Araceae

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Araceae
Temporal range: 115–0 
Ma
Early Cretaceous[1] - Recent
Inflorescence of Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Juss.[2]
Subfamilies
temperate regions
.

Description

Species within Araceae are often

dioecious.[7]

Many plants in this family are

Helicodiceros muscivorus (dead horse arum lily), and Sauromatum venosum
(voodoo lily). Some species, such as titan arum and the dead horse arum, give off a very pungent smell akin to rotten meat, which serves to attract flies for pollination. The heat produced by the plant helps to convey the scent further.

Toxicity

Within the Araceae, genera such as Alocasia, Arisaema, Caladium, Colocasia, Dieffenbachia, Syngonium, Epipremnum, Aglaonema and Philodendron contain calcium oxalate crystals in the form of raphides. When accidentally consumed, these may cause edema, vesicle formation, and dysphagia, accompanied by painful stinging and burning in the mouth and throat, with symptoms occurring for up to two weeks after ingestion. Patients report feeling a mild to extreme sensation of sand or glass in the esophagus and mouth, depending on amount ingested.[9]

Taxonomy

Phylogeny

Phylogeny based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.[10]

Araceae

Gymnostachydoideae
Bogner & Nicolson 1991

Orontioideae Brown ex Müller 1860

Lemnoideae

Pothoideae Engler 1876

Monsteroideae Engler 1876

Lasioideae Engler 1876

Zamioculcadoideae Bogner & Hesse 2005

Aroideae Arnott 1832

Classification

One of the earliest observations of species in the Araceae was conducted by

Enquiry into Plants.[11] The Araceae were not recognized as a distinct group of plants until the 16th century. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu classified all climbing aroids as Pothos and all terrestrial aroids as either Arum or Dracontium in his book Familles des Plantes.[citation needed
]

The first major system of classification for the family was produced by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, who published Genera Aroidearum in 1858 and Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum in 1860. Schott's system was based on floral characteristics, and used a narrow conception of a genus. Adolf Engler produced a classification in 1876, which was steadily refined up to 1920. His system is significantly different from Schott's, being based more on vegetative characters and anatomy. The two systems were to some extent rivals, with Engler's having more adherents before the advent of molecular phylogenetics brought new approaches.[12]

A comprehensive taxonomy of Araceae was published by Mayo et al. in 1997.[13]

Modern studies based on gene sequences show the Araceae (including the

genomic study of Spirodela polyrhiza was published in February 2014.[18]

Genera

The cuckoo-pint or lords and ladies (Arum maculatum) is a common arum in British woodlands.
Arisaema triphyllum

titan arum,[19] often erroneously called the "largest flower" and the smallest flowering plant and smallest fruit, found in the duckweed, Wolffia.[21]

Fossil record

The family Araceae has one of the oldest

angiosperms, with fossil forms first appearing during the Early Cretaceous epoch.[1][22] Notable fossils from the Early Cretaceous include: Spixiarum kipea,[23] an aroid from the late Aptian of Brazil;[1] Orontiophyllum ferreri, an aroid leaf from the late Albian of Spain;[1] and Turolospadix bogneri, an aroid spadix from the late Albian of Spain.[1]

Food plants

Food plants in the family Araceae include

Colocasia esculenta (kochu, taro, dasheen), Xanthosoma (cocoyam, tannia), Typhonium trilobatum and Monstera deliciosa (Mexican breadfruit). While the aroids are little traded, and overlooked by plant breeders to the extent that the Crop Trust calls them "orphan crops", they are widely grown and are important in subsistence agriculture and in local markets. The main food product is the corm, which is high in starch; leaves and flowers also find culinary use.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Sender, L.M., Doyle, J.A., Upchurch, J.R. Jr., Villanueva-Amadoz, U. and Diez J.B. 2019. Leaf and inflorescence evidence for near-basal Araceae and an unexpected diversity of other monocots from the late Early Cretaceous of Spain. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol. 17, p. 1093–1126.
  2. .
  3. ^ "Araceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". Efloras.org. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  4. ^ "Araceae - Encyclopedia of House Plants". gflora.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  5. ^ "Araceae - Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany". University of Hawaii. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  6. ^ "Araceae" (PDF). Iowa State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  7. PMID 19838070
    .
  8. .
  9. ^ Stevens, P.F. (2001). "Araceae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 13. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  10. .
  11. .
  12. ^ Stevens, P.F. "Araceae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
  13. .
  14. pp. 830–834.
  15. .
  16. .
  17. ^ a b "Titan Arum FAQs | Biological Sciences Greenhouse". Ohio State University. 2012-05-16. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  18. ^ "Aquarium Cryptocoryne Plants". Aquarium Fish International. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  19. ^ "What is the smallest flower in the world?". Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  20. ^ Nauheimer, L., Metzler, D. and Renner, S.S. 2012. Global history of the ancient monocot family Araceae inferred with models accounting for past continental positions and previous ranges based on fossils. New Phytologist, vol. 195, p. 938-950.
  21. ^ Coiffard, C., Mohr, B.A.R. and Bernardes de Oliveira, M.E.C. 2013. The Early Cretaceous aroid, Spixiarum kipea gen. et sp. nov., and implications on early dispersal and ecology of basal monocots. Taxon, vol. 62. p. 997-1008.
  22. ^ "Aroids. Colocasia Xanthosoma". The Crop Trust. Retrieved 2019-04-06.

Further reading

External links