Osama bin Laden
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Osama bin Laden | ||
---|---|---|
أسامة بن لادن | ||
1st General Emir of al-Qaeda | ||
In office 11 August 1988 – 2 May 2011 | ||
Preceded by | Position established | |
Succeeded by | Ayman al-Zawahiri | |
Personal details | ||
Born | Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (1957-03-10)10 March 1957 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | |
Died | 2 May 2011(2011-05-02) (aged 54) Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan | |
Cause of death | Gunshot wound | |
Citizenship | Stateless (1994–2011) Saudi Arabia (until 1994) | |
Spouses | Khadijah Sharif
(m. 1983; div. 1990)Khairiah Sabar (m. 1985)Siham Sabar (m. 1987)Amal Ahmed al-Sadah
(m. 2000) | |
Children | 20–26; including Religion Islam (Sunni Islam)[1][2][3][4] | |
Military service | ||
Allegiance |
| |
Years of service | 1984–2011 | |
Rank | General Emir of al-Qaeda | |
Battles/wars | ||
Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (
Osama was born in
Bin Laden was the organizer of the September 11 attacks, which killed nearly 3,000 people. This resulted in the United States invading Afghanistan, which launched the war on terror. Bin Laden became the subject of nearly a decade-long multi-national manhunt led by the United States. During this period, he hid in several mountainous regions of Afghanistan and later escaped to neighboring Pakistan. On 2 May 2011, Bin Laden was killed by US special operations forces at his compound in Abbottabad. His corpse was buried at the Arabian Sea and he was officially succeeded by his deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri on 16 June 2011.
Bin Laden grew to become an influential ideologue who inspired several
Name
Osama bin Laden's name is most frequently rendered as "Osama bin Laden". The FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), as well as other US governmental agencies, have used either "Usama bin Laden" or the accepted transliteration "Usama bin Ladin".
Osama bin Laden's full name, Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, means "Osama, son of Mohammed, son of Awad, son of Laden".
He was named Usama, meaning "lion", after
Early life and education
Osama bin Laden was born on 10 March 1957 in
Mohammed bin Laden divorced Hamida soon after Osama bin Laden was born. Mohammed recommended Hamida to Mohammed al-Attas, an associate. Al-Attas married Hamida in the late 1950s or early 1960s.[17] The couple had four children, and Bin Laden lived in the new household with three half-brothers and one half-sister.[14] The Bin Laden family made $5 billion in the construction industry, of which Osama later inherited around $25–30 million.[18]
Bin Laden was raised as a devout
At university, Bin Laden's main interest was religion, where he was involved in both "interpreting the
Personal life
At age 17 in 1974, Bin Laden married Najwa Ghanem at Latakia, Syria;[31] but they were later separated and she left Afghanistan on 9 September 2001, 2 days before the 9/11 attacks.[32] Bin Laden's other known wives were Khadijah Sharif (married 1983, divorced 1990s); Khairiah Sabar (married 1985); Siham Sabar (married 1987); and Amal al-Sadah (married 2000). Some sources also list a sixth wife, name unknown, whose marriage to Bin Laden was annulled soon after the ceremony.[33] Bin Laden fathered between 20 and 26 children with his wives.[34][35] Many of Bin Laden's children fled to Iran following the September 11 attacks and as of 2010[update], Iranian authorities reportedly continue to control their movements.[36]
Nasser al-Bahri, who was Bin Laden's personal bodyguard from 1997 to 2001, details Bin Laden's personal life in his memoir. He describes him as a frugal man and strict father, who enjoyed taking his large family on shooting trips and picnics in the desert.[37]
Bin Laden's father Mohammed died in 1967 in an airplane crash in Saudi Arabia when his American pilot Jim Harrington[38] misjudged a landing.[39] Bin Laden's eldest half-brother, Salem bin Laden, the subsequent head of the Bin Laden family, was killed in 1988 near San Antonio, Texas, in the United States, when he accidentally flew a plane into power lines.[40]
The FBI described Bin Laden as an adult as tall and thin, between 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) and 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) in height and weighing about 73 kilograms (160 lb),[41] although the author Lawrence Wright, in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book on al-Qaeda, The Looming Tower, writes that a number of Bin Laden's close friends confirmed that reports of his height were greatly exaggerated, and that Bin Laden was actually "just over 6 feet (1.8 m) tall".[42] Eventually, after his death, he was measured to be roughly 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in).[43] Bin Laden had an olive complexion and was left-handed, usually walking with a cane. He wore a plain white keffiyeh. Bin Laden had stopped wearing the traditional Saudi male keffiyeh and instead wore the traditional Yemeni male keffiyeh.[44] Bin Laden was described as soft-spoken and mild-mannered in demeanor.[45]
Political views
According to former
Bin Laden believed that the Islamic world was in crisis and that the complete restoration of
These beliefs, in conjunction with violent
