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'''Twitter''' is an online [[social networking service|social networking]] and [[microblogging]] service that enables users to send and read "tweets", which are text messages limited to 140 [[character (computing)|characters]]. Registered users can read and post tweets, but unregistered users can only read them. Users access Twitter through the website interface, [[Short Message Service|SMS]], or mobile device [[Application software|app]].<ref>[http://support.twitter.com/groups/34-apps-sms-and-mobile/topics/153-twitter-via-sms/articles/14014-twitter-via-sms-faq# Twitter via SMS FAQ] Retrieved April 13, 2012.</ref> Twitter Inc. is based in [[San Francisco]] and has offices in [[New York City]], [[Boston]], [[San Antonio]] and [[Detroit]].<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/04/twitter-opens-detroit-office-madison-building_n_1402644.html Twitter Opens Detroit Office In Downtown Madison Building] ''Huffington Post'', April 4, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2013.</ref> |
'''Twitter''' is an online [[social networking service|social networking]] and [[microblogging]] service that enables users to send and read "tweets", which are text messages limited to 140 [[character (computing)|characters]]. Registered users can read and post tweets, but unregistered users can only read them. Users access Twitter through the website interface, [[Short Message Service|SMS]], or mobile device [[Application software|app]].<ref>[http://support.twitter.com/groups/34-apps-sms-and-mobile/topics/153-twitter-via-sms/articles/14014-twitter-via-sms-faq# Twitter via SMS FAQ] Retrieved April 13, 2012.</ref> Twitter Inc. is based in [[San Francisco]] and has offices in [[New York City]], [[Boston]], [[San Antonio]] and [[Detroit]].<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/04/twitter-opens-detroit-office-madison-building_n_1402644.html Twitter Opens Detroit Office In Downtown Madison Building] ''Huffington Post'', April 4, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2013.</ref> |
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Twitter was created in March 2006 by [[Jack Dorsey]], [[Evan Williams (entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], [[Biz Stone]] and [[Noah Glass]] and by July 2006, the site was launched. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with [[List of virtual communities with more than 100 million users|500 million registered users]] in 2012, who posted 340 million tweets per day. The service also handled 1.6 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] [[Web search query|search queries]] per day.<ref name="Twitter_500" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://engineering.twitter.com/2011/05/engineering-behind-twitters-new-search.html |author=Twitter Search Team|title=The Engineering Behind Twitter’s New Search Experience |date=May 31, 2011 |accessdate=June 10, 2011 |work=Twitter Engineering Blog |publisher=Twitter}}</ref><ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2012/03/twitter-turns-six.html Twitter turns six] Twitter.com, March 21, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.</ref> Twitter is now one of the ten most-visited websites, and has been described as "the [[SMS]] of the [[Internet]]."<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/topsites |title= Top Sites | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= 2013-05-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/ |title=Swine Flu's Tweet Tweet Causes Online Flutter |date=April 29, 2009 |first=Leslie |last=D'Monte |work=[[Business Standard]] |quote=Also known as the 'SMS of the internet', Twitter is a free social networking and micro-blogging service |accessdate=February 4, 2011}}</ref> |
Twitter was created in March 2006 by [[Jack Dorsey]], [[Evan Williams (entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]], [[Biz Stone]] and [[Noah Glass]] and by July 2006, the site was launched. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with [[List of virtual communities with more than 100 million users|500 million registered users]] in 2012, who posted 340 million tweets per day. The service also handled 1.6 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] [[Web search query|search queries]] per day.<ref name="Twitter_500" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://engineering.twitter.com/2011/05/engineering-behind-twitters-new-search.html |author=Twitter Search Team|title=The Engineering Behind Twitter’s New Search Experience |date=May 31, 2011 |accessdate=June 10, 2011 |work=Twitter Engineering Blog |publisher=Twitter}}</ref><ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2012/03/twitter-turns-six.html Twitter turns six] Twitter.com, March 21, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.</ref> Twitter is now one of the ten most-visited websites, and has been described as "the [[SMS]] of the [[Internet]]."