Green
Green | |
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Source | sRGB approximation to NCS S 2060-G[a] |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
Green is the
During
In surveys made in American, European, and Islamic countries, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope, and envy.[3] In the European Union and the United States, green is also sometimes associated with toxicity and poor health,[4] but in China and most of Asia, its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness.[3] Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement. Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products. Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States.
Etymology and linguistic definitions
The word green comes from the
The first recorded use of the word as a color term in Old English dates to ca. AD 700.[7]Latin with viridis also has a genuine and widely used term for "green". Related to virere "to grow" and ver "spring", it gave rise to words in several Romance languages, French vert, Italian verde (and English vert, verdure etc.).[8] Likewise the Slavic languages with zelenъ. Ancient Greek also had a term for yellowish, pale green – χλωρός, chloros (cf. the color of chlorine), cognate with χλοερός "verdant" and χλόη "chloe, the green of new growth".
Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for "green". For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with Sanskrit harithah "yellow, ochre, golden".[9] The Turkic languages also have jašɨl "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow".[10]
Languages where green and blue are one color
In some languages, including old
"Green" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520–570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450–530 nm ("blue/green") and another for ca. 530–590 nm ("green/yellow").[citation needed] In the comparative study of color terms in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue).[12][13] These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote "green", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit). Thus, the Thai word เขียว kheīyw, besides meaning "green", also means "rank" and "smelly" and holds other unpleasant associations.[14]
The
glas "blue". This word is cognate with the Ancient Greek γλαυκός "bluish green", contrasting with χλωρός "yellowish green" discussed above.In modern Japanese, the term for green is
In science
Colour | Frequency (THz) |
Wavelength (nm) |
---|---|---|
668–789 | 380–450 | |
610–668 | 450–490 | |
575–610 | 490–520 | |
green
|
526–575 | 520–570 |
508–526 | 570–590 | |
484–508 | 590–620 | |
400–484 | 620–770 |
Color vision and colorimetry
In optics, the
The perception of greenness (in opposition to redness forming one of the opponent mechanisms in human color vision) is evoked by light which triggers the medium-wavelength M cone cells in the eye more than the long-wavelength L cones. Light which triggers this greenness response more than the yellowness or blueness of the other color opponent mechanism is called green. A green light source typically has a spectral power distribution dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 487–570 nm.[b]
Human eyes have color receptors known as cone cells, of which there are three types. In some cases, one is missing or faulty, which can cause
In the
In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the
Lasers
As of mid-2011, direct green laser diodes at 510 nm and 500 nm have become generally available,[24] although the price remains relatively prohibitive for widespread public use. The efficiency of these lasers (peak 3%)[citation needed] compared to that of DPSS green lasers (peak 35%)[citation needed][25] may also be limiting adoption of the diodes to niche uses.
Pigments, food coloring and fireworks
Many minerals provide
Mixtures of oxidized cobalt and zinc were also used to create green paints as early as the 18th century.[32]
Cobalt green, sometimes known as Rinman's green or zinc green, is a translucent green pigment made by heating a mixture of cobalt (II) oxide and zinc oxide. Sven Rinman, a Swedish chemist, discovered this compound in 1780.[33] Green chrome oxide was a new synthetic green created by a chemist named Pannetier in Paris in about 1835. Emerald green was a synthetic deep green made in the 19th century by hydrating chrome oxide. It was also known as Guignet green.[27]
There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials.[34] Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States.[35]
To create green sparks,
Biology
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The chloroplasts of plant cells contain a high concentration of chlorophyll, making them appear green.
-
iridophoresreflect blue light through a yellow upperlayer, filtering the light to be primarily green.