His viewpoints and methods of achieving them had led to him being designated as a terrorist by scholars,[55][56] journalists from The New York Times,[57][58] the BBC,[59] and Qatari news station Al Jazeera,[60] analysts such as Peter Bergen,[61] Michael Scheuer,[62] Marc Sageman,[63] and Bruce Hoffman.[64][65] He was indicted on terrorism charges by law enforcement agencies in Madrid, New York City, and Tripoli.[66]
Bin Laden supported the targeting of American civilians, in retaliation against US troops indiscriminately attacking Muslims. He asserted that this policy could deter
Two months after the
Bin Laden's overall strategy for achieving his goals against much larger enemies such as the Soviet Union and United States was to lure them into a long war of attrition in Muslim countries, attracting large numbers of jihadists who would never surrender. He believed this would lead to economic collapse of the enemy countries, by "bleeding" them dry.[70] Al-Qaeda manuals express this strategy. In a 2004 tape broadcast by Al Jazeera, Bin Laden spoke of "bleeding America to the point of bankruptcy".[71]
A number of errors and inconsistencies in Bin Laden's arguments have been alleged by authors such as Max Rodenbeck and Noah Feldman. He invoked democracy both as an example of the deceit and fraudulence of Western political system—American law being "the law of the rich and wealthy"[72]—and as the reason civilians are responsible for their government's actions and so can be lawfully punished by death.[73] He denounced democracy as a "religion of ignorance" that violates Islam by issuing man-made laws, but in a later statement compares the Western democracy of Spain favorably to the Muslim world in which the ruler is accountable. Rodenbeck states, "Evidently, [Bin Laden] has never heard theological justifications for democracy, based on the notion that the will of the people must necessarily reflect the will of an all-knowing God."[74]
Bin Laden was heavily
Bin Laden was opposed to music on religious grounds,[79] and his attitude towards technology was mixed. He was interested in earth-moving machinery and genetic engineering of plants on the one hand, but rejected chilled water on the other.[80]
Bin Laden also believed
Militant and political career
Afghan–Soviet War
By 1984, Bin Laden and Azzam established Maktab al-Khidamat, which funneled money, arms, and fighters from around the Arab world into Afghanistan. Through al-Khadamat, Bin Laden's inherited family fortune[91] paid for air tickets and accommodation, paid for paperwork with Pakistani authorities and provided other such services for the jihadi fighters. Bin Laden established camps inside Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan and trained volunteers from across the Muslim world to fight against the Soviet-backed regime, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Between 1986 and 1987, Bin Laden set up a base in eastern Afghanistan for several dozen of his own Arab soldiers.[92] From this base, Bin Laden participated in some combat activity against the Soviets, such as the Battle of Jaji in 1987.[92] Despite its little strategic significance, the battle was lionized in the mainstream Arab press.[92] It was during this time that he became idolized by many Arabs.[93]
Allegation of involvement in 1988 Gilgit massacre
In May 1988, responding to rumours of a massacre of
Formation and structuring of al-Qaeda
By 1988,
According to Wright, the group's real name was not used in public pronouncements because its existence was still a closely held secret.[102] His research suggests that al-Qaeda was formed at an 11 August 1988, meeting between several senior leaders of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam, and Bin Laden, where it was agreed to join Bin Laden's money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and take up the jihadist cause elsewhere after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan.[103]
Following the Soviet Union's withdrawal from
The
Bin Laden publicly denounced Saudi dependence on the US forces, arguing that the Quran prohibited non-Muslims from setting foot in the Arabian Peninsula and that two holiest shrines of Islam, Mecca and Medina, the cities in which Muhammad received and recited Allah's message, should only be defended by Muslims. Bin Laden tried to convince the Saudi ulama to issue a fatwa condemning the American military deployment but senior clerics refused out of fear of repression.[112] Bin Laden's continued criticism of the Saudi monarchy led them to put him under house arrest, under which he remained until he was ultimately forced to leave the country in 1991.[113] The US 82nd Airborne Division landed in the north-eastern Saudi city of Dhahran and was deployed in the desert barely 400 miles from Medina.[93]
Meanwhile, on 8 November 1990, the FBI raided the New Jersey home of El Sayyid Nosair, an associate of al-Qaeda operative Ali Mohamed. They discovered copious evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers. This marked the earliest discovery of al-Qaeda terrorist plans outside of Muslim countries.[114] Nosair was eventually convicted in connection to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and, years later, admitted guilt for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City on 5 November 1990.