<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/topsites |title= Top Sites | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= 2013-05-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/swine-flu%5Cs-tweet-tweet-causes-online-flutter/356604/ |title=Swine Flu's Tweet Tweet Causes Online Flutter |date=April 29, 2009 |first=Leslie |last=D'Monte |work=[[Business Standard]] |quote=Also known as the 'SMS of the internet', Twitter is a free social networking and micro-blogging service |accessdate=February 4, 2011}}</ref> It is one of the most successful startup companies of all time by market capitalization, revenue, growth and cultural impact.<ref name="Top 20 Startups">{{cite web|last=Hunckler|first=Matt|title=Top 20 Startups of All Time|url=http://vergestartups.com/top-20-startups-of-all-time/|publisher=Verge Startups|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
Revision as of 15:58, 3 February 2014
Vine | |
URL | twitter |
---|---|
Registration | Required to post, follow, or be followed |
Users | 200 million (active February 2013)[5] |
Launched | July 15, 2006[6] |
Current status | Active |
Written in | JavaScript,[7] Ruby,[7] Scala,[7] Java[7][8] |
Twitter is an online
Twitter was created in March 2006 by
History
Creation and initial reaction
Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of the
...we came across the word 'twitter', and it was just perfect. The definition was 'a short burst of inconsequential information,' and 'chirps from birds'. And that's exactly what the product was.[21]
The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees[22] and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006.[6]
In October 2006,
With Twitter, it wasn't clear what it was. They called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didn't replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is. Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network.[26]
The
Reaction at the conference was highly positive. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter "absolutely rul[ed]" SXSWi. Social software researcher danah boyd said Twitter "own[ed]" the conference.[29] Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!" [30]
The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the
In August 2010, the company appointed Adam Bain from
Growth
The company experienced rapid growth. It had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweets posted per quarter in 2008. In February 2010, Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day.
Twitter's usage spikes during prominent events. For example, a record was set during the
Twitter acquired application developer Atebits on April 11, 2010. Atebits had developed the
From September through October 2010, the company began rolling out "New Twitter", an entirely revamped edition of twitter.com. Changes included the ability to see pictures and videos without leaving Twitter itself by clicking on individual tweets which contain links to images and clips from a variety of supported websites including YouTube and Flickr, and a complete overhaul of the interface, which shifted links such as '@mentions' and 'Retweets' above the Twitter stream, while 'Messages' and 'Log Out' became accessible via a black bar at the very top of twitter.com. As of November 1, 2010, the company confirmed that the "New Twitter experience" had been rolled out to all users.
On April 5, 2011, Twitter tested a new homepage and phased out the "Old Twitter." [44] However, a glitch came about after the page was launched, so the previous "retro" homepage was still in use until the issues were resolved; the new homepage was reintroduced on April 20.[45][46]
On December 8, 2011, Twitter overhauled its website once more to feature the "Fly" design, which the service says is easier for new users to follow and promotes advertising. In addition to the Home tab, the Connect and Discover tabs were introduced along with a redesigned profile and timeline of Tweets. The site's layout has been compared to that of Facebook.[47][48]
On February 21, 2012, it was announced that Twitter and Yandex agreed to a partnership. Yandex, a Russian search engine, finds value within the partnership due to Twitter’s real time news feeds. Twitter’s director of business development explained that it is important to have Twitter content where Twitter users go.[49]
On March 21, 2012, Twitter celebrated its sixth birthday while also announcing that it has 140 million users and sees 340 million tweets per day. The number of users is up 40% from their September 2011 number, which was said to have been at 100 million at the time.[50]
In April 2012, Twitter announced that it was opening an office in Detroit, with the aim of working with automotive brands and advertising agencies.[51] Twitter also expanded its office in Dublin.[52]
