Swainsonine
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand.(January 2022) |
Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
(1S,2R,8R,8aR)-Octahydroindolizine-1,2,8-triol | |
Other names
Tridolgosir
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
DrugBank | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.123.531 |
KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C8H15NO3 | |
Molar mass | 173.2 |
Melting point | 143 to 144 °C (289 to 291 °F; 416 to 417 K) |
10 mg/1 mL | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Swainsonine is an
Pharmacology
Swainsonine inhibits
The pharmacological properties of this product have not been fully investigated.[citation needed]
Sources
Some plants[
Family | Fungi |
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Pleosporaceae | Undifilum oxytropis[4] |
Clavicipitaceae | Metarhizium anisopliae[5]
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Family | Plants |
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Fabaceae | Swainsona canescens, Astragalus earlei, A. mollissimus, A. pubentissimus, A. lentiginosis, A. wootoni, A. nothoxys, A. tephrodes, A. humistratus[6][7][3] |
Convolvulaceae | Jacquemontia corymbulosa, Ipomoea verbascoidea, I. subincana, I. megapotamica, I. rosea, I. carnea, I. sericophylla, I. riedelii[8][9][10][11] |
Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of swainsonine has been investigated in the fungus
The resulting oxoindolizidine is then reduced to (1R,8aS)- 1-hydroxyindolizidine, which is subsequently
The biosynthetic pathway of swainsonine has also been investigated in the Diablo locoweed (Astragalus oxyphysus). Through detection of (1,8a-trans)-1-hydroxyindolizidine and (1,8a-trans-1,2-cis)-1,2-dihydroxyindolizidine—two precursors of swainsonine in the fungus pathway—in the shoots of the plant, Harris et al. proposed that the biosynthetic pathway of swainsonine in the locoweed is nearly identical to that of the fungus.[12]
Synthesis
Despite the small size of swaisonine, the synthesis of this molecule and its analogues is quite challenging due to the presence of four chiral centers. In most cases, synthesis implies the use of sugars, chiral aminoacids as starting compounds, or chiral catalysts to induce chirality.The swainsonine synthesis was systemazed by three common precursors: 8-oxy-hexahydroindolizines, N-protected-3-oxy-2-substituted-piperidines and 2-substituted-pyrrolidine-3,4-protected-diols.[13]
Livestock losses
Because chronic intoxication with swainsonine causes a variety of neurological disorders in livestock,[14] these plant species are known collectively as locoweeds. Other effects of intoxication include reduced appetite and consequent reduced growth in young animals and loss of weight in adults, and cessation of reproduction (loss of libido, loss of fertility, and abortion).[15]
Potential uses
Swainsonine has a potential for treating cancers such as glioma[16] and gastric carcinoma.[17] However, a phase II clinical trial of GD0039 (a hydrochloride salt of swainsonine) in 17 patients with renal carcinoma was discouraging.[18] Swainsonine's activity against tumors is attributed to its stimulation of macrophages.[19]
Swainsonine also has potential uses as an adjuvant for anti-cancer drugs and other therapies in use. In mice, swainsonine reduces the toxicity of doxorubicin, suggesting that swainsonine might enable use of higher doses of doxorubicin.[20][21] Swainsonine may promote restoration of bone marrow damaged by some types of cancer treatments.[22][23]
Molecular mechanism
The inhibitory effect of swainsonine on
See also
References
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- ^ "THE DARLING PEA". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 14 May 1897. p. 5. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
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