Move to Sudan
In 1991, Bin Laden was expelled from Saudi Arabia by its government after repeatedly criticizing the Saudi alliance with the United States.
US intelligence monitored Bin Laden in Sudan using operatives to run by daily and to photograph activities at his compound, and using an intelligence safe house and signals intelligence to surveil him and to record his moves.[119]
Sudan and return to Afghanistan
In Sudan, Bin Laden established a new base for Mujahideen operations in
By that time, Bin Laden was being linked with
The US State Department accused Sudan of being a sponsor of international terrorism and Bin Laden of operating terrorist training camps in the Sudanese desert. However, according to Sudan officials, this stance became obsolete as the Islamist political leader Hassan al-Turabi lost influence in their country. The Sudanese wanted to engage with the US but American officials refused to meet with them even after they had expelled Bin Laden. It was not until 2000 that the State Department authorized US intelligence officials to visit Sudan.[122]
The 9/11 Commission Report states:
In late 1995, when Bin Laden was still in Sudan, the State Department and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) learned that Sudanese officials were discussing with the Saudi government the possibility of expelling Bin Laden. CIA paramilitary officer
Sudan's minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Laden over to the United States. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Laden. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment outstanding against Bin Laden in any country.[128]
The 9/11 Commission Report further states:
In February 1996, Sudanese officials began approaching officials from the United States and other governments, asking what actions of theirs might ease foreign pressure. In secret meetings with Saudi officials, Sudan offered to expel Bin Laden to Saudi Arabia and asked the Saudis to pardon him. US officials became aware of these secret discussions, certainly by March. Saudi officials apparently wanted Bin Laden expelled from Sudan. They had already revoked his citizenship, however, and would not tolerate his presence in their country. Also Bin Laden may have no longer felt safe in Sudan, where he had already escaped at least one assassination attempt that he believed to have been the work of the Egyptian or Saudi regimes, and paid for by the
CIA.
Due to the increasing pressure on Sudan from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United States, Bin Laden was permitted to leave for a country of his choice. He chose to return to
1996 Declaration of war and 1998 fatwa
In August 1996, Bin Laden
Fervently attacking
On 23 February 1998; Bin Laden, alongside
"All these American crimes and sins are a clear proclamation of war against God, his Messenger, and the Muslims. Religious scholars throughout Islamic history have agreed that Jihad is an individual duty when an enemy attacks Muslim countries. This was related by the Imam ibn Qudama in "The Resource," by Imam al-Kisa'i in "The Marvels," by al-Qurtubi in his exegesis, and by the Sheikh of Islam when he states in his chronicles that "As for fighting to repel an enemy, which is the strongest way to defend freedom and religion, it is agreed that this is a duty. After faith, there is no greater duty than fighting an enemy who is corrupting religion and the world.""[138][137]
In Afghanistan, Bin Laden and al-Qaeda raised money from donors from the days of the Soviet jihad, and from the Pakistani ISI to establish more training camps for Mujahideen fighters.[139] Bin Laden effectively took over Ariana Afghan Airlines, which ferried Islamic militants, arms, cash, and opium through the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan, as well as provided false identifications to members of Bin Laden's terrorist network.[140] The arms smuggler Viktor Bout helped to run the airline, maintaining planes and loading cargo. Michael Scheuer, head of the CIA's Bin Laden unit, concluded that Ariana was being used as a terrorist taxi service.[141]
Early attacks and aid for attacks
It is believed that the first bombing attack involving Bin Laden was the 29 December 1992, bombing of the
After this bombing, al-Qaeda was reported to have developed its justification for the killing of innocent people. According to a fatwa issued by Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because any innocent bystander will find a proper reward in death, going to Jannah (paradise) if they were good Muslims and to Jahannam (hell) if they were bad or non-believers.[142] The fatwa was issued to al-Qaeda members but not the general public.
