Spectral color: Difference between revisions

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→‎Table of spectral or near-spectral colors: replacing color table with something much simpler. See preceding discussion on talk page. Alternative table with 5nm res at User:Curran919/colortable
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== Table of spectral or near-spectral colors ==
== Table of spectral colors ==
[[File: Laser Pointer.jpg|thumb|Red, green, and blue laser beams]]
[[File: Laser Pointer.jpg|thumb|Red, green, and blue laser beams]]


The table includes several equivalent instances where the spectral colors have been categorized in [[color term]]s. The first instance was Newton who first named the colors of the decomposed spectrum. Although Newton was not able to measure the wavelength of the light, his experiments were repeated contemporarily to estimate the values of his color term boundaries.<ref name=mclaren/>
Most of the colors listed do not reach the maximal (spectral) [[colorfulness]] or are not usually seen with it, but they can be saturated enough to be perceived closely to their [[dominant wavelength]] spectral colors. The ranges of wavelengths and frequencies are only approximate.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Wavelengths and frequencies <span style=" color: gray">in gray</span> indicate dominant wavelengths and frequencies, not the actual range of spectrum composing a specified color, which extends farther to both sides and is averaged by receptors to give a near-spectral appearance.
|+

![[wavelength|nm]]
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
![[Isaac Newton|Newton]][[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Quantified by McLaren">*</span>]]<ref name=mclaren>{{cite journal |last1=McLaren |first1=K. |title=Newton's indigo |journal=Color Research & Application |date=24/1985 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=225–229 |doi=10.1002/col.5080100411}}</ref>
|+Spectral colors with wavelengths, frequencies, and associated hues
![[ISCC-NBS]][[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Quantified by Kelly">*</span>]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Kenneth L. |title=Color Designations for Lights |journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America |date=1 November 1943 |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=627 |doi=10.1364/JOSA.33.000627}}</ref>
|&nbsp;
!Malacara<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malacara |first1=Daniel |title=Color vision and colorimetry : theory and applications |date=2011 |publisher=SPIE |location=Bellingham, Wash. |isbn=9780819483973 |edition=2nd}}</ref>
!scope="col"|[[Color term]],<br/>[[light source]], or [[dye]]
![[CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|CRC Handbook]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bruno |first1=Thomas J. |title=CRC handbook of fundamental spectroscopic correlation charts |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=9780849332500}}</ref>
!scope="col"|Sample<br />{{NoteTag|VSamples (allegedly in [[sRGB]]) currently rely on Wikipedia data which sometimes use poor, unprofessional sources, misinterpretation of sources, or occasionally contain [[WP:OR|original researches]].}}
![[Hue]][[#×|<span style="color:black" title="approximated hue degree of HSL space">*</span>]]
!scope="col" style="letter-spacing:-0.0625em" |[[Wavelength]], [[nanometre|nm]]
|-
!scope="col" style="letter-spacing:-0.0625em" | [[Frequency]], [[Terahertz (unit)|THz]]
|380
!scope="col"| [[Hue]]{{NoteTag|Values for the hue ([[HSL and HSV]] or an extrapolation, where necessary) currently rely on Wikipedia data which are prone to miscalculation and other irregularities. Also note that RGB is not an [[absolute color space]], and certain specific standard (such as sRGB) is necessary to map RGB hues to near-spectral colors.}}<br />''h''
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#7F00FF" |'''Violet
!scope="col"| Comments
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="#7F00FF" |'''Violet
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#7F00FF" |'''Violet
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#7F00FF" |'''Violet
|250°
|-
|390
|250°
|-
|-
|400
| bgcolor="#CC3333" rowspan=6 |&nbsp;
|250°
!scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align: left;" |[[Red]]
