Włocławek
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Włocławek (Polish:
Founded in the 9th century, Włocławek is located in the historical region of Kuyavia, and was its administrative center and main city in the Middle Ages. Nowadays, Włocławek is the third largest city of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (after Bydgoszcz and Toruń) and the main cultural and economic center of eastern Kuyavia. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Włocławek, one of the oldest dioceses in Poland, since the 12th century, with the landmark Gothic Włocławek Cathedral listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.[4] Poland's largest hydroelectric power plant is also located there.
History
Włocławek's history dates back to the late
Middle Ages
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1950 | 54,536 | — |
1960 | 66,820 | +22.5% |
1970 | 82,599 | +23.6% |
1980 | 106,771 | +29.3% |
1990 | 122,144 | +14.4% |
2000 | 121,833 | −0.3% |
2010 | 116,914 | −4.0% |
2020 | 108,561 | −7.1% |
The settlement was founded in the 9th century and its early inhabitants were occupied with agriculture and crafts.
One of the earliest references to the town came from an assistant to the
In the 12th century, there was a mint and a customs chamber, where tolls were collected from ships and boats sailing on the Vistula and Zgłowiączka rivers.[7] A hospital was founded at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries,[7] whereas the local school was first mentioned in 1215.[8]
Włocławek received its
Modern era
The city's prosperity came from river transport of grain from Kuyavia, the collection of tolls on grain floated from the more southern part of Poland to the country's main port of Gdańsk, transport of timber from the Narew, Bug and upper Vistula rivers for export to Western Europe and brewing.[10] This is mentioned in the 1595 poem Flis, to jest Spuszczanie statków Wisłą i inszymi rzekami do niej przypadającymi by Sebastian Klonowic.[10]
In 1569, Bishop Stanisław Karnkowski founded a theological seminary in Włocławek, one of the oldest seminaries in Poland.[11] In 1625, the Reformed Franciscans were brought to Włocławek by Bishop Andrzej Lipski, and soon their Baroque monastery was built.[12]
The city was ravaged by the Swedes during the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1657 and by the Russians during the Great Northern War in 1707.[10] In 1790, Polish national hero Tadeusz Kościuszko stayed in Włocławek.[13]
After the
When Poland declared independence in 1918, local Poles disarmed the Germans and liberated the city.[15] In 1920, Poles successfully defended the city against the invading Soviets during the Polish–Soviet War.[16]
World War II
During World War II, Włocławek was occupied by German troops, which entered the city on 14 September 1939. Under the Nazi German occupation Włocławek was again renamed Leslau, annexed by decree to the German Reich on 8 October 1939 and administered from 26 October as a part of Reichsgau Posen (renamed on 29 January 1940 Reichsgau Wartheland).
Already in September 1939, Germans committed a massacre of a group of local Jews
Families of deported and murdered Poles, as well as the remaining residents of Grzywno were
Włocławek was liberated on 20 January 1945 by
Recent period
The most important industries in Włocławek today are
The Catholic
From 2012 the city is part of the Special Economic Zone - Włocławek Economic Development Area – Industrial and Technological Park with tax-free areas and incentives for investors.[26]
The Jewish Community in Włocławek
The Jewish population increased from 218 (6.6%) in 1820 to 6,919 in 1910 (20.5%) and 13,500 in 1939. One of the founders of the Mizracḥi movement, rabbi Leib Kowalski (1895–1925), lived and worked in Włocławek. During the interbellum period, the town had several Jewish schools (primary and high schools), two yeshivas, and three Jewish sports clubs.[27]
With the beginning of the
After the war nearly 1000 Jews returned to Włocławek and re-established their community. However, Jews left after disputes within the community itself, and the desire of most Jews not to live under Communism, installed by the Soviets.[30] By the late 1960s, the community had disappeared.
Today there is only very little, if any trace at all, of their once rich and lively community. There is a table for victims of Jewish ghetto in Włocławek's Rakutówek neighborhood (Polish Tablica Ofiar Getta we Włocławku) and Jewish Cemetery at Municipal/Communal Cemetery (Polish Cmentarz Komunalny we Włocławku).