On June 5, 2012, a modified logo was unveiled through the company blog, removing the text to showcase the slightly redesigned bird as the sole symbol of Twitter.[53]
On October 5, 2012, Twitter acquired a video clip company called Vine that launched in January 2013.[54][55] Twitter released Vine as a standalone app that allows users to create and share six-second looping video clips on January 24, 2013. Vine videos shared on Twitter are visible directly in users' Twitter feeds.[56] Due to an influx of inappropriate content, it is now rated 17+ in Apple's app store.[57]
On December 18, 2012, Twitter announced it had surpassed 200 million monthly active users. Twitter hit 100 million monthly active users in September 2011.[58]
On April 18, 2013, Twitter launched a music app called Twitter Music for the iPhone.[59]
On August 28, 2013, Twitter acquired Trendrr,[60] followed by the acquisition of MoPub on September 9, 2013.[61]
As of September 2013, the company's data showed that 200 million users send over 400 million tweets daily, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices.[62]
Initial public offering (IPO)
On September 12, 2013, Twitter announced that it had filed papers with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ahead of a planned stock market listing.[63] It revealed its prospectus in an 800-page filing.[64] Twitter planned to raise US$1 billion as the basis for its stock market debut.[65] The IPO filing states that "200,000,000+ monthly active users" access Twitter and "500,000,000+ tweets per day" are posted.[4][26]
In a September 15, 2013 amendment to their
On November 7, 2013, the first day of trading on the NYSE, Twitter shares opened at $26.00 and closed at US$44.90, giving the company a valuation of around US$31 billion.[70] This was $18.90 above the initial offering price and Twitter ended with a market capitalization of $24.46 billion.[71] The paperwork from November 7 shows that among the founders, Williams received a sum of US$2.56 billion and Dorsey received US$1.05 billion, while Costolo's payment was US$345 million.[72]
As of 13 December 2013[update], Twitter had "a market capitalization of $32.76 billion".[71]
Leadership
This article is in prose. is available. (October 2013) |
As chief executive officer, Dorsey saw the startup through two rounds of capital funding by the venture capitalists who backed the company.[73]
On October 16, 2008,[74] Williams took over the role of CEO, and Dorsey became chairman of the board.[75]
On October 4, 2010, Williams announced that he was stepping down as CEO. Dick Costolo, formerly Twitter's chief operating officer, became CEO. According to a Twitter blog, dated October 4, 2010, Williams was to stay[needs update] with the company and "be completely focused on product strategy."[needs update][76]
According to
Dorsey rejoined Twitter in March 2011, as executive chairman focusing on product development. His time is split with
In September 2011, board members and investors Fred Wilson and Bijan Sabet resigned from Twitter's Board of Directors.[79]
In October 2012, Twitter announced it had hired former Google executive Matt Derella to become their new director of business agency development.[80]
Logo
Twitter has become internationally identifiable by its signature bird logo. The original logo was in use from its launch in March 2006 until September 2010. A slightly modified version succeeded the first style when the website underwent its first redesign.[citation needed]
On February 27, 2012, a tweet from an employee that works on the company's platform and API discussed the evolution of the "Larry the Bird" logo with Twitter's creative director and it was revealed that it was named after Larry Bird of the NBA's Boston Celtics fame. This detail had previously been confirmed when the Boston Celtics' director of interactive media asked Twitter co-founder Biz Stone about it in August 2011.[81]
On June 5, 2012, Twitter unveiled its third logo redesign, replacing Larry the Bird with an updated icon simply named as the "Twitter Bird." As of this logo revision, the word "Twitter" and the lowercase letter "t" are no longer used, with the bird becoming the sole symbol for the company's branding.
Features
Tweets
Tweets are publicly visible by default, but senders can restrict message delivery to just their followers. Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for
Users may subscribe to other users' tweets – this is known as following and subscribers are known as followers[85] or tweeps, a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps.[86] The users can also check the people who are un-subscribing them on Twitter (unfollowing) via various services.[87] In addition, users have the capability to block those who have followed them.
Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for certain smartphones and tablets.[88]
Twitter has been compared to a web-based
As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education.