| align="right" |740–625<ref name="Bruno">Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D. N. Svoronos. ''CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts.'' CRC Press, 2005.</ref><ref name="hyperphysics">{{cite web |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/specol.html#c1 |title=Spectral Colors |work=Hyperphysics |first=R |last=Nave |accessdate=2022-05-11}}</ref>
| align="right" |405–479 &nbsp;
|<!-- range needed -->
|A traditional, broad color term, which includes some nearby non-spectral hues. The short-wave boundary can extend to 620 or even about 610 nanometers
|-
|-
|410
|• Extreme spectral red = red ([[CIE 1931 color space|CIE RGB]])
|249°
| bgcolor="#990011" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="A rough approximation of the spectral color only">×</span>]]
| align="right" |740 &nbsp;
| align="right" |405 &nbsp;
|&nbsp; ?
| rowspan=2 |The exact spectral position has more influence on [[luminance]] than on chromaticity in this band; chromaticities are almost the same for these two variants
|-
|-
|420
|• red ([[Wide-gamut RGB color space|Wide-gamut RGB]] primary){{NoteTag|name="proprietary"|A proprietary color space}}
|249°
| bgcolor="#CC0011" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="A rough approximation of the spectral color only">×</span>]]
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 700 &nbsp;
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 428 &nbsp;
|&nbsp; ?
|-
|-
|430
|• [[Helium–neon laser]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#3F00FF |'''Indigo
| bgcolor="#FF0000" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Not an sRGB color">×</span>]]
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#0000FF" |'''Blue
| align="right" |633 &nbsp;
|249°
| align="right" |473 &nbsp;
|&nbsp; ?
|-
|-
|440
|• Some [[carmine]] dyes
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#0000FF" |'''Blue
| bgcolor="#CC0000" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Not an sRGB color">×</span>]]
|247°
| align="right" |[[near infrared|NIR]]–602<ref name="UV-Vis-NIR reflectance">{{cite conference |url = http://www.ndt.net/article/art2008/papers/199Bisulca.pdf |title = UV-Vis-NIR reflectance spectroscopy of red lakes in paintings |website = ndt.net |conference = 9th International Conference on [[non-destructive testing|NDT]] of Art |year = 2008 |access-date = 2013-06-19 |last = Bisulca |first = Christina }}</ref>
| align="right" |497-NIR &nbsp;
|&nbsp; ?
| Near-spectral, but other parts of [[carmine (color)]] are [[line of purples|purple]]
|-
|-
|450
|• red ([[sRGB]] primary)
| bgcolor="#FF0000" align="center" |&nbsp;
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#0000FF" |'''Blue
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#0000FF" |'''Blue
| align="right" style="color:gray" |614–609 &nbsp;
|245°
| align="right" style="color:gray" |488–492 &nbsp;
| align="right" |0°
| Noticeably non-spectral
|-
|-
|460
| bgcolor="#FF8000" |{{anchor|Orange}}&nbsp;
|242°
!scope="row" style="text-align: left" |[[Orange (colour)|Orange]]
| bgcolor="#FF8000" align="center" |&nbsp;
| align="right" |620–585 &nbsp;<!-- de.wikipedia --><br/>625–590<ref name="hyperphysics"/>
| align="right" |483–512 &nbsp;<br/>479–508 &nbsp;
| align="right" |0°–30°
| The short-wave (yellowish) part corresponds to [[Amber (color)|amber]], the long-wave (reddish) side nears (or includes) RGB red above.
|-
|-
|470
| bgcolor="#EEEE33" rowspan=7 |&nbsp;
|238°
!scope="row" style="text-align: left" colspan=2 |[[Yellow]]
| align="right" |585–560 &nbsp;<!-- de.wikipedia --><br/>590–565<ref name="hyperphysics"/>
| align="right" |512–540 &nbsp;<br/>508–530 &nbsp;
|<!-- range needed -->
|A traditional color term
|-
|-
|480
|• [[Sodium-vapor lamp]]
|226°
| bgcolor="#FFC000" align="center" |&nbsp;
| align="right" |≈ 589 &nbsp;
| align="right" |≈ 508 &nbsp;
|&nbsp; ?
|-
|-
|490
|• yellow ([[Natural Color System|NCS]])
| bgcolor="#FFD300" align="center" |&nbsp;
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#00FF00" |'''Green
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#00FFFF" |'''Blue-Green
|?
|190°
|?
| align="right" |50°
|[[Gold (color)|Gold]] has almost identical chromaticity at h = 51°
|-
|-
|500
|• [[Munsell color system|Munsell]] 5Y for V = 10, C = 22<ref name="Munsell to xy">{{cite web |url = http://www.cis.rit.edu/research/mcsl2/online/munsell_data/all.dat |title=Munsell data |access-date=2013-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130303020951/http://www.cis.rit.edu/research/mcsl2/online/munsell_data/all.dat |archive-date=2013-03-03 }} and [[commons:File:CIE1931xy blank.svg]]</ref>
| bgcolor="#FFE000" align="center" |&nbsp;
