter by the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, often called "Ratzinger Letter" in reference to Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI). The letter was considered an attack on the LGBT community, with LGBT newspaper Bay Area Reporter mocking the letter with a headline "Pope to Gays: 'Drop Dead."[38] Some critics claimed that the letter implied that the LGBT community itself is responsible for violence against it, and that homosexual people were responsible for the AIDS crisis. The outrage grasped the entirety of the local LGBT community, with the city's newspapers and activist groups ridiculing the pope and publishing mocking cartoons.[38] Massive protests were planned for the date of the papal visit - a petition named "Pope, Stay Home!" was started by gay civil rights groups, and civil suits were filed in attempt to prevent the visit. Amidst these tensions, the "Papal Welcoming Committee" by the Sisters drew huge attention and sparked controversy.[38]
The Archbishop of San Francisco, John R. Quinn, published a clarification to the Ratzinger Letter, stating that the letter was not meant to be an attack on the LGBT community and disputing claims that the letter blamed homophobic violence on homosexuals themselves.[38] Quinn wrote that too much focus was placed on possibly negative aspects of the letter, with many misconceptions emerging as a result. The Archbishop concluded that the letter "affirms the spiritual and human dignity of the homosexual person while placing a negative moral judgment on homosexual acts and a negative philosophical judgment on the homosexual inclination or orientation, which it clearly states is not a sin or moral evil".[38] The archdiocese also started negotiating with the local gay community in order to prevent possible violence during the papal visit; after these negotiations, a press conference was held where the archdiocese was joined by several gay groups such as DignityUSA, where both sides pledged to commit themselves to non-violence.[38] As a result, the threat of massive demonstrations never materialized, and the papal visit was considered a huge success. According to Jeffrey M. Burns, "even the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence protest went largely unnoticed".[38] Many gay activists as well as gay Catholics attended papal events.[38] The pope visited AIDS patients, and delivered a sermon that was considered an olive branch to the LGBT community, and was received well even by hitherto critical LGBT newspapers. In the sermon, John Paul II said: "the all embracing love of God ... God loves you all, without distinction, without limit... He loves those of you who are sick, those who are suffering from AIDS and from AIDS-related complex. He loves the relatives and friends of the sick and those who care for them. He loves us all with an unconditional and ever lasting love ... he loves us in our human condition, with our weaknesses and our needs. Nothing else can explain the mystery of the cross ... The love of Christ is more powerful than sin and death."[38]
Starting in 1995, the Sisters began a Castro Crawl on Easter Sunday to celebrate their anniversary. The event features a 13-stop
In 1999, some of the city's Catholic community criticized San Francisco Supervisor
In August 1999, the Sisters were invited to be parade
Members of the San Diego Order have made a presence at a Christian fundamentalist youth revival meeting called
The Sisters were featured in a 2008 book titled Catholic and Queer where they explained that their mode of dress was meant not only to employ the "fabulous attire" that had been forsaken by Catholic non-cloistered orders, but that their dedication to community service is an attempt to "honor and emulate [the] unstinting devotion" of Roman Catholic nuns who work within their neighborhoods.[55]
In 2023, the Los Angeles Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence were scheduled to receive a "Community Hero Award" from the
Halloween
Celebrated even when the Castro was predominantly an Irish Catholic family neighborhood, as the demographics transformed, Halloween in the Castro became a major city event, described by author David Skal as "gay high holy day", attracting thousands of outsiders.[67] On October 31, 1989, two weeks after San Francisco was devastated by the 6.9 MW Loma Prieta earthquake, the Sisters used donation buckets to collect thousands of dollars for the mayor's Earthquake Relief Fund from the Halloween crowds that poured into the Castro neighborhood for the massive street party.[14]
The next year, the Sisters, with the
A decade later the city was still struggling to manage the Halloween event.[71] In 2006 nine people were wounded when a gunman opened fire at the celebration; it was canceled in 2007.[72] The Sisters continued to organize private and safe events, raising money every year for charity.[73][74]
Community involvement
The Sisters have been involved in various causes, including the promotion of
According to Jessi Knippel, the Sisters also engage in "missionary" and care work for the LGBT community,[77] participating in "bar missions" in which the members of the organisation share care bags and pamphlets. The self-declared goal of the Sisters is to assist the LGBT community and offer it "absolution from guilt".[77]