In the 1990s, Bin Laden's al-Qaeda assisted jihadis financially and sometimes militarily in Algeria, Egypt, and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993, Bin Laden sent an emissary, Qari el-Said, with $40,000 to Algeria to aid the Islamists and urge war rather than negotiation with the government. Their advice was heeded. The
Late 1990s attacks
It has been claimed that Bin Laden funded the Luxor massacre of 17 November 1997,[144][145][146] which killed 62 civilians, and outraged the Egyptian public. In mid-1997, the Northern Alliance threatened to overrun Jalalabad, causing Bin Laden to abandon his Najim Jihad compound and move his operations to Tarnak Farms in the south.[147]
Another successful attack was carried out in the city of Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan. Bin Laden helped cement his alliance with the Taliban by sending several hundred Afghan Arab fighters along to help the Taliban kill between five and six thousand Hazaras overrunning the city.[148]
In February 1998, Osama bin Laden and
Bin Laden and al-Zawahiri organized an al-Qaeda congress on 24 June 1998.
In retaliation for the embassy bombings, President
At the end of 2000,
Yugoslav Wars
A former US State Department official in October 2001 described Bosnia and Herzegovina as a safe haven for terrorists, and asserted that militant elements of the former Sarajevo government were protecting extremists, some with ties to Osama bin Laden.[161]
According to Middle East intelligence reports, Bin Laden financed small convoys of recruits from the Arab world through his businesses in Sudan. Among them was Karim Said Atmani, who was identified by authorities as the document forger for a group of Algerians accused of plotting the bombings in the United States.[162] He is a former roommate of Ahmed Ressam, the man arrested at the Canada–United States border in mid-December 1999 with a car full of nitroglycerin and bomb-making materials.[163][164] He was convicted of colluding with Osama bin Laden by a French court.[165]
A Bosnian government search of passport and residency records, conducted at the urging of the United States, revealed other former Mujahideen who were linked to the same Algerian group or to other groups of suspected terrorists, and had lived in the area 100 km (60 mi) north of Sarajevo, the capital, in the past few years. Khalil al-Deek was arrested in Jordan in late December 1999 on suspicion of involvement in a plot to blow up tourist sites. A second man with Bosnian citizenship, Hamid Aich, lived in Canada at the same time as Atmani and worked for a charity associated with Osama bin Laden. In its 26 June 1997 report on the bombing of the Al Khobar building in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, The New York Times noted that those arrested confessed to serving with Bosnian Muslim forces. Further, the captured men also admitted to ties with Osama bin Laden.[166][167][verification needed]
In 1999, the press reported that Bin Laden and his Tunisian assistant Mehrez Aodouni were granted citizenship and
The head of Albania's State Intelligence Service (SHISH), Fatos Klosi, said that Osama was running a terror network in Albania to take part in the Kosovo War under the guise of a humanitarian organization and it was reported to have been started in 1994. Claude Kader, who was a member, testified its existence during his trial.[168] By 1998, four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) were arrested in Albania and extradited to Egypt.[169] The mujahideen fighters were organized by Islamic leaders in Western Europe allied to him and Zawihiri.[170] According to several sources, Alija Izzetbegovic reportedly met with Osama Bin Laden in the former's office in Sarajevo during the Bosnian War.[171][172]
During his trial at the
September 11 attacks
God knows it did not cross our minds to attack
US Sixth Fleet. As I watched the destroyed towers in Lebanon, it occurred to me punish the unjust the same way: to destroy towers in America so it could taste some of what we are tasting and to stop killing our children and women.— Osama bin Laden, 2004[177]
After his initial denial,
Bin Laden initially denied involvement in the attacks. On 16 September 2001, Bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by Qatar's
In the 2004 video, Bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements. In it he said he had personally directed the nineteen hijackers.[189][190] In the 18-minute tape, played on Al-Jazeera, four days before the American presidential election, Bin Laden accused US President George W. Bush of negligence in the hijacking of the planes on September 11.[189] According to the tapes, Bin Laden claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War.[191]
Through two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Osama bin Laden announced, "I am the one in charge of the nineteen brothers. ... I was responsible for entrusting the nineteen brothers ... with the raids" (23 May 2006).
Criminal charges
On 16 March 1998, Libya issued the first official
Bin Laden became the 456th person listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, when he was added on 7 June 1999, following his indictment along with others for capital crimes in the 1998 embassy attacks. Attempts at assassination and requests for the extradition of Bin Laden from the Taliban of Afghanistan were met with failure before the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001.[202] In 1999, US President Bill Clinton convinced the United Nations to impose sanctions against Afghanistan in an attempt to force the Taliban to extradite him.[203]
On 10 October 2001, Bin Laden appeared as well on the initial list of the top 22 FBI Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by the President of the United States George W. Bush, in direct response to the September 11 attacks, but which was again based on the indictment for the 1998 embassy attack. Bin Laden was among a group of thirteen fugitive terrorists wanted on that latter list for questioning about the 1998 embassy bombings. Bin Laden remains the only fugitive ever to be listed on both FBI fugitive lists.