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#00FF00" |'''Green
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 577 &nbsp;
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#00FFFF" |'''Cyan
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 519 &nbsp;
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#00FF00" |'''Green
|143°
|&nbsp; ?
|-
|-
|510
|• [[CMYK color model|process]] (canary) yellow
|126°
| bgcolor="#FFEF00" align="center" |&nbsp;
|?
|?
| align="right" |56°
|-
|-
|520
|• yellow (sRGB [[secondary color|secondary]])
| bgcolor="#FFFF00" align="center" |&nbsp;
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#00FF00" |'''Green
|122°
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 570 &nbsp;
|?
| align="right" |60°
|-
|-
|530
|• [[Chartreuse (color)|Chartreuse]] yellow
| bgcolor="#DFFF00" align="center" |&nbsp;
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#FFFF00"|'''Yellow
|117°
|?
|?
| align="right" |68°
|-
|-
|540
| bgcolor="#BFFF00" |{{anchor|Lime}}&nbsp;
|113°
!scope="row" style="text-align: left"|&nbsp; [[Lime (color)|Lime]]
| bgcolor="#BFFF00" align="center" |&nbsp;
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 564 &nbsp;
|? &nbsp;
| align="right" |≈ 75°
|May be classified as either green or yellow
|-
|-
|550
| bgcolor="#33EE33" rowspan=9 |{{anchor|Green}}&nbsp;
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#88FF00" |'''Yellow-Green
!scope="row" style="text-align: left" colspan=2 |[[Green]]
|104°
| align="right" |565–### &nbsp;
| align="right" |530–### &nbsp;
|<!-- range needed -->
|A traditional, broad color term
|-
|-
|560
|• [[Chartreuse (color)|Chartreuse]] green
|93°
| bgcolor="#7FFF00" align="center" |&nbsp;
|?
|?
| align="right" |90°
|-
|-
|570
|• Bright green
| bgcolor="#66FF00" align="center" |&nbsp;
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#FFFF00" |'''Yellow
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFF00" |'''Yellow
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 556 - *$&# &nbsp;
|62°
|?
| align="right" |96°
|-
|-
|580
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#FF8800" |'''Orange
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#FFFF00" |'''Yellow
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="#FF8800" |'''Orange
|28°
|-
|-
|590
|• [[Shades of green#Harlequin|Harlequin]]
| bgcolor="#3FFF00" align="center" |&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF8800" |'''Orange
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 552 &nbsp;
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#FF8800" |'''Orange
|14°
|?
| align="right" |105°
|-
|-
|600
|• green (sRGB primary)
|7°
| bgcolor="#00FF00" align="center" |&nbsp;
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 549 &nbsp;
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 547 &nbsp;
| align="right" |120°
| Noticeably non-spectral
|-
|-
|610
|• green ([[Wide-gamut RGB color space|Wide-gamut RGB]] primary){{NoteTag|name="proprietary"}}
| rowspan="13" bgcolor="#FF0000" |'''Red
| bgcolor="#00CC33" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="A rough approximation of the spectral color only">×</span>]]
|5°
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 525 &nbsp;
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 571 &nbsp;
|&nbsp; ?
|Almost spectral
|-
|-
|620
|• [[Spring green]]<small> (sRGB definition)</small>
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="#FF0000" |'''Red
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Only to represent dominant wavelength in this range">×</span>]]
| rowspan="13" bgcolor="#FF0000" |'''Red
|?
|?
|3°
| align="right" |150°
| rowspan=2 |May lie rather far from the spectrum
|-
|-
|630
|• green ([[Natural Color System|NCS]])
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="#FF0000" |'''Red
| bgcolor="#009F6B" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Only to represent dominant wavelength in this range">×</span>]]
|?
|2°
|?
| align="right" |160°
|-
|-
|640
|• [[Munsell color system|Munsell]] 5G for V = 4, C = 29<ref name="Munsell to xy" />{{NoteTag|name="interpolated"|[[Linear interpolation|Linearly interpolated]] between two tabulated values.}}
|1°
| bgcolor="#009F77" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="A rough approximation of the spectral color only">×</span>]]
| align="right" |≈ 503 &nbsp;
| align="right" |≈ 597 &nbsp;
| align="right" |(?)≈ 163°<div style="font-size:75%" title="extrapolated">(extrap.)</div>
|-
|-
|650
| bgcolor="#33CCCC" rowspan=4|&nbsp;
