Township (South Africa)
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Townships for non-whites were also called locations or lokasies in Afrikaans and are often still referred to as such in the smaller towns. The slang term "kasie/kasi", a popular short version of "lokasie" is also used. Townships sometimes have large informal settlements nearby.
History
Early development
During 1900–1950 (roughly), the majority of the black population in the major urban areas lived in hostels or servants' accommodations, provided by the employers, and were mostly single men. In the period during and following
By 1950, a large portion of the urban black population lived in townships. In 1950, upwards of 100,000 people were living in townships on the Witwatersrand area; 50,000 people lived in Cato Manor in Durban; and an estimated 150,000 black and coloured people lived in townships in Cape Town.[3]
Living conditions in the shack township settlements were poor, but they had some advantage over the other more established options, like hostels, of being cheap and largely unregulated by the apartheid-era South African Police.[3]
Apartheid: 1948–1994
In 1950, the Group Areas Act was enacted, which empowered the Governor-General to designate land for the sole use of a specific race. Under this law, black people were evicted from properties that were in areas designated as "white only" and forced to move into segregated townships. Separate townships were established for each of the three designated non-white race groups: black people, Coloureds and Indians – as per the Population Registration Act, 1950.
Post-apartheid
Most South African towns and cities have at least one township associated with them. Some old townships have seen rapid development since 1994, with, for instance, wealthy and middle-income areas sprouting in parts of
Social issues
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Township communities are faced with several social problems. Most often, the residents of townships do not own the land on which their houses are built. In effect, these houses are built illegally.[5] Construction is informal and unregulated by the government. This results in a lack of access to basic services such as sewerage, electricity, roads, and clean water, which adversely affects the residents' quality of life.[5]
Infrastructure problems
Sewerage, water, and electrical Infrastructure within townships are often in need of repair, resulting in a lack of sanitation due to problems with accessibility and availability. Electricity, water, and sewerage are managed by different government departments, resulting in inefficiencies in the absence of substantial coordination at all stages of the project planning, budgeting, and implementation cycle.[5]
Sewerage
The sewer systems within townships are poorly planned and constructed.[citation needed] The population of townships typically grows faster than what the infrastructure was planned for, causing overloads that result in blockages, surges, and overflows. There often are only a limited number of public toilets that are overused, abused, and quickly become health hazards for the communities. Another issue is poor access to maintenance activities, which is caused by a lack of space between houses. Some of the areas on the township peripheries or near the riverbanks do not have access to sanitation facilities because they are not connected to the formal waterborne sewerage system.[citation needed]
Water
A consequence of inadequate pumping infrastructure and large populations is that the water pressure in the townships is very low. Each section of the townships normally has one pump per section. The water is used for everything from washing clothes to cooking, drinking, bathing, and cleaning the house. Having limited water accessible to each section makes it very hard to meet the daily water needs per household.[5]
Electricity
Illegal electricity connections are all-pervasive in the townships with electrical wires strung along the trees leading to power boxes. Although dangerous, every house in the area has a wire coming out of it and every wire is known by their owner in order to fix problems as soon as they arise.[6] Most of the sub-stations are very unsecured to begin with so having so many additional wires coming from them is very dangerous for the people nearby and the kids playing in the area. The electricity infrastructure has not undergone upgrades because of the government's disinclination to encourage power usage by non-residents.[5][neutrality is disputed]
Flood risk
Some townships, such as
Backyard shacks
Backyard shacks are additional units on a plot of land that are rented out by the land owner for additional income. Plots of land designed for single-family houses have been turned into plots, that, on average hold six families instead of one.[5] These structures are illegally built in violation of planning and building codes and strain the infrastructure. Governments are loath to act on backyard dwellings, as doing so would result in large-scale displacement of people.[citation needed] A 2001 study of the township called Diepsloot near Johannesburg showed that 24% of the residents lived in brick structures, 43% were in shack areas, and 27% were in backyard shacks.[6]
Education
Township schools are often overcrowded, and lack adequate infrastructure.[citation needed] There is a high dropout rate among poor youth, particularly around Grade 9.[citation needed][7] Despite government interventions, education outcomes remain skewed, with township students continuing to under-perform.[citation needed] This skewed distribution is mainly attributable to higher and more rapid drop-out rates among the poor, rather than to a lack of initial access to schooling.[8] The formerly white schools uniformly produce better results as their governing bodies are able to raise substantial private funds. These funds are used to get resources that are usually inaccessible for the rural and township schools which survive on the commitment of their teachers.[8]
Gangs and violence
