TEC (gene)
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Location (UCSC) | Chr 4: 48.14 – 48.27 Mb | Chr 5: 72.91 – 73.03 Mb | |||||||
PubMed search | [3] | [4] |
View/Edit Human | View/Edit Mouse |
Tyrosine-protein kinase Tec is a tyrosine kinase that in humans is encoded by the TEC gene.[5][6] Tec kinase is expressed in hematopoietic, liver, and kidney cells and plays an important role in T-helper cell processes.[7] Tec kinase is the name-giving member of the Tec kinase family, a family of non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases.[8]
Structure
Tec kinase contains five protein interaction domains. The characteristic feature of Tec family kinases is a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain on the N-terminus of the molecule followed by a Tec homology (TH) domain. The TH domain of Tec kinase contains a Btk homology (BH) motif and two proline-rich (PR) regions. The other protein interaction domains of Tec kinase include Src homology (SH) domains SH2 and SH3 and a kinase domain with enzymatic activity.[7][9]
TEC produces two protein isoforms that differ in the SH3 domain through alternative splicing.[7][9] Type IV isoform has a full length SH3 domain and is predominately expressed in hematopoietic cells. Type III isoform has a SH3 domain that lacks the COOH-terminal 22 residues and is predominately expressed in the liver and kidney.[9] It is likely the shortened SH3 domain of type III Tec kinase is a disabled form.
TEC resides on chromosome 4, locus 4p12 in humans. TEC is located only 1.5kb away from TXK, another member of the Tec kinase family, making it likely these two kinase genes arose through the process of gene-duplication.[9]
Function
Functions of Tec family kinases
Tec family kinases are involved in the intracellular signaling mechanisms of
Functions of Tec kinase
Lymphoid Cells
Tec kinase has low expression in naïve T cells but is upregulated upon T-cell activation, especially in the presence of TGF-ß1 and IL-6.[8] Tec kinase is activated in T cells in response to CD3 engagement and TCR/CD28 stimulation.[8][9] Tec kinase plays an important role in T-cell activation. Upon TCR/CD28 stimulation, Tec kinase is recruited to the cytoplasmic tail of CD28 and takes part in a signaling pathway that leads to activation of IL-2 and IL-4 cytokine promoters.[8] It is likely Tec kinase plays a regulatory role in this signaling pathway in activated T cells, but its full function is not known.[8]
Tec kinase also contributes to
Tec kinase is expressed in B cells and is activated upon B-cell receptor stimulation. However, there are no B-cell phenotype changes detected in Tec-deficient mice. This is likely because Tec has overlapping functions with Btk, another member of the Tec kinase family. Deletion of Btk results in a compensatory increased expression of Tec kinase, but a change in B-cell phenotype is observed, indicating Btk has a more important role in B-cell development than Tec. When both Btk and Tec are deleted, a severe B-cell deficiency is observed.[10]
Myeloid Cells
Tec kinase plays a role in the
Tec kinase is activated in
Tec kinase is activated in neutrophils upon neutrophil stimulation with chemoattractant fMLP. It is not clear what the function of Tec kinase is in neutrophils.[7] Tec kinase is also expressed in primary mast cells and erythroid cells. Its function has not been identified in these cells.[7]
Activation
Tec kinase is activated through a similar process to other members of the Tec kinase family. Tec kinase must first be relocated to the plasma membrane, which is mediated by the interaction of its PH domain with phospholipid PIP3 generated from PI3-K activity. A tyrosine residue within the kinase domain of Tec kinase is then phosphorylated by Src family kinases. This allows for autophosphorylation of a tyrosine residue in the Tec kinase SH3 domain, which allows the Tec kinase to be fully activated.[7][8][9]
Clinical Significance
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that results in swollen, painful joints. Standard treatment for RA involves recombinant antibodies and receptors, but this biological therapy is costly. Inhibition of Tec family kinases may provide an alternative treatment for RA. Btk is the main target of inhibition, but because of the compensatory role of Tec kinase to Btk, an inhibition involving both Btk and Tec kinase may be needed. Blocking Tec family kinases could reduce the production of autoantibodies from B cells, limit the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages, and inhibit mast cell degranulation.[10] There are no known inhibitors of Tec kinase at the present. However, Tec kinase is downregulated by dephosphorylation of PIP3 by phosphatase enzyme SHIP and by SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1.[9]
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a cancer of the white blood cells in which granulocytes proliferate. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are largely used for treatment. Dasatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been found to bind to Tec kinase and Btk, limiting release of histamine and proinflammatory cytokines from granulocytes. Dasatinib has also been found to inhibit T-cell effector functions through Tec family kinase inhibition, suggesting this drug could be used to suppress immune response for transplantation and T-cell autoimmune diseases.[10]
TEC gene may also be associated with myelodysplastic syndrome.[11]
Discovery
Tec kinase was first discovered in 1990 while researchers investigated mouse liver for novel protein-tyrosine kinase isolation.[9][8] Expression of Tec kinase was initially found in mouse liver, kidney, spleen, and heart.
