The Nutcracker: Difference between revisions

Alexandre Benois described the choreography of the battle scene as confusing: "One can not understand anything. Disorderly pushing about from corner to corner and running backwards and forwards – quite amateurish."^[10]

The libretto was criticized as "lopsided"

Tchaikovsky was less satisfied with The Nutcracker than with The Sleeping Beauty. (In the film Fantasia, commentator Deems Taylor observes that he "really detested" the score.) Tchaikovsky accepted the commission from Vsevolozhsky but did not particularly want to write the ballet^[23] (though he did write to a friend while composing it: "I am daily becoming more and more attuned to my task").^[24]

Concert excerpts and arrangements

Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Suite, Op. 71a

Tchaikovsky made a selection of eight of the numbers from the ballet before the ballet's December 1892 première, forming The Nutcracker Suite, Op. 71a, intended for concert performance. The suite was first performed, under the composer's direction, on 19 March 1892 at an assembly of the St. Petersburg branch of the Musical Society.^[25] The suite became instantly popular, with almost every number encored at its premiere,^[26] while the complete ballet did not begin to achieve its great popularity until after the George Balanchine staging became a hit in New York City.^[27] The suite became very popular on the concert stage, and was featured in Disney's Fantasia. The Nutcracker Suite should not be mistaken for the complete ballet. The outline below represents the selection and sequence of the Nutcracker Suite culled by the composer.

III. Miniature Overture

III. Danses caractéristiques

a. Marche

b. Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy [ending altered from ballet-version]

c. Russian Dance (

Trepak

)

d. Arabian Dance

e. Chinese Dance

f. Reed Flutes

III. Waltz of the Flowers

Grainger: Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky’s Flower Waltz, for solo piano

The Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky’s Flower Waltz is a successful piano arrangement from one of the movements from The Nutcracker by the pianist and composer Percy Grainger.

Pletnev: Concert suite from The Nutcracker, for solo piano

The pianist and conductor Mikhail Pletnev adapted some of the music into a virtuosic concert suite for piano solo:

a. March

b. Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy

c. Tarantella

d. Intermezzo (Journey through the Snow)

e. Russian Trepak

f. Chinese Dance

g. Andante maestoso (Pas de Deux)

Selected discography

Many recordings have been made since 1909 of the Nutcracker Suite, which made its initial appearance on disc that year in what is now historically considered the first

• 1954, the year in which Balanchine first staged his production of it, was also the year that the first complete recording of the ballet appeared – a 2-LP album set in mono sound released by
  Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1975 for Philips Classics. According to Mercury Records, the 1962 recording was made on 35mm magnetic film rather than audio tape, and used album cover art identical to that of the 1954 recording.^[31][32] Dorati is the only conductor so far to have made three different recordings of the complete ballet. Some have hailed the 1975 recording as the finest ever made of the complete ballet.^[33]
  It is also faithful to the score in employing a boys' choir in the Waltz of the Snowflakes. Many other recordings use an adult or mixed choir.
• In 1956, the conductor
  Columbia Masterworks in 1946, a recording which was reissued in 1948 as part of Columbia's first collection of classical LP's.^[34] According to some sources, Rodziński made two complete recordings of the ballet, one with the Royal Philharmonic and one with the London Philharmonic Orchestra.^[35]
  However, the conductor died only two years after making his 1956 Nutcracker recording, so it is possible that there may have been a mislabeling.
• In 1959, the first stereo LP album set of the complete ballet, with
  London Records
  in the US.
• The first complete stereo Nutcracker with a Russian conductor and a Russian orchestra appeared in 1960, when
  Columbia Masterworks. It was also Columbia Masterworks' first complete Nutcracker.^[36]

• The soundtrack of the 1977 television production with Mikhail Baryshnikov and
  CBS Masterworks
  2 LP-set, but it has not appeared on CD. The LP soundtrack recording was, for a time, the only stereo version of the Baryshnikov Nutcracker available, since the show was originally telecast only in mono, and it was not until recently that it began to be telecast with stereo sound. The sound portion of the DVD is also in stereo.
• The first complete recording of the ballet in digital stereo was issued in 1985, on a two-CD RCA set featuring Leonard Slatkin conducting the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. This album originally had no "filler", but it has recently been re-issued on a multi-CD set containing complete recordings of Tchaikovsky's two other ballets, Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty. This three-ballet album has now gone out of print.