|1°
!scope="row" style="text-align: left" colspan=2 |[[Cyan]]
| align="right" |<small>500+–</small>480<ref name="cyan">{{cite journal |first = Detchprohm |last = Theeradetch |year=2010 |title = Cyan and green light emitting diode on non-polar m -plane GaN bulk substrate |journal=Physica Status Solidi C |volume=7 |pages=2190–2192 |doi=10.1002/pssc.200983611 }} [http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v96/i5/p051101_s1?isAuthorized=no] [http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20090309114]</ref><br />520–500<ref name="hyperphysics" />
| align="right" |593–624 &nbsp;<br/>576–600 &nbsp;
| align="right" |
|Sometimes included (or overlaps) with blue, terminological distinction between the two is inconsistent
|-
|-
|660
|• [[Turquoise (color)|Turquoise]]
|1°
| bgcolor="#00FFEF" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Only to represent dominant wavelength in this range">×</span>]]
|?
|?
| align="right" |≈ 175°
|Most of "turquoise" lies far away of the spectrum
|-
|-
|670
|• cyan (sRGB secondary)
|0°
| bgcolor="#00FFFF" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Only to represent dominant wavelength in this range">×</span>]]
|488
|?
| align="right" |180°
| rowspan=2 valign=center |Lie rather far from the spectrum
|-
|-
|680
|• [[CMYK color model|process]] cyan
|0°
| bgcolor="#00B7EB" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Only to represent dominant wavelength in this range">×</span>]]
|?
|?
| align="right" |193°
|-
|-
|690
| bgcolor="#3399FF" rowspan=5 |{{anchor|Blue}}&nbsp;
|0°
!scope="row" style="text-align: left" colspan=2 |[[Blue]]
| align="right" |490–450 &nbsp;<!-- de.wikipedia --><br/>500–435<ref name="hyperphysics"/>
| align="right" |610–666 &nbsp;<br/>600–689 &nbsp;
|<!-- range needed -->
|A traditional, broad color term, which used to include cyan
|-
|-
|700
|• blue ([[Natural Color System|NCS]])
| rowspan="6" bgcolor="#000000" |
| bgcolor="#0087BD" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Only to represent dominant wavelength in this range">×</span>]]
|?
|0°
|?
| align="right" |197°
|Lies rather far from the spectrum
|-
|-
|710
|• [[Azure (color)|Azure]]<small> (sRGB definition)</small>
|0°
| bgcolor="#007FFF" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="Only to represent dominant wavelength in this range">×</span>]]
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 488
| align="right" style="color:gray" |≈ 614 &nbsp;
| align="right" |≈ 210°
|May lie rather far from the spectrum
|-
|-
|720
|• [[Munsell color system|Munsell]] 5B for V = 5, C = 20<ref name="Munsell to xy"/>
|0°
| bgcolor="#0055AA" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="A rough approximation of the spectral color only">×</span>]]
| align="right" |≈ 482 &nbsp;
| align="right" |≈ 622 &nbsp;
| align="right" |(?)≈ 225°<div style="font-size:75%" title="extrapolated">(extrap.)</div>
|-
|-
|730
|• blue (RGB primary)
|0°
| bgcolor="#0000FF" align="center" |&nbsp;
| align="right" style="color:gray" |466–436{{NoteTag|name="blue RGB"|Different definitions of RGB give significantly different wavelengths for blue primary, but this does not change the chromaticity greatly.}}
|?
| align="right" |240°<br /><small style="letter-spacing:-0.0625em">(of sRGB)</small>
|May be classified as indigo or (if indigo is omitted) as violet
|-
|-
|740
| bgcolor="#3F00FF" align="center" |{{anchor|Indigo}}&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#000000" |
!scope="row" scope="row" style="text-align: left"|[[Indigo]]
| bgcolor="#3300FF" |&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#000000" |
|0°
| align="right" |≈ 446 &nbsp;
| align="right" |≈ 672 &nbsp;
| align="right" |(?)≈ 243°<div style="font-size:75%" title="extrapolated">(extrap.)</div>
|Definition is controversial, this wavelength least disputably belongs to "indigo"
|-
|-
|750
| bgcolor="#7F00FF" |&nbsp;
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#000000" |
!scope="row" style="text-align: left"|[[Violet (color)|Violet]]
|
| bgcolor="#440099" align="center" |[[#×|<span style="color:black" title="A rough approximation of the spectral color only">×</span>]]
| align="right" |450–400 &nbsp;<!-- de.wikipedia --><br />435–380<ref name="hyperphysics" />
| align="right" |666–750 &nbsp;<br/>689–788 &nbsp;
| align="right" |<small>up to </small>277°<div style="font-size:75%" title="extrapolated">(extrap.)</div>
| Far spectral violet is very dim and rarely seen. The term also extends to [[line of purples|purples]]
|}
|}