Content
San Antonio-based market-research firm Pear Analytics analyzed 2,000 tweets (originating from the US and in English) over a two-week period in August 2009 from 11:00 am to 5:00 pm (CST) and separated them into six categories:[91]
- Pointless babble – 40%
- Conversational – 38%
- Pass-along value – 9%
- Self-promotion – 6%
- Spam– 4%
- News – 4%
Despite Jack Dorsey's own open admission that Twitter is "a short burst of inconsequential information", social networking researcher danah boyd responded to the Pear Analytics survey by arguing that what the Pear researchers labelled "pointless babble" is better characterized as "social grooming" and/or "peripheral awareness" (which she justifies as persons "want[ing] to know what the people around them are thinking and doing and feeling, even when co-presence isn’t viable").[92]
Format
Users can group posts together by topic or type by use of
In late 2009, the "Twitter Lists" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow (as well as mention and reply to) ad hoc lists of authors instead of individual authors.[85][94]
Through SMS, users can communicate with Twitter through five
The tweets were set to a largely constrictive 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the shorthand notation and
Trending topics
A word, phrase or topic that is tagged at a greater rate than other tags is said to be a trending topic. Trending topics become popular either through a concerted effort by users, or because of an event that prompts people to talk about one specific topic.[103] These topics help Twitter and their users to understand what is happening in the world.[104]
Trending topics are sometimes the result of concerted efforts and manipulations by preeteen and teenaged fans of certain celebrities or cultural phenomena, particularly musicians like Lady Gaga (known as Little Monsters), Justin Bieber (Beliebers), and One Direction (Directioners), and fans of the Twilight (Twihards) and Harry Potter (Potterheads) novels. Twitter has altered the trend algorithm in the past to prevent manipulation of this type to limited levels of success.[105]
Twitter's March 30, 2010 blog post announced that the hottest Twitter trending topics would scroll across the Twitter homepage.[106]
There have been controversies surrounding Twitter trending topics: Twitter has censored
Adding and following content
There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including
Verified accounts
In June 2008, Twitter launched a verification program, allowing celebrities to get their accounts verified.[112] Originally intended to help users verify which celebrity accounts were created by the celebrities themselves (and therefore are not fake), they have since been used to verify accounts of businesses and accounts for public figures who may not actually tweet but still wish to maintain control over the account that bears their name.
Mobile
Twitter has mobile apps for
Authentication
As of August 31, 2010, third-party Twitter applications are required to use OAuth, an authentication method that does not require users to enter their password into the authenticating application. Previously, the OAuth authentication method was optional, it is now compulsory and the user-name/password authentication method has been made redundant and is no longer functional. Twitter stated that the move to OAuth will mean "increased security and a better experience".[116]
Related headlines feature
On August 19, 2013, Twitter announced a new feature, Related Headlines.[117]
Usage
Rankings
Twitter is ranked as one of the ten-most-visited websites worldwide by
Demographics
In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter, said
According to a study by Sysomos in June 2009, women make up a slightly larger Twitter demographic than men — fifty-three percent over forty-seven percent. It also stated that five percent of users accounted for seventy-five percent of all activity, and that New York City has more Twitter users than other cities.[126]
According to Quancast, twenty-seven million people in the US used Twitter as of September 3, 2009. Sixty-three percent of Twitter users are under thirty-five years old; sixty percent of Twitter users are Caucasian, but a higher than average (compared to other Internet properties) are African American/black (sixteen percent) and Hispanic (eleven percent); fifty-eight percent of Twitter users have a total household income of at least US$60,000.[127] The prevalence of African American Twitter usage and in many popular hashtags has been the subject of research studies.[128][129]
On September 7, 2011, Twitter announced that it has 100 million active users logging in at least once a month and 50 million active users every day.[130]
In an article published on January 6, 2012, Twitter was confirmed to be the biggest social media network in Japan, with Facebook following closely in second. comScore confirmed this, stating that Japan is the only country in the world where Twitter leads Facebook.[131]
Finances
Funding
Twitter raised over US$57 million from
In May 2008, The Industry Standard remarked that Twitter's long-term viability is limited by a lack of revenue.[135] Twitter board member Todd Chaffee forecast that the company could profit from e-commerce, noting that users may want to buy items directly from Twitter since it already provides product recommendations and promotions.[136]
By March 2009 communications consultant Bill Douglass predicted in an interview that Twitter would be worth $1 billion within six months,[137] which came to pass when the company closed a financing round valuing it at $1 billion in September of that year.[138]
The company raised US$200 million in new venture capital in December 2010, at a valuation of approximately US$3.7 billion.