There have been two major theatrical film versions of the ballet, made within seven years of each other, and both were given soundtrack albums.

• The first theatrical film adaptation, made in 1985, is of the Pacific Northwest Ballet version, and was conducted by Sir Charles Mackerras. The music is played in this production by the London Symphony Orchestra. The film was directed by Carroll Ballard, who had never before directed a ballet film (and hasn't since). Patricia Barker played Clara in the fantasy sequences, and Vanessa Sharp played her in the Christmas party scene. Wade Walthall was the Nutcracker Prince.
• The second film adaptation was a 1993 film of the New York City Ballet version, titled George Balanchine's The Nutcracker, with David Zinman conducting the New York City Ballet Orchestra. The director was Emile Ardolino, who had won the Emmy, Obie, and Academy Awards for filming dance, and was to die of AIDS later that year. Principal dancers included the Balanchine muse Darci Kistler, who played the Sugar Plum Fairy, Heather Watts, Damian Woetzel, and Kyra Nichols. Two well-known actors also took part: Macaulay Culkin appeared as the Nutcracker/Prince, and Kevin Kline served as the offscreen narrator. The soundtrack features the interpolated number from The Sleeping Beauty that Balanchine used in the production, and the music is heard on the album in the order that it appears in the film, not in the order that it appears in the original ballet.^[39]
• Notable albums of excerpts from the ballet, rather than just the usual Nutcracker Suite, were recorded by
  CBS Masterworks was complete, but is out of print;^[40] the currently available edition is abridged.^[41]

Neither Ormandy, Reiner, nor Fiedler ever recorded a complete version of the ballet; however, Kunzel's album of excerpts runs 73 minutes, containing more than two-thirds of the music. Conductor Neeme Järvi has recorded act 2 of the ballet complete, along with excerpts from Swan Lake. The music is played by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra.^[42]

• Very many famous conductors of the twentieth century made recordings of the suite, but not of the complete ballet. These include such luminaries as
  John Williams
  , among many others.
• In 2007, Josh Perschbacher recorded an organ transcription of the Nutcracker Suite.