"Saints" and "angels"
Over the years the Sisters have named as saints hundreds of people who have helped on various projects behind the scenes organizing, coordinating actions or projects, performing at events as an artist or emcee or even serving the greater LGBT community. Rarely but sometimes they canonize community heroes who have recently died. It is customary for the Sisters to award sainthood with the addition of an elaborate "saint name". Notable saints include:
- Assassinated San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk[78]
- California State Senator Carole Migden[79]
- Gavin Newsom, Mayor of San Francisco[80] (later lieutenant governor and then governor of California)
- Jason West, Mayor of New Paltz, New York[81]
- San Francisco Supervisor Tom Ammiano[79]
- radical faeries[14]
- Authors Armistead Maupin and Tonne Serah[82]
- Actresses Margaret Cho,[79] Kathy Griffin, Ethel Merman and Rosie O'Donnell[79]
- Dr. Elizabeth Stuart, Professor of Christian Theology at King Alfred's College, Winchester[83]
- Medical marijuana activist Brownie Mary[84]
- Filmmaker and artist Derek Jarman[85]
- French photographer Jean-Baptiste Carhaix[86]
- Mabel Teng, former City Assessor-Recorder of San Francisco[87]
- Community activists and organizers:
- Michael Brandon[88]
- Davina Kotulski[89]
- Tony Whitehead, the first Chair of the Terrence Higgins Trust, the largest AIDS charity in Europe[90]
- Ian Campbell Dunn[91]
- Community drag icons and activists:
- Juanita More[92]
- Donna Sachet[93]
- Heklina[79]
- Peaches Christ[92]
-
Sister Risque of the Sissytine Chapel (SF), Sister Viva L'Amour (SF), and Sister Rhoda Kill (LA) of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence San Francisco.
-
Sister Stigmata Hari (left) and Sister Lotti Da at a charity event sponsored by the New York City chapter.
-
Pope Dementia The Last, a member of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence San Francisco
-
Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence at East-Central Minnesota Pride in Pine City, Minnesota.
See also
- Counterculture
- Gay Shame
- Gender bender
- New York City Drag March
- Non-binary gender
- Parody religion
- Pink Saturday
- Radical Faeries
- Religious satire
References
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- ^ a b Willingham, A. J. (2023-05-18). "Dodgers uninvite drag charity group to Pride Night due to backlash, incite further backlash". CNN. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
- ^ a b Cazares, Christian (2023-05-18). "'Cowardly': Dodgers Pull Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence From Pride Night". NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
- ^ Leyand, p. 31–34.
- ^ Gold, Herbert (November 6, 1977), "A Walk on San Francisco's Gay Side", The New York Times, p. SM17.
- ^ de Strange, p. 49, 77.
- ^ Leyland, p. 87.
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- ^ Wilcox 2018, p. 31-33
- ^ "Sisters' 20 years of Perpetual Indulgence". SFGate. 25 March 1999. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- ^ Spoerre, Anna. "'It was an outrageous idea at the time': Men decades ahead of gay marriage movement remembered for their contributions to equality in Iowa". Des Moines Register. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
- ^ Wilcox 2018, p. 33-34
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- ^ Wilcox 2018, p. 34
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- ^ "SFGate.com Real Hate Groups". The San Francisco Chronicle. March 24, 1999. Archived from the original on September 23, 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
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- ^ Hendricks, Tyche (April 5, 1999). "5,000 show for Sisters' street party", The San Francisco Chronicle, p. A1. Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
- ^ "Drag queen 'nuns' will be included in LA Dodgers Pride Night. I have complicated feelings about it". America Magazine. 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
- ^ a b "Andrew Sullivan Slams Hunky Jesus Contest as "Tired," Bigoted [UPDATED]: SFist". SFist - San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports. 2011-04-27. Archived from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
- ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (August 19, 1999) Governor refuses to support Reno event because of controversial 'Sisters', The San Francisco Chronicle, p. D2. Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
- ^ Nevada gov won’t sign proclamation for Reno’s gay pride event, The Las Vegas Sun (August 18, 1999). Retrieved on September 15, 2009.
- ^ Hope, Randy (May 15, 2008). "Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence cross spiritual paths with fundamentalists", Gay & Lesbian Times, Issue 1064, p. 8–9.
- ^ Evans, p. 199.
- ^ Henson, Steve (2023-05-18). "'Sisters' respond to Dodgers' Pride Night removal: We will continue 'to serve and uplift'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
- ^ Whiting, Sam (2023-05-17). "L.A. Dodgers disinvite Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence from Pride celebrations". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
- ^ "Anaheim mayor invites Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence to Angels Pride Night, calls out Dodgers". 21 May 2023.