In December 2011, the
Revenue sources
In July 2009, some of Twitter's revenue and user growth documents were published on TechCrunch after being illegally obtained by Hacker Croll. The documents projected 2009 revenues of US$400,000 in the third quarter and US$4 million in the fourth quarter along with 25 million users by the end of the year. The projections for the end of 2013 were US$1.54 billion in revenue, US$111 million in net earnings, and 1 billion users.[143] No information about how Twitter planned to achieve those numbers was published. In response, Twitter co-founder Biz Stone published a blog post suggesting the possibility of legal action against the hacker.[144]
On April 13, 2010, Twitter announced plans to offer paid
To continue their advertising campaign, Twitter announced on March 20, 2012, that it would be bringing its promoted tweets to mobile devices. Twitter generated US$139.5 million in advertising sales during 2011 and expects this number to grow 86.3% to US$259.9 million in 2012.[147]
The company generated US$45 million in annual revenue in 2010, after beginning sales midway through that year. The company operated at a loss through most of 2010. Revenues were forecast for US$100 million to US$110 million in 2011.[139] Users' photos can generate royalty-free revenue for Twitter, with an agreement with WENN being announced in May 2011.[148] In June 2011, Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self serve advertising system.[149] In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self-service ads platform was available to all US users without an invite.[150]
Technology
Implementation
Twitter places great reliance on
In the early days of Twitter, tweets were stored in MySQL databases that were temporally sharded, that is the databases were split by time of posting. MySQL was causing problems with both reading and writing to Twitter and the company decided that the system needed re-engineering.[154]
As of April 6, 2011, Twitter engineers confirmed they had switched away from their Ruby on Rails search stack, to a Java server they call Blender.[8]
From Spring 2007 to 2008 the messages were handled by a Ruby persistent queue server called Starling,[155] but since 2009 implementation has been gradually replaced with software written in Scala.[156] The switch from Ruby to Scala and the JVM has given Twitter a performance boost from 200—300 requests per second per host to around 10,000–20,000 requests per second per host. This boost was greater than the 10x improvement that Twitter's engineers envisioned when starting the switch. The continued development of Twitter has also involved a switch from monolithic development of a single app to an architecture where different services are built independently and joined through remote procedure calls.[154]
The service's
Individual tweets are registered under unique IDs using software called snowflake and geolocation data is added using 'Rockdove'. The URL shortner t.co then checks for a spam link and shortens the URL. The tweets are stored in a MySQL database using Gizzard and acknowledged to users as having been sent. They are then sent to search engines via the Firehose API. The process itself is managed by FlockDB and takes an average of 350 ms.[151]
On August 16, 2013, Twitter’s Vice President of Platform Engineering Raffi Krikorian shared in a blog post that the company's infrastructure handled almost 143,000 tweets per second during that week, setting a new record. Krikorian explained that Twitter achieved this record by blending its homegrown and open source technologies.[154][159]
Interface
On April 30, 2009, Twitter adjusted its web interface, adding a search bar and a sidebar of "
In March 2012, Twitter became available in
Outages
When Twitter experiences an outage, users see the "fail whale" error message image created by Yiying Lu,[163] illustrating eight orange birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean captioned "Too many tweets! Please wait a moment and try again."[164]
Twitter had approximately ninety-eight percent
- May 2008 – Twitter's new engineering team made architectural changes to deal with the scale of growth. Stability issues resulted in down time or temporary feature removal.
- August 2008 – Twitter withdrew free SMS services from users in the United Kingdom
- October 10, 2008 – Twitter's status blog announced that instant messaging (IM) service was no longer a temporary outage and needed to be revamped. It was announced that Twitter aims to return its IM service pending necessary major work.[170]
- June 12, 2009 – In what was called a potential "Twitpocalypse", the App Store.[172]
- June 25, 2009 – Twitter ran slowly for some time after over 50,000 tweets on Michael Jackson’s death were recorded in an hour.[173]
- August 6, 2009 – Twitter and Facebook suffered from a 2008 South Ossetia War, rather than the sites themselves.[175]
- September 22, 2009 – The identifier exceeded the limit for 32-bit unsigned integers (4,294,967,296 total messages) again breaking some third-party clients.[176]
- December 17, 2009 – A hacking attack replaced the website's welcoming screen with an image of a green flag and the caption "This site has been hacked by Iranian Cyber Army" for nearly an hour. No connection between the hackers and Iran has been established.[177]
- June–July 2010 – Twitter had a very high service rejection rate (10–20%) during the 2010 FIFA World Cup period, also, the response latency increased substantially.[178]
- November 2010 – A number of accounts encountered a fault that resulted in them seeing the "fail whale" when they tried to login to their accounts. The accounts themselves were not locked out as account holders could still see their "mentions" page, and post from there, but the timeline and a number of other features were unavailable during this outage.