Gangs are a problem in townships and children as young as 12 or 13 get initiated into local gangs. Some see violence and gangs as a way of life and a part of their culture.[citation needed] The weapon of choice for most is a gun and with easy accessibility anyone is able to get one.[citation needed] It is estimated that out of the 14 million guns in circulation, in South Africa, only four million are registered and licensed to legal gun owners.[9]
Largest townships
Largest townships in South Africa at the time of the 2011 census:
Township | Population | Neighbouring city/town | |
---|---|---|---|
Soweto | 1,271,628 | Johannesburg | |
Botshabelo |
900,217 | Bloemfontein | |
Katlehong | 407,294 | Germiston | |
Umlazi | 404,811 | Durban | |
Soshanguve | 403,162 | Pretoria | |
Khayelitsha | 391,749 | Cape Town | |
Mamelodi | 334,577 | Pretoria | |
Mitchells Plain | 310,485 | Cape Town | |
Ibhayi | 237,799 | Port Elizabeth
| |
Sebokeng | 218,515 | Vanderbijlpark | |
Mangaung |
217,076 | Bloemfontein | |
Philippi | 200,603 | Cape Town
| |
Ivory Park | 184,383 | Midrand | |
Alexandra |
179,624 | Sandton | |
Phoenix | 176,989 | Durban | |
KwaMashu | 175,663 | Durban | |
Vosloorus | 163,216 | Boksburg | |
Mdantsane | 154,576 | East London | |
Delft | 152,030 | Cape Town
| |
Etwatwa | 151,866 | Benoni
| |
Motherwell, Eastern Cape |
140,351 | Port Elizabeth
| |
Tsakane | 135,994 | Brakpan | |
Thabong | 135,613 | Welkom | |
Evaton | 132,851 | Vanderbijlpark | |
Daveyton | 127,967 | Benoni
| |
Ntuzuma | 125,394 | Durban | |
Madadeni | 119,497 | Newcastle | |
Embalenhle | 118,889 | Secunda
| |
Kagiso | 115,802 | Krugersdorp | |
Mabopane, Gauteng |
110,972 | Pretoria | |
Galeshewe | 107,920 | Kimberley, Northern Cape | |
KwaNobuhle | 107,407 | Uitenhage | |
Saulsville | 105,208 | City of Tshwane | |
Jouberton |
104,977 | Klerksdorp | |
Thokoza | 105,827 | Alberton | |
KwaThema | 99,517 | Springs
| |
Guguletu |
98,468 | Cape Town | |
Diepsloot | 95,067 | Midrand | |
Ga-Rankuwa | 90,945 | Pretoria | |
Seshego | 83,863 | Polokwane | |
Edendale |
79,573 | Pietermaritzburg | |
Osizweni | 77,845 | Newcastle | |
Orange Farm | 76,767 | Johannesburg | |
Hlubi |
73,931 | Newcastle | |
Duduza | 73,295 | Nigel, Gauteng | |
Mfuleni | 52,274 | Cape Town | |
Mpumalanga | 62,406 | Pinetown | |
Matsulu | 47,306 | Mbombela | |
Thembalethu | 43,103 | George, Western Cape
| |
Mahwelereng | 41,072 | Mokopane | |
Sharpeville | 37,599 | Vereeniging |
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Construction of a house in the former townshipDukathole (near Aliwal North)
-
A bigger shack made of corrugated iron withinDukathole
-
Little shop on the main street ofDukathole
-
Dukathole- Street scene
Legal meaning
The legal meaning of the term "township" in South Africa differs from the popular usage and has a precise legal meaning, South Africa.
Often a township (in the legal sense) is established and then the adjoining townships, with the same name as the original township, and with a numbered "Extension" suffix are later established.[citation needed] For example, the Johannesburg suburb of Bryanston has an extension called Bryanston Extension 3.[13]
Relationship with "suburb"
In traditionally or historically white areas, the term "suburb" is used for legally-defined residential townships in everyday conversation.
A suburb's boundaries are often regarded as being the same as the (legal) township boundaries, along with its numbered extensions, and it usually shares its name with the township (with some notable exceptions, such as the Johannesburg suburb known as
Occasionally, formerly independent towns, such as Sandton (which itself consists of numerous suburbs), are referred to as "suburbs".[14]
See also
- List of townships in South Africa
- HIV/AIDS in South African townships
- Bantustan
- Ghetto
- Racial segregation
- Township tourism
- Old Location, a township of Windhoek, Namibia
- Katutura, a township of Windhoek, Namibia
References
- ^ Pettman, Charles (1913). Africanderisms; a glossary of South African colloquial words and phrases and of place and other names. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 298.
- ^ International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (PDF). p. 406.
- ^ a b c Seekings, Jeremy; Nattrass, Nicoli (2005). "Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa" (PDF). sahistory.org.za. Yale University Press. p. 63. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ Huchzermeyer, M., (2011).Cities with ‘Slums’: From Informal Settlement Eradication to a Right To The City In Africa University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town
- ^ a b c d e f g Interactive Planning Workshop for Johannesburg. Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council. Johannesburg, South Africa. 27–30 September 2000. Web. 8 October 2011. <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/case-examples/overview-africa/alexandra-township.html>
- ^ a b Harber, Anton. Diepsloot. Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball Publishers LTD, 2011. 2011. 1-226. Print.
- ^ "Education in South Africa". SouthAfrica.info. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010.
- ^ a b Motloung, Hloni. "Township and Rural Schools continue to be marginalized as inequality in the education system persists commented Graeme Bloch, Education Specialist, Development Bank of Southern Africa at the Knowledge Week". Print.
- ^ Dempster, Carolyn (10 April 2002). "Guns, gangs and culture of violence". BBC News.
- ^ Birkett, Richard (August 2003). "The Survey System in South Africa". KZNLS Information Services. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
page 3: In an urban area, the basic unit of land is an erf. And page 5: A general plan is registered as a "township" in the Deeds Office and in he case of Durban. Hence the trend now is to frame diagrams for townships that should really be depicted on general plans.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "project management - tenure of land - development - community - south africa". lts.co.za.
- ^ "Alien spotted in Bryanston Extension 3 - Municipal | looklocal Randburg". Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
- ^ "Title deeds handed over in Alex | Alexandra". Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.