- ^ "After Dodgers controversy, Angels host Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence for Pride Night". 8 June 2023.
- ^ ABC 7 staff (22 May 2023). "Dodgers re-invite Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence to Pride Night after backlash for disinviting them". ABC7 Los Angeles. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Bishop Barron calls for Dodgers boycott, citing team's support of anti-Catholic drag queen group". Fox News. 25 May 2023.
- ^ "Clayton Kershaw disagreed with Sisters' award, sought return of Dodgers' Christian day". Los Angeles Times. 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
- ^ "Dodgers' faith night 'not enough' to make up for honoring 'drag queen nuns', some Catholics and players say". America Magazine. 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
- ^ "Thousands March in Prayer Procession Protesting Dodgers Honoring Anti-Catholic Drag Group". National Catholic Register. 19 June 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "Catholic and other religious protesters gather at Dodger Stadium on Pride Night". NBC News. 19 June 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "Thousands protest Dodgers' Pride night event honoring LGBTQ+ 'nun' group". KTLA. 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ Winn, Steven (October 31, 2007). Halloween's roots run deep in S.F., The San Francisco Chronicle, p. E1. Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
- ^ van Iquity, Dana. "A Sister Fears Halloween in the Castro", The San Francisco Bay Guardian. Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
- ^ Castro District's Halloween party must find a new haunt, The San Francisco Chronicle (May 10, 1995). Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
- ^ Levy, Dan October 16, 1995. "New Controls for Castro Halloween Bash", The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
- ^ Bajko, Matthew (April 19, 2007). "City pursues moving Halloween out of Castro, The Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
- ^ Brown, Patricia (October 30, 2007). "Gay Enclaves Face Prospect of Being Passé", The New York Times, September 12, 2009.
- ^ May, Meredith (November 2, 2006). "Halloween started as a kids' costume contest. Then ...: Fleeing The Fun: Many Castro residents who once relished Halloween now avoid it, San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
- ^ Connell, Kathleen, Gabriel, Paul "Folsom Street Fair History: SMMILE Regroups Archived 2007-11-19 at the Wayback Machine, Event website. Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
- ^ Edwards, p. 126.
- ^ Evans, p. 206.
- ^ S2CID 213495591.
- ^ Caryl King. "Saint Harvey: The Life and Afterlife of a Modern Gay Martyr". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ a b c d e Van Iquity, Sister Dana (18 April 2019). "Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence Celebrate Their 40th Anniversary". San Francisco Bay Times. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ "Freedom to Bury". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ "Jason West Awards". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ "About The Author(s) / Editor(s)". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ "Religious Archives network Profile - Dr. Elizabeth Stuart". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ "AIDS Hero Awards Announced". San Francisco Observer. 13 June 2005. Archived from the original on December 16, 2005. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Bowen, Pete. "In The Company of Saints - Derek Jarman's Wittgenstein and Beyond". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ "Local index - HTTrack Website Copier". Jean-baptiste-carhaix-photographie.fr. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
- ^ "Sacheting With The Sisters Into Pride". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ "Shamrockin' Shenanigans Brought Out Porn Stars & Nuns". Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ "About the Author". Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ^ "About the Terrence Higgins Trust (1993)". Archived from the original on 2006-06-24. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
- ^ "Ian Campbell Dunn 1 May 1943 - 10 March 1998". Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ a b Van Iquity, Sister Dana (July 26, 2007). "Saints Alive! Heklina and Peaches Christ Join Mother Teresa". San Francisco Bay Times. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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Bibliography
- de Jim, Strange (2003). San Francisco's Castro, Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2866-3
- Ellwood, Mark; Edwards, Nick (2009).The Rough Guide to San Francisco & the Bay Area (Rough Guide Travel Guides), Penguin. ISBN 1-4053-8437-9
- Evans, Annie; ISBN 1-56023-713-9
- Leyland, Winston, ed (2002). Out In the Castro: Desire, Promise, Activism, Leyland Publications. ISBN 978-0-943595-88-7
- ISBN 0-312-00994-1
- ISBN 0-8118-1187-5
- Turan, Kenneth (2005). Never Coming to a Theater Near You: A Celebration of a Certain Kind of Movie, PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-349-8
- Wilcox, Melissa (2018). Queer Nuns: Religion, Activism, and Serious Parody, New York University Press. ISBN 1-4798-2036-9