- June 21, 2012 – The site was down for around one hour and forty minutes, with the cause being described by Twitter as a "cascading bug".[179]
- July 26, 2012 – Twitter users in the UK could not post messages for part of the day in advance of the 2012 Summer Olympics.[180]
Privacy and security
Twitter messages are public but users can also send private messages.
A security vulnerability was reported on April 7, 2007, by Nitesh Dhanjani and Rujith. Since Twitter used the phone number of the sender of an SMS message as authentication, malicious users could update someone else's status page by using SMS spoofing.[184] The vulnerability could be used if the spoofer knew the phone number registered to their victim's account. Within a few weeks of this discovery Twitter introduced an optional personal identification number (PIN) that its users could use to authenticate their SMS-originating messages.[185]
On January 5, 2009, 33 high-profile Twitter accounts were compromised after a Twitter administrator's password was guessed by a dictionary attack.[186] Falsified tweets — including sexually explicit and drug-related messages — were sent from these accounts.[187]
Twitter launched the
In May 2010, a bug was discovered by İnci Sözlük, involving users that allowed Twitter users to force others to follow them without the other users' consent or knowledge. For example, comedian Conan O'Brien's account, which had been set to follow only one person, was changed to receive nearly 200 malicious subscriptions.[189]
In response to Twitter's security breaches, the US Federal Trade Commission brought charges against the service which were settled on June 24, 2010. This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses. The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.[190]
On December 14, 2010, the
A "MouseOver" exploit occurred on September 21, 2010, when an
In May 2011, a
On May 29, 2011, it was reported that South Tyneside council in England had successfully taken legal action against Twitter in a court in California, which forced Twitter to reveal the details of five user accounts. The council was trying to discover the identity of a blogger called "Mr Monkey"[201] who allegedly posted libellous statements about three local councillors.[202]
On January 23, 2012, it was reported that Twitter would be acquiring Dasient, a startup that offers malware protection for businesses. Twitter hopes that Dasient will help remove hateful advertisers on the website.[203]
On January 26, 2012, Twitter began offering a feature which would allow tweets to be removed selectively by country. Twitter cited France and Germany as examples, where pro-
On February 20, 2012, a
On May 17, 2012, Twitter announced it would implement the "Do Not Track" privacy option, a cookie-blocking feature found in Mozilla's Firefox browser. The "Do Not Track" feature works only on sites that have agreed to the service.[210]
In August 2012 it was reported that there is a market in fake Twitter followers that are used to increase politicians' and celebrities' apparent popularity.[211]
In April 2013 Twitter warned news organizations around the world to secure their Twitter accounts after a number of high profile hacks of official accounts including those of the Associated Press and The Guardian.[212] In May 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking.[213]
In August 2013, Twitter announced plans to introduce a "report abuse" button for all versions of the site. A petition for making the process of complaining about harassment easier had collected over 100,000 signatures. The move followed the posting of abusive tweets, including rape and death threats to historian
Open source
Twitter has a history of both using and releasing
Innovators patent agreement
On April 17, 2012, Twitter announced it would implement an “Innovators Patent Agreement” which would obligate Twitter to only use its patents for defensive purposes. The agreement went into effect in 2012.[223]
URL shortener
t.co is a URL shortening service created by Twitter.[101] It is only available for links posted to Twitter and not available for general use.[101] All links posted to Twitter use a t.co wrapper.[224] Twitter hopes that the service will be able to protect users from malicious sites,[101] and will use it to track clicks on links within tweets.[101][225]
Having previously used the services of third parties
Integrated photo-sharing service
