State Security Investigations Service

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
State Security Investigations Service (SSI)
مباحث أمن الدولة
Agency overview
Formed1913
1954
Dissolved2011
Superseding agency
  • Government of Egypt
HeadquartersCairo, Egypt
Agency executive
Parent agencyMinistry of Interior

The State Security Investigations Service (

Egyptian Arabic: مباحث أمن الدولة Mabahith Amn El Dawla) was the highest national internal security authority in Egypt. Estimated to employ 100,000 personnel, the SSI was the main security and intelligence apparatus of Egypt's Ministry of Interior. The SSI focused on monitoring underground networks of radical Islamists and probably planted agents in those organizations[1] and had the role of controlling opposition groups, both armed groups and those engaged in peaceful opposition to the government.[2][3] It has been described as "detested"[4] and "widely hated".[5]

Following the

Egyptian Homeland Security after the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.[4]

History

Originally formed during the colonial era in 1913 as the Intelligence wing of the National Police, the service was reformed and reorganized following the 1952

Free Officers' Movement of Gamal Abdel Nasser
.

After 1954–55, when relations between

Police, who had proven their political reliability. Candidates had to be recommended by loyal Police officers and serving State Security officers. During the Sadat and Mubarak eras, the agency continued its focus on radical Islamists but eased up on the suppression of the Liberal opposition. The SSIS excelled in planting moles and infiltrators within Islamist groups, a practice that would later be carried out with ruthless efficiency by the agency's trainees in Algeria and Syria. Torture was rampantly used during interrogation. Detainees were regularly beaten to death, and sexual penetration was used as a form of torture against Islamist detainees. The agency came to be regarded as professionally competent and capable by Western counter-terror agencies.[citation needed
]

Torture

In a report in 2002, the United Nations Committee against Torture expressed "particular concern at the widespread evidence of torture and ill-treatment in administrative premises under the control of the State Security Investigation Department, the infliction of which is reported to be facilitated by the lack of any mandatory inspection by an independent body of such premises."[6] Human Rights Watch reported that "Egyptian authorities have a longstanding and well-documented record of engaging in arbitrary arrests, incommunicado detention, and torture and other ill-treatment of detainees," and that the SSI has in particular committed acts of torture and denied detainees fundamental human rights.[7] A US diplomatic cable reported that police brutality and torture are "routine and pervasive". The cable also reported that the security services functioned as "instruments of power that serve and protect the regime".[8]

Both Egyptian and international human rights groups, as well as the United Nations Committee Against Torture, have documented widespread use of torture by the SSI, with Human Rights Watch singling out the SSI in what it called a "pervasive culture of impunity" with regard to torture.[9]

Involvement in extraordinary rendition

Italian authorities investigating the

cleric Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr, also known as Abu Omar, from the streets of Milan on February 17, 2003 have said that his final disposition, after a flight from Aviano to Ramstein and then from Ramstein to Alexandria, was into the hands of the SSI. At least one of the CIA officials named in the indictment, Robert Seldon Lady
, is said to have accompanied Omar to Egypt, and to have spent two weeks in Cairo assisting in Omar's interrogation.

2011 revolution and after

Storming State Security building, 2011
Shredded documents found inside State Security Investigations Service
Main article: 2011 Egyptian revolution

One of the major demands of protesters during the

Egyptian revolution was the abolition of the State Security Investigations.[10]

Following the 25th of January 2011 Revolution, on the 4th & 5 March 2011, several SSI buildings were raided across Egypt by protesters. Protesters state they raided in the buildings to secure documents they believed to show various crimes committed by the SSI against the people of Egypt during Mubarak's rule.[11] On the night of 5 March in Cairo, "the sight of a dump truck emerging from the Cairo compound laden with shredded paper sent protesters into a fury, creating the momentum that drove the crowd past the army soldiers outside and into the hastily abandoned main building."[12]

Most notably at the

6th of October City, where "some of the most incriminating documents have already been destroyed."[13]
McClatchy Newspapers reported that, when there was much uncertainty about the validity of documents which emerged, "[p]erhaps the most controversial document to ricochet around Internet message boards was one that purport[ed] to lay out State Security's involvement in [the] deadly church bombing on New Year's Day in the port city of Alexandria. ... The legitimacy of the document hasn't been determined, but its distribution touched off protests Sunday in Cairo by hundreds of Coptic Christians."[14]

Other documents uncovered included names of judges involved in fixing elections and those of a small number of Egyptians who were informants. The publishing of these names posed a moral dilemma for some of the protesters, balancing the danger the informants would be put under against anger at having been spied on.[12]