Historical monuments
- Copernicus Square (Polish: Plac Kopernika) is located near the cathedral school of the Basilica Cathedral of St. Mary Assumption in Włocławek where Nicolaus Copernicus studied between 1488 and 1491. Together with his teacher, Mikołaj Wódka (Abstemius), he built a sundial for the Cathedral Basilica. In the square there is the monument of Nicolaus Copernicus, the main office of the Higher Seminary, founded in 1569 (second seminary in Poland, and also one of the oldest in the world).[31]
- St. Witalis Church, 1330, is the oldest Gothic building in Włocławek. Inside the church there are works of Polish 15th-century painting, including a triptych with the scene of the Crowning of St. Mary (1460). In front of the Basilica Cathedral there is a monument of prominent Polish primate Stefan Wyszyński who lived in Włocławek between 1917 and 1946.[32]
- Gothic Basilica Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption (Polish: Bazylika katedralna Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny) was built in 1340-1411 and was later rebuilt. It is one of the oldest and tallest (86 m) churches in Poland, and it is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.[4] The basilica includes:
- Tombstone of Piotr from Bnin, sculpted by Veit Stoss - 1493,
- Chapter house - 1521
- Renaissance chapel - 1604-1611
- Gothic stained glass windows - 1360, the oldest ones in Poland
- Tombstone of Marcin Talibowski - 1493
- Painting by Francisco de Zurbarán - 17th century
- The Tumski Crucifix
- The largest painting on a single board in Poland - 1470
- Stained glass windows by Józef Mehoffer
- Sculpture, The Last Supper - 1505
- Painting by Juan Correa de Vivar - 1565
- Eucharistic Throne – one of the most magnificent silver masterpieces in Europe - 1744
- Candelabrum by Hans Meyer - 1596[33]
- The Henryk Sienkiewicz Municipal Park (Polish: Park Miejski im. Henryka Sienkiewicza) is one of the oldest parks in Poland. In the park there is a bust of Henryk Sienkiewicz, a prominent writer and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Quo Vadis.
- Bishop's Palace (Polish: Pałac Biskupi) is located on the Gdanska street by the river. It served as the bishop's residence from 1858 to 1861 and includes a garden.
- Marshall Józef Piłsudski Boulevards (Polish: Bulwary im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego): Historic houses in the Old Marketplace, Church of St. John the Baptist, Bridge of Marschall Edward Rydz-Smigły, Art Museum, Ethnographic Museum, high schools and Marshal Office.
- Brewery B Culture Center. The former brewery built in 1832 houses a modern culture center with a concert hall, culture associations, small cinema, museum of measurements and café.[34]
- Black Granary (Polish: Czarny Spichrz) was built between the 18th and 19th centuries. It is the only construction of that kind that still exists in Poland. It currently houses the Dobrzynsko-Kujawskie Cultural Society and the Art Club Piwnica.
- Church of St. John the Baptist (Polish: Kościół pw. Św. Jana Chrzciciela) have Gothic and Baroque style, brick-layered, from 1538. The interior is in the Baroque style, it includes a Guardian Angel painting (1635), a baroque font - 17th century, a Rococo pulpit - 18th century, a sculpture of John Baptist from Venice (Polish Jan Baptysta Wenecjanin).
- All Saints church and Franciscan-Reformers cloister (Polish: Parafia i Klasztor Ojców Franciszkanów) was built in 1639–1644, in Baroque style with Gothic elements.[12] Here is a Baroque aisle and Rococo altars from the 18th century.
- Evangelical church was built 1877–79, but in the 17th century was here a wooden church, with an interesting altar with painting in convention of Paul Delaroche.
- Liberty (Freedom) Square (Polish: Plac Wolności) It is the town's central square, with the monument dedicated to the Polish soldiers of the II World War, a hotel Zajazd Polski (18th century), restaurant, banks and shops. Here is the All Saints church and Franciscan-Reformers cloister, Mühsam Palace from the 19th century.
- The Włocławek Dam (Polish: Zapora Wodna na Wiśle, Tama we Włocławku) was built in 1970 and is the largest reservoir in Poland. On the right river's bank a monumental crucifix has been erected to commemorate priest Jerzy Popiełuszko murdered by the communist police.
- Wzorcownia, shopping and entertainment center in the former faience factory of Teichefeld & Atserblum from 1873.[35][36]
- Green Market (Polish: Zielony Rynek) is the historical place of trade. There are tenement houses from the 19th and 20th century, as well as a baker's shop, confectionery store, and clothes stores. Here is also the Main City Office with Mayor's Bureau and Gallery of Modern Art.[37]
- Municipal/Communal Cemetery (Polish: Cmentarz Komunalny we Włocławku) - central cemetery in the city between streets: Komunalna, Chopina, Aleja Królowej Jadwigi. There are here parts: Polish, Jewish, German (Protestants, Evangelicals), Russian (Russian-Orthodox Church), victims of 1. and 2. World War. Here is also the Russian Orthodox Church.
- Numerous World War II memorials
Museums
- Diocesan Museum
Next to Basilica Cathedral there is the Diocesan Museum (Polish Muzeum Diecezjalne) with paintings by Guercino, and prints by Albrecht Dürer. The Seminary Library of Chodynski Brothers keeps precious manuscripts, including missals from 1500.