-
A yellow-naped Amazon parrot, colored green for camouflage in the jungle
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Thetissue fluids
Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green.[38] Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple
Animals typically use the color green as
The
Green eyes
There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light.[41]
Nobody is brought into the world with green eyes. An infant has one of two eye hues: dark or blue. Following birth, cells called melanocytes start to discharge melanin, the earthy colored shade, in the child's irises. This begins happening since melanocytes respond to light in time.[42] Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe.[43][44] They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia.[citation needed] In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color.[45] A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men.[46] Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.[citation needed]
In history and art
Prehistoric history
Neolithic cave paintings do not have traces of green pigments, but neolithic peoples in northern Europe did make a green dye for clothing, made from the leaves of the birch tree. It was of very poor quality, more brown than green. Ceramics from ancient Mesopotamia show people wearing vivid green costumes, but it is not known how the colors were produced.[47]
Ancient history
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The gardens of ancient Egypt were symbols of rebirth. Tomb painting of the gardens of Amon at the temple of Karnak, from the tomb of Nakh, the chief gardener. Early 14th century BC.
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Ancient Roman fresco of Flora, or Spring, from Stabiae (2nd century AD)
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Gorgan ceramic, Early 13th century
In
For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The
In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens: chloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among the four classic colors of Greek painting – red, yellow, black and white – and is rarely found in Greek art.[49]
The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards. The Romans made a fine green earth pigment that was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine.[50] By the second century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.[51]
Postclassical history
-
In theArnolfini portrait by Jan van Eyck(1434), the rich green fabric of the dress showed the wealth and status of the family.
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Duccio di Buoninsegnapainted the faces in this painting (1308–1311) with an undercoat of green earth pigment. The surface pink has faded, making the faces look green today.
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The green costume of the Mona Lisa shows she was from the gentry, not from the nobility.
-
In the 15th centuryChaucer also drew connections between the color green and the devil.[52]
-
In this 1503 painting byPerugino, malachite pigment was used to paint the bright green garments of the worshippers, while the background greens were painted in green earth pigments.
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the color of clothing showed a person's social rank and profession. Red could only be worn by the nobility, brown and gray by peasants, and green by merchants, bankers and the gentry and their families. The Mona Lisa wears green in her portrait, as does the bride in the Arnolfini portrait by Jan van Eyck.
There were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight for those who wanted or were required to wear green. Green dyes were made out of the
The pigments available to painters were more varied; monks in monasteries used verdigris, made by soaking copper in fermenting wine, to color medieval manuscripts. They also used finely-ground malachite, which made a luminous green. They used green earth colors for backgrounds.
During the early Renaissance, painters such as
Modern history
In the 18th and 19th century
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Dedham Vale (1802) by John Constable. The paintings of Constable romanticized the vivid green landscapes of England
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In the painting of Jean-Baptiste Debret (1822), Emperor Pedro I of Brazil wearing the imperial mantle decorated with green fabric.
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In the paintings of Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875), the green of trees and nature became the central element of the painting, with the people secondary
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Spring, by Marie Bashkirtseff, 1884
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The Night Café, (1888), by Vincent van Gogh, used red and green to express what Van Gogh called "the terrible human passions."
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Émile Bernard– Still life with green teapot, cup and fruit, 1890
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Louis Anquetin – Woman at the Champs-Élysées by night
The 18th and 19th centuries brought the discovery and production of synthetic green pigments and dyes, which rapidly replaced the earlier mineral and vegetable pigments and dyes. These new dyes were more stable and brilliant than the vegetable dyes, but some contained high levels of arsenic, and were eventually banned.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, green was associated with the
The second half of the 19th century saw the use of green in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. One of the first to make color the central element of his picture was the American artist James McNeill Whistler, who created a series of paintings called "symphonies" or "noctures" of color, including Symphony in gray and green; The Ocean between 1866 and 1872.
