Talpidae
Talpidae Temporal range:
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Left column:
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Eulipotyphla |
Superfamily: | Talpoidea |
Family: | Talpidae G. Fischer , 1814
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Type genus | |
Talpa Linnaeus, 1758
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Subfamilies | |
Uropsilinae
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The
The first talpids evolved from
Characteristics
Talpids are small, dark-furred animals with cylindrical bodies and hairless, tubular snouts. They range in size from the tiny
All species have small eyes and poor eyesight, but only a few are truly blind.
Females have six or eight
Talpids are generally insectivorous. Moles eat earthworms, insect larvae, and occasionally slugs, while desmans eat aquatic invertebrates such as shrimps, insect larvae, and snails. Talpids have relatively unspecialized teeth, with the dental formula:
Dentition |
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2-3.1.3-4.3 |
1-3.0-1.3-4.3 |
Sex characteristics
Many species of talpid moles exhibit peniform clitorises that are tunneled by the urethra and are found to have erectile tissue, most notably species from the
Behavior
Desmans and shrew moles are primarily
Talpids appear to be generally quite antisocial animals, and although at least one species, the star-nosed mole, will share burrows, talpids are known to engage in much territorial behavior, including extraordinarily fast battles.[4]
Classification
The family is divided into three subfamilies, 19 genera and 59 species.
- Family Talpidae
- Subfamily Uropsilinae- Asian shrew-like moles (Chinese shrew moles)
- Genus Uropsilus - eight species in China, Bhutan, and Myanmar
- Equivalent-teeth shrew mole, U. aequodonenia
- Anderson's shrew mole, U. andersoni
- Black-backed shrew mole, U. atronates
- Dabie Mountains shrew mole, U. dabieshanensis
- Gracile shrew mole, U. gracilis
- Inquisitive shrew mole, U. investigator
- Snow Mountain shrew mole, U. nivatus
- Chinese shrew mole, U. soricipes
- Genus Uropsilus - eight species in China, Bhutan, and Myanmar
- Subfamily Scalopinae - New World moles
- Tribe Condylurini- condylurine moles
- Genus Condylura - one species in eastern North America
- Star-nosed mole, C. cristata
- Genus Condylura - one species in eastern North America
- Tribe Scalopini - scalopine moles
- Genus Alpiscaptulus- one species in China
- Medog mole, A. medogensis
- Genus Parascalops- one species in northeastern North America
- Hairy-tailed mole, P. breweri
- Genus Scalopus- one species in eastern North America
- Eastern mole, S. aquaticus
- Genus Scapanulus- one species in China
- Gansu mole, S. oweni
- Genus Scapanus - five species in western North America
- Mexican mole, S. anthonyi[8]
- Northern broad-footed mole, S. latimanus
- Southern broad-footed mole, S. occultus[9]
- Coast mole, S. orarius
- Townsend's mole, S. townsendii
- Genus
- Tribe
- Subfamily Talpinae - Old World moles, desmans, and shrew moles
- Tribe Talpini - talpine moles
- Genus Euroscaptor - ten species in East, South, and Southeast Asia
- Greater Chinese mole, E. grandis
- Kloss's mole, E. klossi
- Kuznetsov's mole, E. kuznetsovi
- Long-nosed mole, E. longirostris
- Malaysian mole, E. malayanus [10]
- Himalayan mole, E. micrurus
- Ngoc Linh mole, E. ngoclinhensis
- Orlov's mole, E. orlovi
- Small-toothed mole, E. parvidens
- Vietnamese mole, E. subanura[11]
- Genus Mogera - nine species from East Asia
- Echigo mole, M. etigo
- Small Japanese mole, M. imaizumii
- Insular mole, M. insularis
- Kano's mole, M. kanoana
- La Touche's mole, M. latouchei
- Ussuri mole, M. robusta
- Sado mole, M. tokudae
- Senkaku mole, M. uchidai
- Japanese mole, M. wogura
- Genus Oreoscaptor- one species in Japan
- Japanese mountain mole, O. mizura
- Genus Parascaptor- one species in southern Asia
- White-tailed mole, P. leucura
- Genus Scaptochirus- China
- Short-faced mole, S. moschatus
- Genus Talpa- thirteen species, Europe and western Asia
- Altai mole, T. altaica
- Aquitanian mole, T. aquitania[12]
- Blind mole, T. caeca
- Caucasian mole, T. caucasica
- Père David's mole, T. davidiana
- European mole, T. europaea
- Levant mole, T. levantis
- Martino's mole, T. martinorum
- Spanish mole, T. occidentalis
- Ognev's mole, T. ognevi
- Roman mole, T. romana
- Balkan mole, T. stankovici
- Talysch mole, T. talyschensis
- Genus Euroscaptor - ten species in East, South, and Southeast Asia
- Tribe Scaptonychini
- Genus Scaptonyx- one species in China and Myanmar
- Long-tailed mole, S. fusicauda
- Genus
- Tribe Desmanini- desmans
- Genus Desmana
- Russian desman, D. moschata
- Genus Galemys
- Pyrenean desman, G. pyrenaicus
- Genus Desmana
- Tribe Urotrichini - Japanese shrew moles
- Genus Dymecodon
- True's shrew mole, D. pilirostris
- Genus Urotrichus
- Japanese shrew mole, U. talpoides
- Genus
- Tribe Neurotrichini - New World shrew moles
- Genus Neurotrichus - Pacific northwest US, southwest British Columbia
- American shrew mole, N. gibbsii
- Genus Neurotrichus - Pacific northwest US, southwest British Columbia
- Tribe Talpini - talpine moles
- Subfamily
Some studies suggest that this classification into three subfamilies is not entirely accurate, finding
The following mammals have burrowing habits, and have by virtue of convergent evolution many derived characters in common with true moles from the family Talpidae but are nonetheless unrelated.
- N. caurinus.
- Golden moles (21 species), belonging to the Afrotheria.
Relationship with humans
All species in the family Talpidae are classed as "prohibited new organisms" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing them from being imported into the country.[14]
See also
References
- OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Jerry J. Hooker. Skeletal adaptations and phylogeny of the oldest mole Eotalpa (Talpidae, Lipotyphla, Mammalia) from the UK Eocene: the beginning of fossoriality in moles. The Paleontological Association. Volume59, Issue 2, March 2016. pp. 195-216. doi.org/10.1111/pala.12221
- ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
- ^ a b Grzimek, Bernhard. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 10: Mammals I. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1975. Print.
- ^ S2CID 8721211.
- ^ PMID 18085526.
- ^ Yates, Terry L.; Jorge Salazar-Bravo (2004). "A Revision Of Scapanus latimanus, with the Revalidation of a Species Of Mexican Mole". In Sánchez-Cordero V.; Medellín R.A. (eds.). Contribuciones Mastozoológicas En Homenaje A Bernardo Villa (PDF). Instituto De Biología e Ins Tituto De Ecología, Unam, México. pp. 479–496.
- S2CID 236583289.
- ^ Redescription of the Malaysian Mole as to be a true species Euroscaptor malayana[permanent dead link]
- .
- S2CID 90926022.
- S2CID 134096608.
- ^ Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 - Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms, New Zealand Government, retrieved 26 January 2012
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