- Museum of the Kujawy and Dobrzyn Land
- Main Edifice
It hosts two permanent exhibitions: "Włocławek`s
- The Ethnography Museum
The museum is located in a historic granary and hosts an exhibition by Franciszek Tournelle. It showcases the most important elements of
- The Museum of the History of Włocławek
The museum consists of two historic
- The Art Collection
A sizeable art collection is also located in a granary built in 1839. There are two permanent exhibitions there: religious (human and animal sculptures by Stanisław Zagajewski known as "Polish Gaudi" from group of l`art brut) and an exhibition of works by Wacław Bębnowski (ceramic sculptures and functional objects with Art Nouveau motifs, naked nymphs and elements of the Far East).
Exhibitions of Italian, German or Netherlandish art from 17th/18th centuries include:
Paintings by
Włocławek districts
- Michelin
- Południe (South)
- Rybnica
- Śródmieście (City centre)
- Wschód Leśny (East forest area)
- Wschód Mieszkaniowy (East residential area), a.k.a. Dzielnica Wschód (East District)
- Wschód Przemysłowy (East industrial area), a.k.a. Dzielnica Wschód (East District)
- Zachód Przemysłowy (West industrial area)
- Zawiśle
- Zazamcze.
Culture and free time
- Culture center Browar B
- OSIR - Sports center with new football stadium, swimming pool, aqua park, tennis courts or sea resorts
- Yacht areas: Przystań nad Wisłą OSIR we Włocławku, Przystań OSIR nad Zalewem Włocławskim (with place for campers), Marina Yacht Club Anwil in Zarzeczewo (with place for camping)
- Wakepark Włocławek
- Theater: Teatr Impresaryjny im. W. Gniazdowskiego, Teatr "Nasz", Teatr Skene
- Gallery of Modern Art, Galeria at Kuyavia-Dobrzyń Culture Society, Galeria SK, Galeria Migawka, Galeria Antresola,
- Music clubs und Discos, including Million Club, Mistrz i Malgorzata, Starodebska Music Bar and Music club at Lucky Star Bowling Wzorcownia
- Gostynin-Włocławek Landscape Park with over 40 lakes
- Rope parks: Park Linowy Włocławek Jezioro Czarne (at Lake Czarne) or Park Linowy Włocławek Aleja Kazimierza Wielkiego (at Kazimierz Wielki Avenue)
- Airport Kruszyn and Aeroklub Włocławek
- Shopping and entertainment center Wzorcownia Włocławek
- Shopping mall Focus Park Włocławek
- Horse clubs: Arabians Falborek, Pensjonat Michelin, Klub Jeździecki Bogucin
- Golfclub Kujawy
- Diving center Mr Jacques
- Quad-Park in Włocławek.
- Fitness and Gymnastic clubs: Klub Forma, Pure Fitness or Herkules.
- Judo and Karate Center IKT
- Games center: Lucky Star Bowling Wzorcownia (bowling, snooker, darts, pinball etc.) or Sport Bowling Włocławek
- Paintball clubs
- A developed network of bike lanes.[35][40][39]
Sports clubs
- Anwil Włocławek – men's basketball team, which competes in the country's top flight, three-time Polish Champion (2003, 2018, 2019)
- Włocłavia Włocławek – men's football team, which competes in the lower leagues, and played on the Polish second tier in season 1997–1998
- Kujawiak Włocławek – defunct men's football team, which competed on the second tier in season 2004–2005
- Włocławek Rowing Society (Włocławskie Towarzystwo Wioslarskie) - rowing team, former Polish and world Champions; created in 1886.
Business
According to Rzeczpospolita report:[41] the major corporations are:
- Anwil SA - Orlen Group, Poland
- Brügmann sp. z o.o. - Salamander Industrie Produkte Group, Germany
- Guala Closures DGS Poland SA - Italy
- Indorama Ventures - Poland, India/Thailand
- PSH Lewiatan - Poland
- Wika Polska - Germany
There are many other international companies: Delecta (Rieber&Son)- Orkla Group, Norway; Top2000 - Hamelin Group, France; Drumet - WireCo Group, USA; Kujawianka/ ATlanta Poland (Bakal Group), Poland; ACPCO2 - Belgium; Koło, Sanitec Group - France; Teutonia, Newell Rubbermaid Group - USA; Solvay - Belgium; ACV- Belgium; Remwil, Orlen Group, Poland; Budizol, Poland; Naturana - Germany; PV Prefabet, PV Group - Germany. Many transport and logistic companies have branches in or near the city.
From 2012 the city is part of the Pomeranian Special Economic Zone - Włocławek Economic Development Area – Industrial and Technological Park with tax-free areas and incentives for investors.[42] The city is located at the A1 highway and close to the A2 highway, directly to three Polish National roads, riverway (Vistula) to Gdańsk, Berlin or Warsaw and fast rail line with many directions.[43] Włocławek has also own energy plants (Power Plant of Anwil/ Orlen, Municipal Power Plant of City Włocławek, Water Power Plant on Vistula River).