Contemporary arrangements

• In 1942, Freddy Martin and his orchestra recorded The Nutcracker Suite for Dance Orchestra on a set of 4 10-inch 78-RPM records. An arrangement of the suite that lay between dance music and jazz, it was released by RCA Victor.^[43]
• In 1947, Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians recorded "The Nutcracker Suite" on a two-part Decca Records 12-inch 78 RPM record with one part on each side as Decca DU 90022,^[44] packaged in a picture sleeve. This version had custom lyrics written for Waring's chorus by among others, Waring himself. The arrangements were by Harry Simeone.
• In 1960, Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn composed jazz interpretations of pieces from Tchaikovsky's score, recorded and released on LP as The Nutcracker Suite.^[45] In 1999, this suite was supplemented with additional arrangements from the score by David Berger for The Harlem Nutcracker, a production of the ballet by Donald Byrd set during the Harlem Renaissance.^[46]
• In 1960, Shorty Rogers released The Swingin' Nutcracker, featuring jazz interpretations of pieces from Tchaikovsky's score.
• In 1962, American poet and humorist Ogden Nash wrote verses inspired by the ballet,^[47] and these verses have sometimes been performed in concert versions of the Nutcracker Suite. It has been recorded with Peter Ustinov reciting the verses, and the music is unchanged from the original.^[48]
• In 1962 a novelty
  studio musicians Al Hazan (piano), Earl Palmer (drums), Tommy Tedesco (guitar) and Red Callender (bass). "Nut Rocker" has subsequently been covered by many others including The Shadows, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, The Ventures, Dropkick Murphys, The Brian Setzer Orchestra, and the Trans-Siberian Orchestra. The Ventures' own instrumental rock cover of "Nut Rocker", known as "Nutty", is commonly connected to the NHL team, the Boston Bruins
  , from being used as the theme for the Bruins' telecast games for over two decades, from the late 1960s. In 2004, The Invincible Czars arranged, recorded, and now annually perform the entire suite for rock band.
• The Trans-Siberian Orchestra's first album, Christmas Eve and Other Stories, includes an instrumental piece titled "A Mad Russian's Christmas", which is a rock version of music from The Nutcracker.
• On the other end of the scale is the humorous Spike Jones version released in December 1945 and again in 1971 as part of the long play record Spike Jones is Murdering the Classics, one of the rare comedic pop records to be issued on the prestigious RCA Red Seal label.
• The Disco Biscuits
  , a trance-fusion jam band from Philadelphia, have performed "Waltz of the Flowers" and "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" on multiple occasions.
• The Los Angeles Guitar Quartet (LAGQ) recorded the Suite arranged for four acoustic guitars on their CD recording Dances from Renaissance to Nutcracker (1992, Delos).
• In 1993, guitarist Tim Sparks recorded his arrangements for acoustic guitar on The Nutcracker Suite.
• The Shirim Klezmer Orchestra released a
  off Broadway in New York City.^[49]
• In 2002, The Constructus Corporation used the melody of Sugar Plum Fairy for their track Choose Your Own Adventure.
• In 2008 a progressive metal / instrumental rock version of The Nutcracker Suite was released by Christmas at the Devil's House. It includes Overture Miniature, March, Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy, Russian Dance, Chinese Dance, Arabian Dance, Dance of the Reed Flutes, and Waltz of the Flowers.
• In 2009, Pet Shop Boys used a melody from "March" for their track "All Over the World", taken from their album Yes.
• In 2010, Belgian rapper Lunaman had a hit single "Nutcracka", whose chorus quoted portions of the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy".
• In 2012, jazz pianist Eyran Katsenelenbogen released his renditions of Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy, Dance of the Reed Flutes, Russian Dance and Waltz of the Flowers from the Nutcracker Suite.
• In 2012, Duo Symphonious recorded an extended version of the Suite arranged for two classical guitars on their debut album "The Portable Nutcracker". Their version includes "A Pine Forest in Winter" as well as the entire "Pas de Deux".
• In 2014, Canadian electronic music producer Brado Popcorn released three versions of the song, titled "The Distorted Dance of The Sugarplum Fairy" on his "A Tribute to the Music of Tetris" album.^[50]
• In 2014, Pentatonix released an a cappella arrangement of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" on the holiday album That's Christmas to Me and received a Grammy Award on 16 February 2016 for best arrangement.
• In 2016, Jennifer Thomas included an instrumental version of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" on her album Winter Symphony.
• In 2017, Lindsey Stirling released her version of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" on her holiday album Warmer in the Winter.^[51]

In popular culture

For a comprehensive list of stage, film and television adaptations of The Nutcracker, see: List of productions of The Nutcracker

Film

Several films having little or nothing to do with the ballet or the original Hoffmann tale have used its music:

• The 1940
  Disney animated film Fantasia features a segment using The Nutcracker Suite. This version was also included both as part of the 3-LP soundtrack album of Fantasia (since released as a 2-CD set), and as a single LP, with Dance of the Hours, another Fantasia segment, on the reverse side.^[52][53]
• The Spirit of Christmas, a 1950 marionette made-for-TV featurette in color narrated by Alexander Scourby, utilizes the poem A Visit from St. Nicholas, and this sequence also includes music from The Nutcracker.
• A 1951 thirty-minute short, Santa and the Fairy Snow Queen, issued on DVD by Something Weird Video, features several dances from The Nutcracker.^[54]
• A 1954 16mm
  short subject version of The Little Match Girl
  features a dream sequence in which music from The Nutcracker is played.
• The Nutcracker (1973) features a nameless girl (slightly similar to Clara) who works as a maid. She befriends and falls in love with a nutcracker ornament, who was a young prince cursed by the three headed Mouse King.
• Sanrio released a stop-motion adaptation of The Nutcracker entitled Nutcracker Fantasy in 1979.
• A 1990 animated film titled The Nutcracker Prince uses cuts of the music throughout and its story is based heavily on that of the ballet.
• In 2001,
  rotoscoped using real ballet dancers.^[55]
• In the 2006 remake of Black Christmas, 'Dance of the sugar plum fairy' appears numerous times throughout the movie including being the ringtone of the protagonist's cellphone, a music box and playing during the end credits.
• In 2007, Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale also used 'The Nutcracker' excerpts, which were performed by The Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia.
• In 2010,
  box office bomb
  .
• In 2013,
  Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie
  the ending scene is a reference to the Nutcracker Witch.
• Disney is developing a live-action adaptation titled
  The Nutcracker and the Four Realms, Lasse Hallström would direct from a script by Ashleigh Powell.^[56]