On 15 March 2011, SSIS was dissolved by Interior Minister Mansour el-Essawy in response to the revelations of the previous weeks. He also announced plans for the establishment of a new "National Security Sector" to take over SSIS's counter-terrorism and other domestic-security responsibilities.[15]

Officials from the service complained that during Mohamed Morsi's year in office, the Muslim Brotherhood had access to its files and created security breaches. Due to its efforts of bringing back the security during the Islamist unrest, the agency has gained much of the previous agency's lost respect in Egypt according to Sarah El Deeb of the Associated Press.[5]

Organization

An underground cell in State Security Investigations Service

The SSI was a branch of the Interior Ministry in Egypt with an official aim of protecting the security of Egypt. The SSI had many official bureaus that provide its public face: an "Investigative Bureau" in the Lazoghli section of Cairo,[16] a "Supreme State Security Court" in Giza, a "Supreme State Security Prosecution" (Niyabat Amn al-Dawl a al-'Ulya), etc. A diplomatic cable sent in 2007 published by The Daily Telegraph as part of the leak of classified US diplomatic cables discussed what the then SSI head called the "excellent and strong" cooperation between the SSI and the United States FBI. The cable also discussed the benefit the SSI derived from training opportunities at the FBI's Quantico, Virginia headquarters.[17]

Notable personnel

Major General Ra'uf Khayrat, an assistant director of SSI. 9 April 1994 he was killed in front of his home by a

Sunni terrorist group. A former leader of al-Qaeda Ayman al-Zawahiri mentioned this killing: "Ra'uf Khayrat was one of the most dangerous officers in the State Security Intelligence Department who fought the fundamentalists. He adopted several strict security precautions, such as changing his residence every few months, keeping his home unguarded, and driving his car personally to look like he was an ordinary person with no connection to the authority. However, the Islamic Group colleagues managed to reach him. As he was emerging from his home and about to get into his car, one of the brother mujahidin approached him and threw a bomb inside his car, and he was killed instantly".[18] A trial about the case of the Returnees from Albania in 1999 became the largest one since the assassination of Anwar Sadat
.

On November 23, 1985, EgyptAir Flight 648 was hijacked by three Abu Nidal terrorists. When the hijackers started collecting passports, agent Methad Mustafa Kamal opened fire, killing one hijacker instantly and engaging in a gun battle with the second hijacker. Kamal was mortally wounded by the third and lead hijacker, Omar Rezaq, who came out of the cockpit.[19]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Egypt - Intelligence".
  2. ^ Magnarella 1999, p. 108
  3. ^ Sifton 2007, p. 9
  4. ^ a b WALSH, DECLAN (15 August 2017). "Why Was an Italian Graduate Student Tortured and Murdered in Egypt?". New York Times. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  5. ^ a b El Deeb, Sarah (6 January 2014). "Hotline marks return of Egypt's security agency". Associated Press.
  6. ^ Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee against Torture : Egypt United Nations Committee against Torture. 23 December 2002
  7. ^ Sifton 2007, pp. 12–13
  8. ^ US embassy cables: Police brutality in Egypt The Guardian. 28 January 2011
  9. ^ Kellogg & el-Hamalawy 2005, p. 7
  10. Carnegie Middle East Center
    . Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  11. ^ "Egypt security building stormed: Protesters in Alexandria enter state security headquarters, saying officers destroyed documents to cover up past abuses". Al Jazeera. 5 March 2011.
  12. ^ a b Stack, Liam and Neil MacFarquhar; Amr Emam contributed reporting (March 9–10, 2011). "Egyptians Get View of Extent of Spying". The New York Times (NY ed.). p. A10. Retrieved 10 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Carlstrom, Gregg (6 March 2011). "A first step towards prosecutions?". Al Jazeera.
  14. ^ Allam, Hannah & Mohannad Sabry (7 March 2011). "Egypt faces new turmoil: Looted state security files". McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  15. ^ "Egypt dissolves notorious internal security agency". BBC News. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  16. ^ "Egypt: Whereabouts of 17 prisoners leaked by released prisoners". Alkarama for Human Rights. 16 May 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  17. ^ FBI DEPUTY DIRECTOR MEETS WITH HEAD OF STATE SECURITY The Telegraph, 9 February 2011.
  18. ^ Ayman Al-Zawahiri Knights under the Prophet's Banner. London. Al-Sharq al-Awsat
  19. ^ http://www.newdominion.com/2012/03/03/interpol-investigates-terror-in-the-skies.html Archived 2016-05-04 at the Wayback Machine Interpol Investigates - Terror in the Skies

References

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Security_Investigations_Service&oldid=1221016954"