Another investment in Włocławek is Teren Inwestycyjny Papieżka (Investment area Papiezka) with full infrastructure and railway siding.[44]
There are also big investment areas near Włocławek, for example in Brześć Kujawski (Brzeska Strefa Gospodarcza/ BSG). It is directly at A1 motorway ("Amber One"), railway number 18 and has 470 ha open areas for different investments. There are here internal roads, lighting, power and water infrastructure. Here are public and private lots, the most of them free of real estate tax and CIT tax. Here invested already Raben Group and
Another investment zone with full infrastructure is Czerniewice Logistic Park of company Arplast in Czerniewice, it is also at A1 motorway and railway line. The biggest advantage is its own railway siding, that is very rare in Poland.[48]
Education
Universities and colleges
Currently there are five universities or colleges or branches:
- Państwowa Szkoła Wyższa PSWW Włocławek/Higher State School in Włocławek PSWW (former PWSZ we Włocławku/ Higher Vocational State School PWSZ in Włocławek)[49]
- Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna WSHE Włocławek/ College of Humanistics and Economics WSHE in Włocławek[50]
- Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna Włocławek / Higher Technical School in Włocławek[51]
- Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Umiejętności Łódź, branch in Włocławek/ Higher School of IT and Skills[52]
- Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Wydział Teologiczny we Włocławku (Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Włocławek)[53][54]
High schools
- Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
- History of the school
- In early 1900 the Committee of Civic, which was chaired by Louis Bauer requested the Ministry of Finance to set up a trade school. 27 April 1900, the Ministry of Finance agreed to the creation of Włocławskie Siedmioklasowej School of Economics. The founders of the school were 104 inhabitants. The school admitted students were between the ages of 8 and 11 years who, after the annual rate became the first class of students. Powers available to the school received a state school,
- Publiczne Liceum im. Jana Długosza we Włocławku
- II LO im. Mikołaja Kopernika, ul. Urocza 3
- III LO im. Marii Konopnickiej, ul. Bechiego 1
- IV LO im. Kamila Krzysztofa Baczyńskiego, ul. Kaliska 108
- V LO im. Unii Europejskiej, ul. Toruńska 77/83/
Twin areas
This area has twinning with the following:
Notable people
- Andrzej Kalwas (born 1936), Polish politician, businessman and solicitor
- Sholem Asch (1880 –1957), Polish-Jewish writer
- Katy Carr (born 1980), British singer, she spent childhood in Włocławek
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), astronomer, may have studied in the cathedral school in Włocławek run by Mikołaj Wodka (Abstemius) in 1488–91; Wodka and his pupil probably built a sundial, that we can see on Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Mary,[32][31]
- Anton Denikin (1872–1947), Russian Lieutenant General in the Imperial Russian Army
- Jerzy Engel (born 1952), former coach of Poland national football team
- Roman Kozłowski (1889–1977), Polish paleontologist
- Francis de Sales Lewental (1839-1902), publisher
- Julian Marchlewski (1866–1925), Polish and German communist politician, born in Włocławek
- Leon Marchlewski (1869–1946), Polish chemist, one of the founders in the field of chlorophyll chemistry
- Aharon Megged (1920–2016), Israeli author, awarded the Israel Prize for literature
- Henryk Muszyński (born 1933), Polish bishop
- pioneer of aviation, the first man to fly over the North Pole
- Pawel Pogorzelski (born 1979), Polish-born Canadian cinematographer.
- Służba Bezpieczeństwa(Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs)
- Bernard Pullman (1919–1996), French theoretical quantum chemist
- Marcel Reich-Ranicki (1920–2013), German literary critic, known as "Pope of literature's critic", he had one of the most important TV-shows in Germany
- Tadeusz Reichstein (1897–1996), Polish-Swiss Nobel Prize Winner in chemistry
- Maryla Rodowicz (born 1945), popular Polish Singer
- posttraumatic stress disorder
- Marie Steiner-von Sivers (1867–1948), German-Russian co-founder of Anthroposophy and the art of eurythmy
- Rachel Steinman Clarke (died 1944), violinist
- Jakub Świnka (?–1314), Polish bishop
- Henri Tajfel (1919–1982), Polish social psychologist
- Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner (1877–1969) Polish engineer and a pioneer of sound-on-film technology.
- Stefan Wyszyński (1901–1981), influential Polish bishop and cardinal, known as "Primate of the Millennium"
- self-taughtsculptor
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- ^ "Wydział Teologiczny - Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu". Teologia.umk.pl. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ a b c d z aktualności Urzędu Miasta – Town Twinning
External links
This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (December 2017) |
- (in English) Municipal website
- (in Polish) Website of tourist information
- (in English and German) Blog of tourism in Włocławek and Kujawy
- The history of Diocese of Włocławek in Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)