Tadeusz Pełczyński
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tadeusz_Pe%C5%82czy%C5%84ski.jpg/190px-Tadeusz_Pe%C5%82czy%C5%84ski.jpg)
Tadeusz Walenty Pełczyński (codenames: Grzegorz, Adam, Wolf, Robak;
During World War II, he became chief of staff of the
Early life and education
Tadeusz Pełczyński was the son of Ksawery Pełczyński, a
Pełczyński began school in
Marriage and family
In 1923 Pełczyński married Wanda Filipowska, with whom he had a daughter, Maria, and a son, Krzysztof (Christopher, born 1924, who died during the Warsaw Uprising on 17 August 1944, of wounds sustained on 1 August, the first day of the Uprising).
World War I
The outbreak of World War I in August 1914 found Pełczyński on vacation near Włocławek. After the area had been occupied by the Germans, he was mobilised by them to work as a medic at a Russian-prisoner-of-war camp.
After his release from German service, in June 1915 he joined the
Interwar period
In November 1918 Pełczyński was accepted into the Polish Army and placed in command of a company, then a
In July 1924 he was posted to the Office of the Inner War Council (Ścisła Rada Wojenna). In May 1927 he began service in the
As chief of the Second Department of Polish General Staff, Pełczyński, like his predecessor Colonel Tadeusz Schaetzel and like deputy chief Lt. Col. Józef Englicht, was very supportive of Marshal Józef Piłsudski's Promethean project, aimed at liberating the non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union.[3]
Pełczyński was the longest-serving prewar chief of the Second Department (1929–32, and 1935 – January 1939). In January 1939 he was relieved of this post and placed in command of the
World War II
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tadeusz_Pe%C5%82czy%C5%84ski_-_Grzegorz.jpg/190px-Tadeusz_Pe%C5%82czy%C5%84ski_-_Grzegorz.jpg)
Pełczyński may have made his greatest contribution to Allied victory in World War II well before the opening of hostilities, when he proposed giving Polish knowledge of the German Enigma machine to the French and British. According to Colonel Stefan Mayer, "From Gen. Pełczyński, now resident in Great Britain, I know that... he suggested [to the chief of the Polish General Staff, General Wacław Stachiewicz] that in case of [impending] war the Enigma secret... be used as our Polish contribution to the common... defence and divulged to our future allies. [Pełczyński] repeated [this] to Col. Józef Smoleński when in [the] first days of January 1939 [Smoleński] replaced [him] as... head of [Section II]. That was the basis of [Lt. Col. Langer]'s instructions... when he... represent[ed] the Polish side at the [Paris] conference... in January 1939 and then in Warsaw in July 1939.[4]
The Poles' gift, to their British and French allies, of Enigma decryption at Warsaw on 26 July 1939, just five weeks before the outbreak of the war, came not a moment too soon, as it laid the foundations for later British cryptographic breakthroughs that produced the Ultra intelligence that was a key factor during the war. Former Bletchley Park mathematician-cryptologist Gordon Welchman later wrote: "Ultra would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military... Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use."[5]
After the outbreak of war, from 5 September 1939, Pełczyński commanded a force in the rears of the invading German Wehrmacht.
After the conclusion of the
From July 1940 to April 1941 he commanded the
He commanded
Five weeks into the Warsaw Uprising, on 4 September 1944, Pełczyński was gravely wounded when the PKO savings-bank building on Świętokrzyska Street was bombed, and as a result he could no longer carry on the duties of Home Army chief of staff.
After the suppression of the Uprising, Pełczyński was imprisoned by the Germans at the Langwasser camp, then at Colditz.[2]
Later years
Following his liberation by the Allies in 1945, he made his way to London in England.[2]
Decorations
- Gold Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari
- Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari
- Cross of Independence
- Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
- Cross of Valor (thrice)
- Gold Cross of Merit
- Home Army Cross
See also
- Biuro Szyfrów
- Edmund Charaszkiewicz
- Prometheism
- List of Poles
Notes
- ^ Edmund Charaszkiewicz, "Referat o zagadnieniu prometejskim" ("Report on the Promethean Question"), in Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza (A Collection of Documents by Lt. Col. Edmund Charaszkiewicz), p. 68.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Charaszkiewicz, p. 68.
- ^ Andrzej Grzywacz et al., introduction to Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza (A Collection of Documents by Lt. Col. Edmund Charaszkiewicz), p. 15.
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, p. 64.
- ^ Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story, p. 289.
References
- ISBN 83-7188-449-4.
- Edmund Charaszkiewicz, "Referat o zagadnieniu prometejskim" ("Report on the Promethean Question"), in Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza (A Collection of Documents by Lt. Col. Edmund Charaszkiewicz).
- Andrzej Grzywacz et al., introduction to Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza (A Collection of Documents by Lt. Col. Edmund Charaszkiewicz), pp. 5–27.
- Tadeusz Kryska-Karski and Stanisław Żurakowski, Generałowie Polski Niepodległej (The Generals of Independent Poland), 2nd ed., Warsaw, Editions Spotkania, 1991, p. 144.
- Wojciech Baliński, "Gen. bryg. Tadeusz Pełczyński (1892–1985). Przywracani pamięci" ("Major General Tadeusz Pełczyński (1892–1985)—Restored to Memory"), in Polska Zbrojna (Armed Poland).
- Waldemar Strzałkowski, "Ci, co wierzyli w Polskę. Powrót prochów generała Pełczyńskiego" ("Those Who Believed in Poland: the Return of General Pełczyński's Ashes"), in Polska Zbrojna (Armed Poland), no. 215, 1995.
- Zbigniew Mierzwiński, Generałowie II Rzeczypospolitej (The Generals of the Second Republic), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Polonia, 1990, ISBN 83-7021-096-1(83-7021-141-0), pp. 209–213.
- Lista starszeństwa oficerów Legionów Polskich w dniu oddania Legionów Polskich Wojsku Polskiemu (12 kwietnia 1917) [Seniority List of Officers of the Polish Legions on the Day of the Polish Legions' Transfer to the Polish Army (12 April 1917)], Warsaw, 1917, p. 18.
- ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
- Gordon Welchman, The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1982.