Television

• A 1954 Christmas episode of General Electric Theater featured Fred Waring and his choral group, the Pennsylvanians, singing excerpts from The Nutcracker with specially written lyrics. While the music was being sung, the audience saw ballet dancers performing.^[57] The episode was hosted by Ronald Reagan.
• A 1996 episode of The Magic School Bus ("Holiday Special", season 3, episode 39), Wanda is planning to see a performance of The Nutcracker. Some of the music for this episode was based on the score of the ballet.^[58]
• Princess Tutu, a 2002 anime series that uses elements from many ballets as both music and as part of the storyline, uses the music from The Nutcracker in many places throughout its run, including using an arranged version of the overture as the theme for the main character. Both the first and last episodes feature The Nutcracker as their 'theme', and one of the main characters is named Drosselmeyer.
• A 2002 episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog titled "The Nutcracker", set in a junkyard, portrayed the title character using a broken nutcracker to defend his masters against two enormous rats intent on devouring them.
• A
  Ludwig von Drake as a character based on Herr Drosselmeyer, Goofy as the Sugar Plum Fairy and Donald Duck as the "Duck-stroke-Mouse-stroke-King-type-person" (or the Mouse King), and portrayed a brief overview of the story, sarcastically narrated by John Cleese. The story ran with modern rock
  -style adaptations of Tchaikovsky's music.
• The "Toon TV" episode of Tiny Toon Adventures and The Plucky Duck Show features a song called "Video Game Blues", set to the melodies of "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" and the "Russian Dance".
• A 2005 episode of The Simpsons called "Simpsons Christmas Stories" (Season 17, episode 9), features a montage in which are seen residents of Springfield on Christmas, singing to the tune of pieces from The Nutcracker Suite.^[59]
• The Wonder Pets
  on Nick Jr. includes a Christmas themed episode called "Save the Nutcracker", featuring the Nutcracker and Mouse King from the original ballet, as well as much of the music.
• An episode of the PBS Kids series Super Why features the Mouse King as a central character.
• In an episode of Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps, Angelina sees a performance of The Nutcracker.
• The Animaniacs cartoon Nutcracker Slappy featured Slappy and Skippy trying to crack open a walnut in various ways only to find it was empty, all to the music of The Nutcracker.
• A two part episode of the Care Bears cartoon series in the 1980s features the Care Bears as the main characters, with Beastley as the Rat King.
• During the Christmas music special of
  Beavis and Butt-head, one of the incidental bits of music they hear is the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy, at which Beavis is impressed (saying it's like Ozzy) and he even chants along to the tune before humming Iron Man
  . The song also appears in the episode The Mystery Of Morning Wood while they sleep and the Morning Wood Fairy comes out of the TV.
• In the
  heavy metal
  , while Jamie is gently preparing the roll cage to the tune of “Dance of the Reed Flutes.”
• Spam
  ." Within this episode is the "Hospital for Over-Actors" sketch, which includes several patients acting as the Mouse King.
• In the early 1980s, a commercial for the breakfast cereal Smurfberry Crunch used a portion of The Nutcracker Suite as music for an advertising jingle sung by
  Smurfs.^[60]
• The season 1 episode of
  Suds
  ", "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" is heard in its background music soundtrack a number of times.
• In episode 9 of Time Bokan 24, "Dance of the Reed Flutes" plays when the Akudama Trio holds signs in Space to get Gagarin to say "The Earth is Blue".

