Trifoliate orange
Trifoliate orange | |
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A fruiting tree in Jardin des Plantes, Paris
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Rutaceae |
Genus: | Citrus |
Species: | C. trifoliata
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Binomial name | |
Citrus trifoliata | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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The trifoliate orange, Citrus trifoliata (
It is native to northern China and Korea, and is also known as the Japanese bitter-orange (karatachi),[4] hardy orange[5] or Chinese bitter orange.
The plant is a fairly cold-hardy citrus (USDA zone 6) and will tolerate moderate frost and snow, making a large shrub or small tree 4–8 m (13–26 ft) tall. Because of its relative hardiness, citrus grafted onto Citrus trifoliata are usually hardier than when grown on their own roots.[6]
Description
The trifoliate orange is recognizable by the large 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) thorns on the shoots, and its deciduous leaves with three (or rarely, five) leaflets, typically with the middle leaflet 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) long, and the two side leaflets 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) long. The flowers are white, with pink stamens, 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) in diameter, larger than those of true citrus but otherwise closely resembling them, except that the scent is much less pronounced than with true citrus. As with true citrus, the leaves give off a spicy smell when crushed.
The fruits are green, ripening to yellow, and 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) in diameter similar in size to a lime and resembling a small orange, but with a finely downy surface and having a fuzzy texture similar to a peach. The fruits also have distinctive smell from other citrus varieties and often contain a high concentration of seeds.
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Flower
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Leaves and thorns
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Green fruits
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Bisected fruit
Uses
Cultivation
The
Trifoliate orange and various hybrids of this plant are widely used as citrus rootstock, and valued for their resistance to cold, the
Recent studies have revealed that the trifoliate orange contains auraptene at a high concentration, which is one of the functional components having immunity against citrus tristeza virus (CTV).[10]
As food
The fruits are very bitter, due in part to their poncirin content. Most people consider them inedible fresh, but they can be made into marmalade.[8] When dried and powdered, they can be used as a condiment.[citation needed]
Medicine
Traditional medicine
The fruits of the trifoliate orange are widely used in medical traditions of East Asia as a treatment for allergic inflammation.[11]
Taxonomy
The trifoliate orange was historically considered a member of the
A second species of trifoliate orange native to Yunnan (China) has been reported and named Poncirus polyandra.[19] Were Poncirus to be subsumed into Citrus, where C. polyandra is unavailable, the name Citrus polytrifolia has been suggested.[20] Zhang and Mabberley concluded this Yunnan cultivar is likely a hybrid between the trifoliate orange and another Citrus,[2] but recent genomic analysis of P. polyandra showed low levels of heterozygosity,[21] the opposite of what one would expect for a hybrid. This analysis dated its divergence from P. trifoliata about 2.82 million years ago.[21]
The trifoliate orange does not naturally interbreed with core Citrus taxa due to different flowering times,
References
- ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 26 March 2016
- ^ a b Dianxiang Zhang & David J. Mabberley, "Citrus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 782. 1753", Flora of China online, vol. 11
- ^ Dianxiang Zhang & David J. Mabberley, "Citrus trifoliata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 1101. 1763", Flora of China online, vol. 11
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Poncirus trifoliata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
- ^ "Notice to Fruit Growers and Nurseymen Related to the Naming and Release of the US-942 Citrus Rootstock" (PDF). Agricultural Research Service, USDA. 22 October 2010. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ Gerald Klingaman. "Plant of the Week. Hardy Orange or Trifoliate Orange. Latin: Poncirus trifoliat". University of Arkansas. Division of Agriculture.
- ^ a b Green Deane Hardy (December 2012). "Hardy Orange".
- ^ "Notice to Fruit Growers and Nurseymen Related to the Naming and Release of the US-942 Citrus Rootstock" (PDF). Agricultural Research Service, USDA. 22 October 2010. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ Ohta, Satoshi; Endo, Tomoko; Shimada, Takehiko; Fujii, Hiroshi (2011). "Karatachi no kankitsu torisuteza wīrusu teikōsei to rensa suru DNA mākā" [PCR Primers for Marker Assisted Backcrossing to Introduce a CTV Resistance Gene from Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. into Citrus]. Shimizu, Tokuro; Kuniga, Takeshi; Yoshioka, Terutaka; Nesumi, Hirohisa; Yoshida, Toshio; Omura, Mitsuo (Shizuoka University). Japanese Society for Horticultural Science. pp. 295–307. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- PMID 17662711
- ^ S2CID 242819146.
- S2CID 24057066.
- .
- S2CID 29306927.
- PMID 23104641.
- PMID 29414943. and Supplement
- S2CID 87258420.
- PMID 23104641.
- ^ "Citrus polytrifolia". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ PMID 32985030.
- S2CID 32371305.