Superior thoracic aperture
Superior thoracic aperture | |
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Details | |
Identifiers | |
Latin | apertura thoracis superior |
TA98 | A02.3.04.003 |
TA2 | 1098 |
FMA | 7566 |
Anatomical terminology |
The superior thoracic aperture, also known as the thoracic outlet, or thoracic inlet refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity.[1] It is also clinically referred to as the thoracic outlet, in the case of thoracic outlet syndrome. A lower thoracic opening is the inferior thoracic aperture.
Structure
The superior thoracic aperture is essentially a hole surrounded by a bony ring, through which several vital structures pass. It is bounded by: the first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly; the first pair of ribs laterally, forming lateral C-shaped curves posterior to anterior; and the costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly.
Dimensions
The adult thoracic outlet is around 6.5 cm antero-posteriorly and 11 cm transversely. Because of the obliquity of the first pair of ribs, the aperture slopes antero-inferiorly.
Relations
The
Function
Structures that pass through the thoracic inlet include:
- trachea
- oesophagus
- thoracic duct
- apices of the lungs
- nerves
- vessels
- arteries
- left and right common carotid arteries
- left subclavian arteries
- veins
- arteries
- lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
This is not an exhaustive list. There are several other minor, but important, vessels and nerves passing through, and an abnormally large thyroid gland may extend inferiorly through the thoracic inlet into the superior mediastinum.
The oesophagus lies against the body of the T1 vertebra, separated from it by the
Additional images
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Vasculature entering at top. (Note: internal mammary is now known as internal thoracic artery.)
References
- ^ Knipe, Henry. "Superior thoracic aperture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- McMinn, RMH (Ed) (1994) Last's Anatomy: Regional and applied (9th Ed). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-04662-X
- Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy: Moore, Dalley, Agur - South Asian Edition (7th Ed.): Wolters Kluwer (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-8473-912-1