Video games

• In the Game Boy version of Tetris, "Russian Dance".
• In the NES version of Tetris, the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" is available as background music (referred to in the settings as "Music 1").
• In the NES game, Winter Games, "Waltz of the Flowers" is used as the music for the figure skating event.
• In the game BioShock, the main character Jack meets an insane musician named Sander Cohen who tasks Jack with killing and photographing four of Sander's ex-disciples. When the third photograph is given to Sander, in a fit of pique he unleashes waves of splicer enemies to attack Jack while playing "Waltz of the Flowers" from speakers in the area.
• In the original
  Lemmings
  "Dance of the Reed Flutes" and "Miniature Overture" is used in several levels.
• In Weird Dreams, there is also a fat ballerina dancing to the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" in the Hall of Tubes.
• In the
  Baby Bowser levels of Yoshi's Story
  , a variation of the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" is used as the background music.
• In Mega Man Legends, the "Waltz of the Flowers" can be heard in the Balloon Fantasy minigame.
• In the Wii Winter Olympics game, a piece from "The Nutcracker" is used as background music for a figure skating event.^[61]
• In Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance the "Waltz of Flowers", "The Arabian Dance", "The Russian Dance", "The Dance of the Reed Flutes" and "The Chinese Dance" are the background themes that play when Riku is in the world based on Disney's Fantasia.
• In Hatoful Boyfriend, the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" is used as the character theme for Iwamine Shuu.
• In a TV advertisement for Army Men: Sarge's Heroes 2, the plastic army men work together using a train playset to move a firecracker under the Christmas tree and place it between the Nutcracker doll's legs, while "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" plays.
• In Fantasia: Music Evolved, a medley of "The Nutcracker" is listed and consists of the "Marche", "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy", and "Trepak"; besides the original mix, there is also the "D00 BAH D00" mix and the "DC Breaks" mix.
• In Dynamite Headdy, the "March" is used in the Mad Dog boss battle.
• In Grand Theft Auto V one of the classical horns, that can be bought for cars, plays the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy".^[62]
• The "Waltz of the Flowers" appears during a baby's death scene in What Remains of Edith Finch.
• In Rainbow Six: Siege, the piece: The Nutcracker, Miniature Overture, composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky can be overheard playing in the Cigar Lounge on the second floor of Kafe Dostoyevsky.

Children's recordings

There have been several recorded children's adaptations of the E.T.A. Hoffmann story (the basis for the ballet) using Tchaikovsky's music, some quite faithful, some not. One that was not was a version titled The Nutcracker Suite for Children, narrated by Metropolitan Opera announcer Milton Cross, which used a two-piano arrangement of the music. It was released as a 78-RPM album set in the 1940s.^[63] For the children's label Peter Pan Records, actor Victor Jory narrated a condensed adaptation of the story with excerpts from the score. It was released on one side of a 45-RPM disc.^[64] A later version, titled The Nutcracker Suite, starred Denise Bryer and a full cast, was released in the 1960s on LP and made use of Tchaikovsky's music in the original orchestral arrangements. It was quite faithful to Hoffmann's story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, on which the ballet is based, even to the point of including the section in which Clara cuts her arm on the glass toy cabinet, and also mentioning that she married the Prince at the end. It also included a less gruesome version of "The Tale of the Hard Nut", the tale-within-a-tale in Hoffmann's story. It was released as part of the Tale Spinners for Children series.^[65]

Another children's LP, The Nutcracker Suite with Words, featured Captain Kangaroo's Bob Keeshan narrating the story, and sung versions of the different movements, with special lyrics.^[66]

Journalism

• In 2009, Pulitzer Prize–winning dance critic Sarah Kaufman wrote a series of articles for The Washington Post criticizing the primacy of The Nutcracker in the American repertory for stunting the creative evolution of ballet in the United States:^[67][68][69]

That warm and welcoming veneer of domestic bliss in The Nutcracker gives the appearance that all is just plummy in the ballet world. But ballet is beset by serious ailments that threaten its future in this country... companies are so cautious in their programming that they have effectively reduced an art form to a rotation of over-roasted chestnuts that no one can justifiably croon about... The tyranny of The Nutcracker is emblematic of how dull and risk-averse American ballet has become. There were moments throughout the 20th century when ballet was brave. When it threw bold punches at its own conventions. First among these was the Ballets Russes period, when ballet – ballet – lassoed the avant-garde art movement and, with works such as Michel Fokine's fashionably sexy Scheherazade (1910) and Léonide Massine's Cubist-inspired Parade (1917), made world capitals sit up and take notice. Afraid of scandal? Not these free-thinkers; Vaslav Nijinsky's rough-hewn, aggressive Rite of Spring famously put Paris in an uproar in 1913... Where are this century's provocations? Has ballet become so entwined with its "Nutcracker" image, so fearfully wedded to unthreatening offerings, that it has forgotten how eye-opening and ultimately nourishing creative destruction can be?^[68]

— Sarah Kaufman, dance critic for The Washington Post

• In 2010, Alastair Macaulay, dance critic for The New York Times (who had previously taken Sarah Kaufman to task for her criticism of The Nutcracker^[70]) began The Nutcracker Chronicles, a series of blog articles documenting his travels across the United States to see different productions of the ballet.^[71]