Interactions
TEC (gene) has been shown to
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135605 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029217 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- PMID 7934162.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: TEC tec protein tyrosine kinase".
- ^ S2CID 30963664.
- ^ S2CID 1636844.
- ^ PMID 10647781.
- ^ S2CID 207475386.
- ^ "TEC tec protein tyrosine kinase [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
- ^ PMID 12515866.
- ^ PMID 11071635.
- PMID 7526158.
- PMID 11825908.
- S2CID 7999440.
- PMID 9473212.
- PMID 9341160.
Further reading
- Mano H (2000). "Tec family of protein-tyrosine kinases: an overview of their structure and function". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 10 (3–4): 267–80. PMID 10647781.
- Yang WC, Collette Y, Nunès JA, Olive D (April 2000). "Tec kinases: a family with multiple roles in immunity". Immunity. 12 (4): 373–82. PMID 10795735.
- Mano H, Ishikawa F, Nishida J, Hirai H, Takaku F (December 1990). "A novel protein-tyrosine kinase, tec, is preferentially expressed in liver". Oncogene. 5 (12): 1781–6. PMID 2284097.
- Tang B, Mano H, Yi T, Ihle JN (December 1994). "Tec kinase associates with c-kit and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stem cell factor binding". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 14 (12): 8432–7. PMID 7526158.
- Machide M, Mano H, Todokoro K (August 1995). "Interleukin 3 and erythropoietin induce association of Vav with Tec kinase through Tec homology domain". Oncogene. 11 (4): 619–25. PMID 7651724.
- Mano H, Yamashita Y, Miyazato A, Miura Y, Ozawa K (April 1996). "Tec protein-tyrosine kinase is an effector molecule of Lyn protein-tyrosine kinase". FASEB Journal. 10 (5): 637–42. S2CID 27064487.
- Rawlings DJ, Scharenberg AM, Park H, Wahl MI, Lin S, Kato RM, et al. (February 1996). "Activation of BTK by a phosphorylation mechanism initiated by SRC family kinases". Science. 271 (5250): 822–5. S2CID 42666246.
- Park H, Wahl MI, Afar DE, Turck CW, Rawlings DJ, Tam C, et al. (May 1996). "Regulation of Btk function by a major autophosphorylation site within the SH3 domain". Immunity. 4 (5): 515–25. PMID 8630736.
- Ohta Y, Haire RN, Amemiya CT, Litman RT, Träger T, Riess O, Litman GW (February 1996). "Human Txk: genomic organization, structure and contiguous physical linkage with the Tec gene". Oncogene. 12 (4): 937–42. PMID 8632917.
- Cory GO, MacCarthy-Morrogh L, Banin S, Gout I, Brickell PM, Levinsky RJ, et al. (November 1996). "Evidence that the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein may be involved in lymphoid cell signaling pathways". Journal of Immunology. 157 (9): 3791–5. PMID 8892607.
- Takahashi-Tezuka M, Hibi M, Fujitani Y, Fukada T, Yamaguchi T, Hirano T (May 1997). "Tec tyrosine kinase links the cytokine receptors to PI-3 kinase probably through JAK". Oncogene. 14 (19): 2273–82. S2CID 7999440.
- Laffargue M, Monnereau L, Tuech J, Ragab A, Ragab-Thomas J, Payrastre B, et al. (September 1997). "Integrin-dependent tyrosine phoshorylation and cytoskeletal translocation of Tec in thrombin-activated platelets". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 238 (1): 247–51. PMID 9299487.
- Kitanaka A, Mano H, Conley ME, Campana D (February 1998). "Expression and activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Tec in human B cells". Blood. 91 (3): 940–8. PMID 9446655.
- Yang WC, Ghiotto M, Barbarat B, Olive D (January 1999). "The role of Tec protein-tyrosine kinase in T cell signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (2): 607–17. PMID 9872994.
- Yang WC, Olive D (June 1999). "Tec kinase is involved in transcriptional regulation of IL-2 and IL-4 in the CD28 pathway". European Journal of Immunology. 29 (6): 1842–9. PMID 10382746.
- Ohya K, Kajigaya S, Kitanaka A, Yoshida K, Miyazato A, Yamashita Y, et al. (October 1999). "Molecular cloning of a docking protein, BRDG1, that acts downstream of the Tec tyrosine kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (21): 11976–81. PMID 10518561.