Synoeca

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Synoeca
Synoeca cyanea on their nest
S. septentrionalis nest
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Vespidae
Subfamily: Polistinae
Tribe: Epiponini
Genus: Synoeca
de Saussure, 1852
Type species
Vespa surinama
Species

6 described species

Synoeca is a genus of

sting (rating at the highest level of 4 in the Schmidt sting pain index). The sting is barbed and if used often kills the wasp,[3] which may be the reason why such a striking defensive display is used. This display escalates from drumming inside the nest to hundreds of wasps moving on to the envelope of the nest and continuing to drum. If this does not deter the threat only then do the wasps begin to sting.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The genus has a wide range within the Americas, with specimens being found in the tropical and subtropical portions thereof. S. septentrionalis is generally found in the northern part of the range, having been observed as far north as Mexico, throughout Central America and northern South America.[4] A very similar species, S. ilheensis, extends into Brazil and, until 2017, was reported as a southern population of S. septentrionalis.[5][6] The other species in the genus are predominantly found in South America, as far south as Argentina.[4]

Synoeca thrives in tropical rainforests, building arboreal nests in trees, typically on the underside of major branches. A single comb is built directly on the tree trunk; and the nests have a characteristic shape which resembles an

pheromones to suppress the reproductive behaviour of the workers. When one queen dies she is replaced by another; colonies may last up to 16 years.[2]

Species

Venom and potential utilisation

Entomologist

bullet ant and a species of tarantula hawk in the genus Pepsis.[7][8]

A research team in Brazil has discovered that Synoeca stings contain a newly discovered compound that could be used to treat anxiety, apparently working as effectively as diazepam when tested on rats.[9]

References

  1. ISBN 0565007858
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 0-520-07849-7
    .
  3. S2CID 42293043
    .
  4. ^
    S2CID 85860442
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 22368453
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4300.3.8
    .
  7. ^ "5 Most Painful Wasp Stings". Insect Realm. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  8. PMC 6669698
    .
  9. ^ Greta Friar (4 November 2016). "The Venom of This Dangerous Wasp Could Someday Help Treat Anxiety". Nova Next. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 25 November 2016.

External links

  • "Synoeca". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
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