Act I of The Nutcracker ends with snow falling and snowflakes dancing. Yet The Nutcracker is now seasonal entertainment even in parts of America where snow seldom falls: Hawaii, the California coast, Florida. Over the last 70 years this ballet – conceived in the Old World – has become an American institution. Its amalgam of children, parents, toys, a Christmas tree, snow, sweets and Tchaikovsky’s astounding score is integral to the season of good will that runs from Thanksgiving to New Year... I am a European who lives in America, and I never saw any Nutcracker until I was 21. Since then I’ve seen it many times. The importance of this ballet to America has become a phenomenon that surely says as much about this country as it does about this work of art. So this year I'm running a Nutcracker marathon: taking in as many different American productions as I can reasonably manage in November and December, from coast to coast (more than 20, if all goes well). America is a country I’m still discovering; let The Nutcracker be part of my research.^[72]

— Alastair Macauley, dance critic for The New York Times

See also

• Parade of the Wooden Soldiers

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Anderson, J. (1958). The Nutcracker Ballet, New York: Mayflower Books.
2. ^ ^{a b} Fisher, J. (2003). Nutcracker Nation: How an Old World Ballet Became a Christmas Tradition in the New World, New Haven: Yale University Press.
3. Crain's New York Business
   . Retrieved 3 November 2017.
4. ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (30 November 2009). "Coming Next Year: Nutcracker Competition". The New York Times.
5. ^ Morin, A. (2001). The Third Ear Essential Listening Companion to Classical Music, Backbeat Books.
6. ^ ^{a b} Hoffmann, E. T. A., Dumas, A., Neugroschel, J. (2007). Nutcracker and Mouse King, and the Tale of the Nutcracker, New York
7. ^ Rosenberg, Donald (22 November 2009). "Tchaikovsky's 'Nutcracker' a rite of winter thanks to its glorious music and breathtaking dances". Cleveland.com. Cleveland. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
8. ^ "Tchaikovsky". Balletalert.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Nutcracker History". Balletmet.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
10. ^ ^{a b c} Fisher (2003): p. 15.
11. ^ ^{a b} Fisher (2003): p. 16.
12. ^ Fisher (2003): p. 14–15.
13. ^ Fisher (2003): p. 17.
14. ^ Wiley, Roland John. (1991). Tchaikovsky's Ballets: Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. ^ "Ballet Talk [Powered by Invision Power Board]". Ballettalk.invisionzone.com. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) ^{[unreliable source?]}
16. ^ Craine, Debra (8 December 2007). "Christmas cracker". The Times. London.
17. ^ "Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo records, 1935–1968 (MS Thr 463): Guide".
18. ^ Soviet ed., where they are printed in the original French with added Russian translation in editorial footnotes)
19. ^ Wiley, 1991: p. 220.
20. ^ Tchaikovsky, P. (2004). The Nutcracker: Complete Score, Dover Publications.
21. ^ Schwarm, Betsy. "The Nutcrack, OP. 71". Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Music Alliance. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
22. ^ Nutcracker Nation: How an Old World ... – Google Books. Google Books. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
23. ^ Tchaikovsky By David Brown W. W. Norton & Company, 1992 page 332
24. ^ "The KEZ Christmas Countdown: Day 19 – The Nutcracker | David Appleford". Kfyi.com. 19 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
25. ^ Alexander Poznansky, Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man, p. 544
26. ^ Brown, David. Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885-1893. London, 1991; corrected edition 1992: p. 386
27. ^ "The Nutcracker Profile: The History of The Nutcracker". Classicalmusic.about.com. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
28. ^ "Recording Technology History". History.sandiego.edu. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
29. ^ Macaulay, Alastair. "'The Nutcracker' Chronicles: Listening to the Score".
30. ^ "Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Complete Ballet); Serenade for Strings – Credits on MSN Music". Music.msn.com. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
31. ^ "Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky, Antal Dorati, Harold Lawrence, London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Hungarica, London Symphony Orchestra Chorus – Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Complete Ballet); Serenade in C Major – Amazon.com Music".
32. ^ Styrous®. "The Styrous® Viewfinder".
33. ^ "Nutcracker". Classicalcdreview.com. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
34. ^ "Tchaikovsky / Artur Rodzinski, 1946: Щелкунчик / Nutcracker Suite, Part 1 – NYPO". YouTube. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
35. ^ Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Ballet (24 August 1991). "Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Ballet: Tchaikovsky, Rodzinski, Phil Symphony Orchestra: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
