Araceae
Araceae Temporal range: Early Cretaceous[1] - Recent
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Inflorescence of Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Alismatales |
Family: | Araceae Juss.[2] |
Subfamilies | |
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Description
Species within Araceae are often
Many plants in this family are
Toxicity
Within the Araceae, genera such as Alocasia, Arisaema, Caladium, Colocasia, Dieffenbachia, Syngonium, Epipremnum, Aglaonema and Philodendron contain calcium oxalate crystals in the form of raphides. When accidentally consumed, these may cause edema, vesicle formation, and dysphagia, accompanied by painful stinging and burning in the mouth and throat, with symptoms occurring for up to two weeks after ingestion. Patients report feeling a mild to extreme sensation of sand or glass in the esophagus and mouth, depending on amount ingested.[9]
Taxonomy
Phylogeny
Phylogeny based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.[10]
Araceae |
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Classification
One of the earliest observations of species in the Araceae was conducted by
The first major system of classification for the family was produced by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, who published Genera Aroidearum in 1858 and Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum in 1860. Schott's system was based on floral characteristics, and used a narrow conception of a genus. Adolf Engler produced a classification in 1876, which was steadily refined up to 1920. His system is significantly different from Schott's, being based more on vegetative characters and anatomy. The two systems were to some extent rivals, with Engler's having more adherents before the advent of molecular phylogenetics brought new approaches.[12]
A comprehensive taxonomy of Araceae was published by Mayo et al. in 1997.[13]
Modern studies based on gene sequences show the Araceae (including the
Genera
Fossil record
The family Araceae has one of the oldest
Food plants
Food plants in the family Araceae include
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Sender, L.M., Doyle, J.A., Upchurch, J.R. Jr., Villanueva-Amadoz, U. and Diez J.B. 2019. Leaf and inflorescence evidence for near-basal Araceae and an unexpected diversity of other monocots from the late Early Cretaceous of Spain. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol. 17, p. 1093–1126.
- .
- ^ "Araceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". Efloras.org. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
- ^ "Araceae - Encyclopedia of House Plants". gflora.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
- ^ "Araceae - Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany". University of Hawaii. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
- ^ "Araceae" (PDF). Iowa State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
- PMID 19838070.
- S2CID 388923.
- ^ Stevens, P.F. (2001). "Araceae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 13. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ISBN 0881924857.
- JSTOR 2399668
- OCLC 60140655.
- ^ Stevens, P.F. "Araceae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5pp. 830–834.
- ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.
- PMID 24548928.
- ^ a b "Titan Arum FAQs | Biological Sciences Greenhouse". Ohio State University. 2012-05-16. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
- ^ "Aquarium Cryptocoryne Plants". Aquarium Fish International. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
- ^ "What is the smallest flower in the world?". Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
- ^ Nauheimer, L., Metzler, D. and Renner, S.S. 2012. Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae inferred with models accounting for past continental positions and previous ranges based on fossils. New Phytologist, vol. 195, p. 938-950.
- ^ Coiffard, C., Mohr, B.A.R. and Bernardes de Oliveira, M.E.C. 2013. The Early Cretaceous aroid, Spixiarum kipea gen. et sp. nov., and implications on early dispersal and ecology of basal monocots. Taxon, vol. 62. p. 997-1008.
- ^ "Aroids. Colocasia Xanthosoma". The Crop Trust. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
Further reading
- Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family [ILLUSTRATED]. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-485-7
- Croat, Thomas B (1998). "History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae". Aroideana. 21. online
- Grayum, Michael H (1990). "Evolution and Phylogeny of the Araceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 77 (4): 628–697. JSTOR 2399668.
- Keating R C (2004). "Vegetative anatomical data and its relationship to a revised classification of the genera of Araceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 91 (3): 485–494. JSTOR 3298625.