Revision as of 20:07, 18 October 2022

sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light
sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light
Color
nm
) 		Frequency
(THz) 		Photon energy
(eV)
  violet
 380–450 670–790 2.75–3.26
  blue
 450–485 620–670 2.56–2.75
  cyan
 485–500 600–620 2.48–2.56
  green
 500–565 530–600 2.19–2.48
  yellow
 565–590 510–530 2.10–2.19
  orange
 590–625 480–510 1.98–2.10
  red
 625–750 400–480 1.65–1.98
when all colors of light are mixed together, they produce white
.

A spectral color is a color that is evoked in a typical human by a single wavelength of light in the visible spectrum, or by a relatively narrow band of wavelengths, also known as monochromatic light. Every wavelength of visible light is perceived as a spectral color, in a continuous spectrum; the colors of sufficiently close wavelengths are indistinguishable for the human eye.

The spectrum is often divided into named colors, though any division is somewhat arbitrary; the spectrum is continuous. Traditional colors in English include: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan (sky-blue), blue ("true" blue), and violet. In some other languages the ranges corresponding to color names do not necessarily agree with those in English.

The division used by

Roy G. Biv". Less commonly, "VIBGYOR" is also used for the reverse order. In modern divisions of the spectrum, indigo ("true" blue) is often omitted and the modern word cyan
is used for sky-blue (which Newton called "blue").

In

anomalous trichromacy), there exist non-spectral colors which cannot be matched by a light of a single wavelength. In color models capable of representing spectral colors,[note 2][1] such as CIELUV
, a spectral color has the maximal saturation.

In color spaces

metrically
accurate diagram shows that the spectral locus is almost flat on the red – bright green segment, is strongly curved around the green, and becomes less curved between green/cyan and blue

In

CIEXYZ
chromaticity diagram contains all the spectral colors (to the eye of the standard observer).

Theoretically, only

UV. The sRGB
standard has an additional problem with its "red" primary which is shifted to orange due to a trade-off between the purity of red and its reasonable luminance so that the red spectral became unreachable. Some samples in the table below provide only rough approximations of spectral and near-spectral colors.

CMYK is usually even poorer than RGB in its reach of spectral colors, with the notable exception of process yellow, which is rather close to spectral colors due to the aforementioned flatness of the spectral locus in the red-green segment.

Note that spectral color is universally included in

Pantone, do not typically include any spectral colors. Exceptions include Rec. 2020, which uses three spectral colors as primaries (and therefore only includes precisely those three spectral colors), and color spaces such as the ProPhoto RGB color space
which use imaginary colors as primaries.

Table of spectral colors

Red, green, and blue laser beams

The table includes several equivalent instances where the spectral colors have been categorized in color terms. The first instance was Newton who first named the colors of the decomposed spectrum. Although Newton was not able to measure the wavelength of the light, his experiments were repeated contemporarily to estimate the values of his color term boundaries.[2]

nm Newton*[2]
ISCC-NBS*[3]
 Malacara[4] CRC Handbook[5] Hue*
380 Violet Violet Violet Violet 250°
390 250°
400 250°
410 249°
420 249°
430 Indigo Blue 249°
440 Blue 247°
450 Blue Blue 245°
460 242°
470 238°
480 226°
490 Green Blue-Green 190°
500 Green Cyan Green 143°
510 126°
520 Green 122°
530 Yellow 117°
540 113°
550 Yellow-Green 104°
560 93°
570 Yellow Yellow 62°
580 Orange Yellow Orange 28°
590 Orange Orange 14°
600 7°
610 Red 5°
620 Red Red 3°
630 Red 2°
640 1°
650 1°
660 1°
670 0°
680 0°
690 0°
700 0°
710 0°
720 0°
730 0°
740 0°
750

Extra-spectral colors

Among some of the colors that are not spectral colors are:

  • Grayscale (achromatic) colors, such as white, gray, and black.
  • Any color obtained by mixing a gray-scale color and another color (either spectral or not), such as
    orange
    and black or gray).
  • Violet-red colors, which in color theory include line of purples colors (such as, approximately, magenta and rose), and other variations of purple and red.
  • Impossible colors, which cannot be seen under normal viewing of light, such as over-saturated colors or colors that are seemingly brighter than white.
  • Metallic colors which reflect light by effect.

Notes

  1. ^ This is true for dichromats with photoreceptor cells with overlapping spectral sensitivity curves. If the spectral sensitivity curves do not overlap, then all colors except for the extremes (where one of the cones is not excited) would be non-spectral. However, there are no known vision systems where the cones' spectral sensitivity curves do not overlap.
  2. ^ The HSL and HSV systems do not qualify, because many spectral colors lie rather far from their gamut.

References

  1. ^ "Perceiving Color" (PDF). courses.washington.edu.
  2. ^
    doi:10.1002/col.5080100411. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
    )
  3. doi:10.1364/JOSA.33.000627
    .
  4. ISBN 9780819483973
    .
  5. ISBN 9780849332500
    .
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