36. ^ "Tchaikovsky, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Bolshoi Theater Orchestra – Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Complete) – Amazon.com Music".
37. ^ "Tchaikovsky: the Nutcracker: Sir Simon Rattle, Tchaikovsky, Berliner Philharmoniker: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
38. ^ "Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Michael Tilson Thomas, The Philharmonia Orchestra, Ambrosian Singers – Tchaikovsky: Music From The Nutcracker (Highlights) – Amazon.com Music".
39. ^ "The Nutcracker (1993 Motion Picture Soundtrack): Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky, David Zinman, New York City Ballet Orchestra: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
40. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
41. ^ "Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker (Complete): Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
42. ^ "Tchaikovsky: Nutcracker, Act II/ Swan Lake". AllMusic.
43. ^ "Freddy Martin And His Orchestra – Tschaikowsky's Nutracker Suite In Dance Tempo". Discogs.
44. ^ "Fred Waring & the Pennsylvanians – Nutcracker Suite".
45. ^ "A Duke Ellington Panorama". Depanorama.net. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
46. ^ "The Harlem Nutcracker". Susan Kuklin. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
47. ^ "The New Nutcracker Suite and Other Innocent Verses: Ogden Nash, Ivan Chermayeff: Amazon.com: Books".
48. ^ Ogden Nash. "THE NEW NUTCRACKER SUITE & Other Innocent Verses". Kirkus Reviews.
49. ^ "blogcritics.org". blogcritics.org. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
50. ^ "A Tribute to the Music of Tetris by Brado Popcorn on Apple Music".
51. ^ "Lindsey Stirling Talks Joining 'Dancing With the Stars' & Shares First Holiday Album Track: Premiere". Billboard. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
52. ^ "Disney (All) The Nutcracker Suite/Dance Of The Hours – Sealed USA LP RECORD (284287)". Eil.com. 21 April 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
53. ^ "Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker Suite Also Ponchielli's Dance Of The Hours Philadelphia Orchestra Leopold Stokowski Conducting: Leopold Stokowski: Music". Amazon.com. 9 September 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
54. ^ "Santa and the Fairy Snow Queen : A Sid Davis Production : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. 10 March 2001. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
55. ^ daflauta (2 October 2001). "Barbie in the Nutcracker (Video 2001)". IMDb.
56. ^ Kit, Borys (4 March 2016). "Lasse Hallstrom to Direct Live-Action 'Nutcracker' for Disney". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 6 March 2016. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
57. ^ ""General Electric Theater" Music for Christmas (TV Episode 1954)". IMDb. 19 December 1954.
58. ^ ""The Magic School Bus" The Family Holiday Special (TV Episode 1996)". IMDb. 25 December 1996.
59. ^ "The Simpsons: Simpsons Christmas Stories Episode Summary on". Tv.com. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
60. ^ "Smurf Berry Crunch Cereal". MrBreakfast.com. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
61. ^ "Super Mario Wiki/Figure Skating". Mariowiki.com. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
62. ^ "GTA5 Classical horn 3". youtube.com. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
63. ^ "Week 50". Kiddierecords.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
64. ^ "11 The Nutcracker Suite : Victor Jory". SoundCloud.
65. ^ "Tale Spinners for Children". Artsreformation.com. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
66. ^ Ronnie Falcao, LM MS. "The Nutcracker Suite with Words". Gentlebirth.org. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
67. ^ Kaufman, Sarah (13 September 2009). "Here Come Those Sugar Plums and Chestnuts". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
68. ^ ^{a b} Kaufman, Sarah (22 November 2009). "Breaking pointe: 'The Nutcracker' takes more than it gives to world of ballet". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
69. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (14 December 2009). "Sugar Plum Overdose: The Case Against 'The Nutcracker'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
70. ^ Macauley, Alastair (16 November 2010). "A 'Nutcracker' Lover Explains Himself". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
71. ^ Macauley, Alastair (10 November 2010). "The 'Nutcracker' Chronicles: The Marathon Begins". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
72. ^ Macauley, Alastair (10 November 2010). "The Sugarplum Diet". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2010.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Nutcracker.

• The Nutcracker: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
• Tchaikovsky Research
• The Nutcracker ballet

Template:Tchaikovsky ballets