Syngonium
Syngonium | |
---|---|
Syngonium podophyllum var. podophyllum[1] | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Alismatales |
Family: | Araceae |
Subfamily: | Aroideae |
Tribe: | Caladieae |
Genus: | Syngonium Schott |
Synonyms[2] | |
Porphyrospatha Engl. |
Syngonium
Cultivation
Syngonium species are often grown as
Distribution
Syngonium species generally inhabit tropical rainforests, subtropical forests, ruderal areas, thickets, urban areas, and wetlands. Invasive species are also troublesome weeds, e.g. banana crops.
Syngonium species are native to tropical America, where they are found from Mexico to Brazil. The center of diversity of genus is in Costa Rica and Panama, where there are a total of 16 species (13 in Costa Rica and 11 in Panama). The second place for the diversity of species is Mexico, where 8 species are present. The most widespread species is S. podophyllum, which ranges from Mexico to Brazil. It is believed that the Mexican and Costa Rican populations of Syngonium have long been separated, which translates into morphological differences in the representatives of the same species (eg S. podophyllum and S. macrophyllum).
Morphology and anatomy
It is an elongated,
The
Just below each
Primitive pinnate pincers, converging to from 3 to 5 separate conductive beams. The marginal line located furthest from the edge of the plaque is the largest, formed by the lowest side veins. Further, smaller marginal lines are formed by higher, smaller primary veins or secondary veins. Often, the fourth and fifth marginal bundles are not visible to the naked eye. The use of the distal order creates retinal nerve.
Leaves
The shape of leaf blades is a feature dividing the genus into informal groups:
- Cordatum - juvenile leaves whole, ovate or elliptical; matured leaves, ovoid-elliptical, oblong-ovate or ovate, less often arrow-shaped and slightly narrowed,
- Oblongatum - juvenile and mature oblong leaves for longitudinal-elliptical or ovoid-elliptic,
- Pinnatilobum - youthful egg-shaped leaves, often with a heart-shaped root, mature split leaves, narrowly lobed,
- Syngonium - juvenile leaves, whole ovate or elliptical; mature bisector leaves up to 11-secant and fan-shaped; the degree of necrosis of mature leaves depends on the age of the leaf and its position on the stem, older leaves and higher on the stem are more complicated than juveniles and lower ones. Not fully mature leaves of plants that start climbing are arrow or spear.
Flowers
Mono-flowering plants, forming from 1 to 11 inflorescences, the type of flask. Inflorescences are always formed at the top of the main shoot. They accompany
During flowering the inflorescence stretches out, creating a more or less spherical "cup" on the back of the vagina. The inside of the vagina is generally white or creamy-white in the upper part, at the chamber level often with a red or violet color. For some species (e.g. S. neglectum) the vagina deflects backwards, revealing the butt completely. After fading, the sheath closes and the upper part dries up. The inflorescence flask, which is much shorter than the vagina, is divided into three sections: the lowest one, covered with greenish or light orange female flowers, reaching a length of 7 to 48 mm, a central aperture, sometimes broad, covered with staminaria and a peak fragment, widened, covered with white male flowers.
Each female flower consists of two (rarely three) fused
Fruits
The
Related genera
Representatives of the genus philodendron, from which the twins differ mainly in the conjugated, 1-3-chamber ovaries (in the case of the genus philodendron, ovaries are free and multi-chambered) and seeds without endosperms. In the non-blossoming state, Syngonium can be distinguished from philodendrons on non- cattalyllable leaves and clearly visible submarginal monofilament located 3–10 mm from the edge of the leaf.
Propagation
Syngonium is easy to propagate and its propagation can be easily done in water or soil through cutting. Simply get a perfect or suitable cutting and plant it in water or soil and provide best care conditions.
Biology and ecology
Perennial, evergreen climbers and hemieiphytes. Sometimes plants, e.g. after breaking the stem, become epiphytes. After germination of the seeds, which always takes place in the ground, the plant remains for some time at the stage of the rosette, with a slender stalk with very short internodes. Leaves, first ovate, after some time become cordate at the base. Then the stem rapidly grows to length, creeping in places with the highest shading. After reaching the trunk of the tree, the stem begins to climb rapidly towards the light, and the plant begins to form larger leaf blades. After reaching the appropriate height, the plants form mature leaf blades and bloom. After the growth cone is damaged, the usually unbranched plant begins to form lateral shoots. In the event of loss of contact with the support by the top part of the stem, the plant begins to produce narrower and longer internodes and smaller leaves. The flowers of the twins are protogous.
In the process of flowering plants use the mechanism of
Toxicity
The twig tissues contain sharp crystals of
Species
- Syngonium angustatum Schott - Mexico, Central America, Colombia; naturalized in Bahamas, Netherlands Antilles, Bismarck Archipelago
- Syngonium armigerum (Standl. & L.O.Williams) Croat - Costa Rica
- Syngonium atrovirens G.S.Bunting - Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia
- Syngonium auritum (L.) Schott - Greater Antilles
- Syngonium castroi Grayum - Costa Rica
- Syngonium chiapense Matuda - Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Guatemala
- Syngonium chocoanum Croat - Colombia
- Syngonium crassifolium (Engl.) Croat - Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia
- Syngonium dodsonianum Croat - Ecuador
- Syngonium erythrophyllum Birdsey ex G.S.Bunting - Panama
- Syngonium foreroanum Croat - Colombia
- Syngonium gentryanum Croat - Peru
- Syngonium harlingianum Croat - Ecuador
- Syngonium hastiferum (Standl. & L.O.Williams) Croat - Costa Rica, Honduras
- Syngonium hastifolium Engl. - Peru, northwestern Brazil
- Syngonium hoffmannii Schott - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
- Syngonium laterinervium Croat - Costa Rica, Panama
- Syngonium llanoense Croat - Panama
- Syngonium macrophyllum Engl. - Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador
- Syngonium mauroanum Birdsey ex G.S.Bunting - Costa Rica, Panama
- Syngonium meridense G.S.Bunting - Mérida State in Venezuela
- Syngonium neglectum Schott - widespread across much of Mexico
- Syngonium oduberi T.Ray - Costa Rica
- Syngonium podophyllum Schott - Trinidad & Tobago, Latin America from Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia; naturalized in Bahamas, West Indies, Florida, Hawaii, Seychelles, Borneo, Malaysia
- Syngonium rayi Grayum - Costa Rica, Panama
- Syngonium sagittatum G.S.Bunting - Oaxaca
- Syngonium salvadorense Schott - Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador
- Syngonium schottianum H.Wendl. ex Schott - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
- Syngonium sparreorum Croat - Ecuador
- Syngonium standleyanum G.S.Bunting - Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua
- Syngonium steyermarkii Croat - Chiapas, Guatemala
- Syngonium triphyllum Birdsey ex Croat - Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Ecuador
- Syngonium wendlandii Schott - Costa Rica
- Syngonium yurimaguense Engl. - Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, northwestern Brazil
References
- ^ Adolf Engler - Das Pflanzenreich vol. 71 (1920)
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607