United States government operations and exercises on September 11, 2001

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On September 11, 2001, the

North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was involved in an ongoing operation which involved deploying fighter aircraft to northeastern North America. The U.S. Military and NORAD had also planned to conduct several military exercises and a drill was being held by the National Reconnaissance Office, a Department of Defense agency. The operations, exercises and drills were all canceled following the September 11 attacks
.

Ongoing military operations

Operation Northern Vigilance, was a NORAD operation which involved deploying fighter aircraft to locations in Alaska and Northern Canada. [1] The operation was a response to a Russian exercise, in which long-range bombers were dispatched to Russia's high north. The operation was one part simulation, one part real world. It was immediately called off after NORAD received word from NEADS that the Federal Aviation Administration had evidence of a hijacking. All simulated information (so-called "injects") were purged from computer screens at NORAD headquarters in Colorado. On receiving news of the attacks, the Russians promptly canceled their exercise as well.[2]

Planned military exercises

The military exercises (

war games
) planned for September 11, 2001, included:

  • NORAD. Primary purpose is to test and validate nuclear command and control and execution procedures. Global Guardian is performed in conjunction with NORAD's Vigilant Guardian and Amalgam Warrior, as well as exercises sponsored by Air Combat Command (Crown Vigilance) and Space Command (Apollo Guardian).[3][4]
  • NEADS component, as senior officials who were manning NORAD command centers throughout the U.S. were available to make rapid decisions.[8]
  • Vigilant Warrior. In his book
    CINCNORAD sponsored exercise which is held twice annually).[10] Vigilant Warrior was also a 1994 operation by the US army in the Persian Gulf region, in response to Iraqi troop movements towards Kuwait.[11]

National Reconnaissance Office drill

Aside from military exercises, a National Reconnaissance Office drill was being conducted on September 11, 2001. In a simulated event, a small aircraft would crash into one of the towers of the agency's headquarters after experiencing a mechanical failure. The NRO is the branch of the Department of Defense in charge of spy satellites. According to its spokesman Art Haubold: "No actual plane was to be involved -- to simulate the damage from the crash, some stairwells and exits were to be closed off, forcing employees to find other ways to evacuate the building." He further explained: "It was just an incredible coincidence that this happened to involve an aircraft crashing into our facility, as soon as the real world events began, we canceled the exercise." Most of the agency's personnel were sent home after the attacks.[12]

Operation Tripod bioterrorism exercise

On September 12, 2001, there was due to take place the second part of an exercise known as Operation Tripod, set up to "test the plan to distribute antibiotics to the entire city population during a bioterrorism attack".

Pier 92 was set up as a model distribution station where the "victims" of the mock attack who needed to receive antibiotics would be treated.[13] The exercise was a follow-up to a previous training exercise in New York, called RED Ex, which took place on May 21, 2001.[15] According to the MTI Report Saving City Lifelines: Lessons Learned in the 9-11 Terrorist Attacks, "September 11 was going to be a busy day at the OEM. Staff members arrived early to prepare for Operation Tripod."[13]

When the

WTC Building 7) was evacuated and later destroyed. Thus, within 31 hours of the attacks, NYC OEM had a functional facility able to manage the search and rescue effort, just four miles north-northwest of the WTC site.[16] The exercise was later rescheduled and took place on May 22, 2002.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ "NORAD Maintains Northern Vigilance". NORAD Newsroom. September 9, 2001. Archived from the original on November 12, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
  2. ^ Simmie, Scott (December 9, 2001). "The scene at NORAD on Sept. 11 ; Playing Russian war games ... and then someone shouted to look at the monitor;". Toronto Star.
  3. ^ "Global Guardian". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  4. ^ "Nuclear Weapon Systems Sustainment Programs". Office of the Secretary of Defense. May 1997. Archived from the original on August 31, 2005. Retrieved October 4, 2005.
  5. ^ "Vigilant Guardian". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  6. ^ Bronner, Michael (October 17, 2006). "9/11 Live: The NORAD Tapes". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
  7. ISBN 0-393-32671-3
    . Retrieved October 25, 2006.
  8. ^ Scott, William B. (June 3, 2002). "Exercise Jump-Starts Response to Attacks". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on September 17, 2002.
  9. ISBN 0-7432-6024-4
    .
  10. ^ "Amalgam Warrior". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on October 21, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
  11. ^ "Operation Vigilant Warrior, 14 October-21 December 1994". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
  12. ^ Agency planned exercise on Sept. 11 built around a plane crashing into a building Archived 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine, from Boston.com Archived September 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ a b c "MTI REPORT 02-06 Saving City Lifelines: Lessons Learned in the 9-11 Terrorist Attacks". Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
  14. ^ "Man Behind the Mayor". October 15, 2001. Archived from the original on January 14, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
  15. ^ The New York Sun
  16. ^ 9/11 Commission Report
  17. ^ Office of Emergency Management - Press Release: May 22, 2002 - Operation TriPOD

External links

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