On June 1, 2011, Twitter announced its own integrated photo-sharing service that enables users to upload a photo and attach it to a Tweet right from Twitter.com.[227] Users now also have the ability to add pictures to Twitter's search by adding hashtags to the tweet.[228] Twitter also plans to provide photo galleries designed to gather and syndicate all photos that a user has uploaded on Twitter and third-party services such as TwitPic.[228]
Society
Issues and controversies
Twitter has been used for a variety of purposes in many industries and scenarios. For example, it has been used to organize protests, sometimes referred to as "Twitter Revolutions", which include the
The service is also used as a form of
Another, more
Twitter has been used by
Impact
Twitter has been adopted as a communication and learning tool in educational settings mostly in colleges and universities.[243][244] It has been used as a backchannel to promote student interactions, especially in large-lecture courses.[245] Research has found that using Twitter in college courses helps students communicate with each other and faculty, promotes informal learning, allows shy students a forum for increased participation, increases student engagement, and improves overall course grades.[246][247][248]
More than twenty
In May 2008,
Tech writer
Novelist Rick Moody wrote a short story for Electric Literature called "Some Contemporary Characters," composed entirely of tweets.[257]
In 2009,
During the
According to an analysis of accounts, the heads of state of 125 countries and 139 other leading politicians have Twitter accounts that have between them sent more than 350,000 tweets and have almost 52 million followers. However, only 30 of these do their own tweeting, more than 80 do not subscribe to other politicians and many do not follow any accounts.[267]
After claims in the media that the hashtags #wikileaks and #occupywallstreet were being censored because they did not show up on the site's list of trending topics, Twitter responded by stating that it does not censor hashtags unless they contain obscenities.[268][269][270]
Television, rating
Twitter is also increasingly used for making
In December 2012, Twitter and Nielsen entered a multi-year agreement to produce social TV ratings, which are expected to be commercially available for the fall 2013 season as the
In April 2013 the Associated Press' Twitter account was briefly hacked into, sending out a message that US president Barack Obama had been injured in an attack on the White House. Stocks lost $134 billion in value almost instantly, before recovering in value when it was discovered the report was false.[281]
Statistics
Most popular accounts
As of November 7, 2013, the following ten individuals and organizations managed the most popular accounts (number of followers in parentheses):
- Katy Perry (46,779,248)
- Justin Bieber (46,658,536)
- Lady Gaga (40,434,804)
- Barack Obama(39,465,296)
- Taylor Swift (36,420,115)
- YouTube (35,933,866)
- Britney Spears (33,885,632)
- Rihanna (32,570,351)
- Justin Timberlake (28,162,984)
- Shakira (22,709,876)
Oldest accounts
The oldest Twitter accounts are 14 accounts which became active on 21 March 2006, all belonging to Twitter employees at the time and including @jack (Jack Dorsey), @biz (Biz Stone) and @noah (Noah Glass).[282]
Record tweets
On February 3, 2013, Twitter announced that a record 24.1 million tweets were sent the night of Super Bowl XLVII.[283]
The most retweeted tweet is by Barack Obama, following his victory in the
Future
Twitter emphasized its news and information-network strategy in November 2009 by changing the question asked to users for status updates from "What are you doing?" to "What's happening?"[286][287] On November 22, 2010, Biz Stone, a cofounder of the company, expressed for the first time the idea of a Twitter news network,[288] a concept of a wire-like news service he has been working on for years.[289]
See also
- Ambient awareness
- Comparison of microblogging services
- CTB v News Group Newspapers
- List of virtual communities with more than 100 million users
- List of mergers and acquisitions by Twitter
References
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Further reading
- Fitton, Laura (2009). Twitter for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. )
- Template:BlackBerry App World
- Twitter on the App Store
External links
- About Twitter, by Twitter Inc.
- Official website
- Twitter on Twitter
- Twitter Demographics and Audience Profile at Quantcast
- The Library of Congress is Archiving Your Tweets – audio report by NPR
- Large Scale Machine Learning at Twitter (keynote by Alek Kolcz at ESWC2012) - an overview of technologies used and future challenges at the Twitter company
- The Impact of Twitter on Journalism | OFF BOOK Documentary produced by Off Book (web series)