The late 19th century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."[56]
In the 20th and 21st century
In the 1980s, green became a political symbol, the color of the
Symbolism and associations
Safety and permission
Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in
Nature, vivacity, and life
Green is the color most commonly associated in Europe and the United States with nature, vivacity and life.[59] It is the color of many environmental organizations, such as
In China, green is associated with the east, with sunrise, and with life and growth.[60] In Thailand, the color green is considered auspicious for those born on a Wednesday (light green for those born at night).[61]
Springtime, freshness, and hope
Green is the color most commonly associated in the United States and Europe with springtime, freshness, and hope.[62][c] Green is often used to symbolize rebirth and renewal and immortality. In Ancient Egypt; the god Osiris, king of the underworld, was depicted as green-skinned.[63] Green as the color of hope is connected with the color of springtime; hope represents the faith that things will improve after a period of difficulty, like the renewal of flowers and plants after the winter season.[64]
Youth and inexperience
Green the color most commonly associated in Europe and the United States with youth. It also often is used to describe anyone young, inexperienced, probably by the analogy to immature and unripe fruit.[65][66][d] Examples include green cheese, a term for a fresh, unaged cheese, and greenhorn, an inexperienced person.
Food and diet
Calm, tolerance, and the agreeable
Surveys also show that green is the color most associated with the calm, the agreeable, and tolerance. Red is associated with heat, blue with cold, and green with an agreeable temperature. Red is associated with dry, blue with wet, and green, in the middle, with dampness. Red is the most active color, blue the most passive; green, in the middle, is the color of neutrality and calm, sometimes used in architecture and design for these reasons.[e] Blue and green together symbolize harmony and balance.[69] Experimental studies also show this calming effect in a statistical significant decrease of negative emotions[70] and increase of creative performance.[71]
Jealousy and envy
Green is often associated with
Love and sexuality
Green today is not commonly associated in Europe and the United States with love and sexuality,
In Persian and Sudanese poetry, dark-skinned women, called "green" women, were considered erotic.
In
Dragons, fairies, monsters, and devils
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Saint Wolfgang and the Devil, by Michael Pacher.
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A medieval illustration of a dragon (1460)
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A Chinese dragon dance
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A 20th-century depiction of a leprechaun
In legends, folk tales and films,
In the Middle Ages, the devil was usually shown as either red, black or green. Dragons were usually green, because they had the heads, claws and tails of reptiles.
Modern
In
is commonly portrayed wearing a green suit, though before the 20th century he was usually described as wearing a red suit.In theater and film, green was often connected with monsters and the inhuman. The earliest films of Frankenstein were in black and white, but in the poster for the 1935 version
Poison and sickness
Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[86][f] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy".
A green tinge in the skin is sometimes associated with nausea and sickness.[87] The expression 'green at the gills' means appearing sick. The color, when combined with gold, is sometimes seen as representing the fading of youth.[88] In some Far East cultures the color green is used as a symbol of sickness or nausea.[89]
Social status, prosperity and the dollar
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The green benches in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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The reverse of the United States one-dollar bill has been green since 1861, giving it the popular name greenback.
Green in Europe and the United States is sometimes associated with status and prosperity. From the Middle Ages to the 19th century it was often worn by bankers, merchants country gentlemen and others who were wealthy but not members of the nobility. The benches in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, where the landed gentry sat, are colored green.
In the United States green was connected with the dollar bill. Since 1861, the reverse side of the dollar bill has been green. Green was originally chosen because it deterred counterfeiters, who tried to use early camera equipment to duplicate banknotes. Also, since the banknotes were thin, the green on the back did not show through and muddle the pictures on the front of the banknote. Green continues to be used because the public now associates it with a strong and stable currency.[90]
One of the more notable uses of this meaning is found in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Emerald City in this story is a place where everyone wears tinted glasses that make everything appear green. According to the populist interpretation of the story, the city's color is used by the author, L. Frank Baum, to illustrate the financial system of America in his day, as he lived in a time when America was debating the use of paper money versus gold.[91]
On flags
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The flag of Italy (1797) was modeled after the flag of France. It was originally the flag of the Cisalpine Republic, and the green came from the uniforms of the army of Milan.
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The flag of Brazil (1889). The green color was inherited from the flag of the Empire of Brazil, where it represented the color of the House of Braganza.
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The flag of Lithuania (1918). The green represents the beauty of nature, freedom and hope.
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The flag of Ireland (1919). The green represents the culture and traditions of Gaelic Ireland.[92][93]
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The Flag of Saudi Arabia (1932) has the green color of Islam. The inscription in Arabic says: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet."
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The flag of India (1947). The green has been said at different times to represent hope, or prosperity.
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Thelushness of the land of Bangladesh
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The flag of Nigeria (1960). The green represents the forests and natural wealth of the country.
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The flag of Pakistan (1947). The green part represents the Muslim majority of the country.
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The flag of South Africa (1994) includes green, yellow and black, the colors of the African National Congress.
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The former flag of Libya (1977–2011) was the only flag in the world with a single color and no design or details.
- The flag of Italy (1797) was modeled after the French tricolor. It was originally the flag of the Cisalpine Republic, whose capital was Milan; red and white were the colors of Milan, and green was the color of the military uniforms of the army of the Cisalpine Republic. Other versions say it is the color of the Italian landscape, or symbolizes hope.[94]
- The flag of Brazil has a green field adapted from the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The green represented the royal family.
- The Gandhi, which had a red band for Hinduism and a green band representing Islam, the second largest religion in India.[95]
- The flag of Pakistan symbolizes Pakistan's commitment to Islam and equal rights of religious minorities where the larger portion (3:2 ratio) of flag is dark green representing Muslim majority (98% of total population) while a white vertical bar (3:1 ratio) at the mast representing equal rights for religious minorities and minority religions in country. The crescent and star symbolizes progress and bright future respectively.
- The flag of Bangladesh has a green field based on a similar flag used during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. It consists of a red disc on top of a green field. The red disc represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh.
- The flag of the international constructed language Esperanto has a green field and a green star in a white area. The green represents hope ("esperanto" means "one who hopes"), the white represents peace and neutrality and the star represents the five inhabited continents.
Green is one of the three colors (along with red and black, or red and gold) of Pan-Africanism. Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Ethiopia, Togo, Guinea, Benin, and Zimbabwe. The Pan-African colors are borrowed from the Ethiopian flag, one of the oldest independent African countries. Green on some African flags represents the natural richness of Africa.[96]
Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas,[97] as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology.[98] The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details.[99] Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica,[100] and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria.[101] The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.[102]
Green is a symbol of Ireland, which is often referred to as the "Emerald Isle". The color is particularly identified with the
In politics
-
Thegreen harp flagwas the banner of Irish nationalism from the 17th century until the early 20th century.
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The emblem of the Australian Greens. The party won 12.7% of the primary vote in the 2022 election for the Australian Senate.
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A demonstration byLes Verts, the green party of France, in Lyon.
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The Rainbow Warrior, the ship of the Greenpeace environmental movement.
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The logo of the Crescent Star Party uses star and crescent symbol with green background.
The first recorded green party was a political faction in
Green was the traditional color of
In the 1970s, green became the color of the third biggest Swiss Federal Council political party, the Swiss People's Party SVP. The ideology is Swiss nationalism, national conservatism, right-wing populism, economic liberalism, agrarianism, isolationism, euroscepticism. The SVP was founded on September 22, 1971 and has 90,000 members.[107]
In the 1980s, green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 11% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag.
Green parties in Europe have programs based on
Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization which emerged from the anti-nuclear and peace movements in the 1970s. Its ship, the Rainbow Warrior, frequently tried to interfere with nuclear tests and whaling operations. The movement now has branches in forty countries.
The Australian Greens was founded in 1992. In the 2010 federal election, the party received 13% of the vote (more than 1.6 million votes) in the Senate, a first for any Australian minor party.
Green is the color associated with Puerto Rico's Independence Party, the smallest of that country's three major political parties, which advocates Puerto Rican independence from the United States.
In Indonesia, green is used by several Islamist political party, including National Awakening Party, Crescent Star Party, United Development Party, and the local Aceh Just and Prosperous Party.
In Taiwan, green is used by Democratic Progressive Party. Green in Taiwan associates with Taiwan independence movement.
In religion
Green is the traditional color of Islam. According to tradition, the robe and banner of
In Paganism, green represents abundance, growth, wealth, renewal, and balance. In magickal practices, green is often used to bring money and luck.[118] One figure who shares parallels with various deities is the Green Man.[119]
In gambling and sports
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A green belt in judo.
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Abaccarat palette and cards on a casinogambling table.
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A 1929 Bentley colored British racing green.
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Abilliardstable, colored green after the lawns where the ancestors of the game were originally played.
- Gambling tables in a casino are traditionally green. The tradition is said to have started in gambling rooms in Venice in the 16th century.[120]
- Billiards tables are traditionally covered with green woolen cloth. The first indoor tables, dating to the 15th century, were colored green after the grass courts used for the similar lawn games of the period.[121]
- Green was the traditional color worn by hunters in the 19th century, particularly the shade called olive drab, a shade of green, instead of hunter green.[122]
- Green is a common color for sports teams. Well-known teams include A.S. Saint-Étienne of France, known as Les Verts (The Greens). The Green Bay Packers, an American footballteam, has the color in its official name and wears green uniforms. A number of national soccer teams feature the color, with the color usually reflective of the teams' national flag.
- British racing green was the international motor racing color of Britain from the early 1900s until the 1960s, when it was replaced by the colors of the sponsoring automobile companies.
- A green belt in karate, taekwondo, and judo symbolizes a level of proficiency in the sport.[123][124][125]
Idioms and expressions
- Having a green thumb (American English) or green fingers (British English). To be passionate about or talented at gardening.[126] The expression was popularized beginning in 1925 by a BBC gardening program.[72]
- Greenhorn. Someone who is inexperienced.
- Green-eyed monster. Refers to jealousy. (See section above on jealousy and envy).
- Greenmail. A term used in finance and corporate takeovers. It refers to the practice of a company paying a high price to buy back shares of its own stock to prevent an unfriendly takeover by another company or businessman. It originated in the 1980s on Wall Street, and originates from the green of dollars.[72]
- Green room. A room at a theater where actors rest when not onstage, or a room at a television studio where guests wait before going on-camera. It originated in the late 17th century from a room of that color at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London.[72]
- Greenwashing. Environmental activists sometimes use this term to describe the advertising of a company which promotes its positive environmental practices to cover up its environmental destruction.[127]
- Green around the gills. A description of a person who looks physically ill.[128]
- Going green. An expression commonly used to refer to preserving the natural environment, and participating in activities such as recycling materials.
- Looking green. A description of a person who looks revolted or repulsed.
Notes
- ^ The sRGB values are taken by converting the NCS color 2060-G using the "NCS Navigator" tool at the NCS website.
- ^ More specifically, "blue green" 487–493 nm, "bluish green" 493–498 nm, "green" 498–530 nm, "yellowish green" 530–559 nm, "yellow green" 559–570 nm Kelly (1943).[16]
- ^ 62 percent of respondents surveyed associated green with springtime, (18 percent choosing yellow); 27 percent associated green with freshness (24 percent choosing blue.) 48 percent associated green with hope (18 percent choosing blue)[62]
- ^ 22 percent of respondents surveyed associated green with youth, (16 percent choosing yellow)[66]
- ^
For an example of the use of green in archectecture, see the article on the University of Technology, Sydney Science Faculty building.
- ^ In a survey cited, 45 percent of respondents associated green with toxicity, while 20 percent associated yellow.[86]
See also
References
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- ^ Varichon 2000, pp. 210–11.
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- ^ "Green pigment spins chip promise". BBC News. August 9, 2006.
- ^ Gilman, Victoria (August 25, 2003). "Food coloring: Synthetic and natural additives impart a rainbow of possibilities to the foods we eat". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
- ^ "E104 Quinoline Yellow, FD&C Yellow No.10". UK Food Guide. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
- ^ "E142 Green S". UK Food Guide. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
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Cited texts
- Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2.
- Gage, John (1993). Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation). ISBN 978-2-87811-295-5.
- Gage, John (2006). La Couleur dans l'art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-2-87811-325-9.
- Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples. Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02084697-4.
- Lichtenfeld, Stephanie (2012). "Fertile Green: Green Facilitates Creative Performance" (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 38 (6): 784–97. (PDF) from the original on April 28, 2019.
External links
- Green All Over—slideshow by Life magazine