Despite the multiple indictments listed above and multiple requests, the Taliban refused to extradite Osama bin Laden. However, they did offer to try him before an Islamic court if evidence of Osama bin Laden's involvement in the September 11 attacks was provided. It was not until eight days after the bombing of Afghanistan began in October 2001 that the Taliban finally did offer to turn over Osama bin Laden to a third-party country for trial in return for the United States ending the bombing. This offer was rejected by President Bush stating that this was no longer negotiable, with Bush responding "there's no need to discuss innocence or guilt. We know he's guilty."[204]
On 15 June 2011, federal prosecutors of the United States of America officially dropped all criminal charges against Osama bin Laden following his death in May.[205]
Pursuit by the United States
Clinton administration
Capturing Osama bin Laden had been an objective of the United States government since the presidency of Bill Clinton.[206] Shortly after the September 11 attacks it was revealed that President Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA (and specifically their elite Special Activities Division) to apprehend Bin Laden and bring him to the United States to stand trial after the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa; if taking Bin Laden alive was deemed impossible, then deadly force was authorized.[207] On 20 August 1998, 66 cruise missiles launched by United States Navy ships in the Arabian Sea struck Bin Laden's training camps near Khost in Afghanistan, missing him by a few hours.[208] In 1999 the CIA, together with Pakistani military intelligence, had prepared a team of approximately 60 Pakistani commandos to infiltrate Afghanistan to capture or kill Bin Laden, but the plan was aborted by the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état;[208] in 2000, foreign operatives working on behalf of the CIA had fired a rocket-propelled grenade at a convoy of vehicles in which Bin Laden was traveling through the mountains of Afghanistan, hitting one of the vehicles but not the one in which Bin Laden was riding.[207]
In 2000, before the September 11 attacks,
Bush administration
Immediately after the September 11 attacks, US government officials named Bin Laden and the al-Qaeda organization as the prime suspects and offered a reward of $25 million for information leading to his capture or death.
Bin Laden was believed to be hiding in the
The Washington Post also reported that the CIA unit composed of special operations paramilitary forces dedicated to capturing Bin Laden was shut down in late 2005.[216]
US and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves in Tora Bora between 14 and 16 August 2007. The military was drawn to the area after receiving intelligence of a pre-Ramadan meeting held by al-Qaeda members. After killing dozens of al-Qaeda and Taliban members, they did not find either Osama bin Laden or Ayman al-Zawahiri.[217]
Obama administration
On 7 October 2008, in the second presidential debate, on foreign policy, then-presidential candidate Barack Obama pledged, "We will kill Bin Laden. We will crush al-Qaeda. That has to be our biggest national security priority."[218] Upon being elected, then President-elect Obama expressed his plans to renew US commitment to finding al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, according to his national security advisers in an effort to ratchet up the hunt for the terrorist.[218] President Obama rejected the Bush administration's policy on Bin Laden that conflated all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah, replacing it with a covert, narrow focus on al-Qaeda and its direct affiliates.[219][220]
In April 2011, President Obama ordered a covert operation to kill or capture Bin Laden. On 1 May 2011 (US time), the White House announced that SEAL Team Six had successfully carried out the operation, killing him in his Abbottabad compound in Pakistan.[222][223]
Activities and whereabouts after the September 11 attacks
While referring to Osama bin Laden in a CNN film clip on 17 September 2001, then-President George W. Bush stated, "I want justice. There is an old poster out west, as I recall, that said, 'Wanted: Dead or alive'".[224] Subsequently, Bin Laden retreated further from public contact to avoid capture. Numerous speculative press reports were issued about his whereabouts or even death; some placed Bin Laden in different locations during overlapping time periods. None were ever definitively proven. After military offensives in Afghanistan failed to uncover his whereabouts, Pakistan was regularly identified as his suspected hiding place. Some of the conflicting reports regarding Bin Laden's whereabouts and mistaken claims about his death follow:
- On 11 December 2005, a letter from West Point, Atiyah instructs Zarqawi to send messengers to Waziristan so that they meet with the brothers of the leadership. Al-Rahman also indicates that Bin Laden and al-Qaeda are weak and have many of their own problems. The letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials, according to The Washington Post.[225][226]
- Al-Qaeda continued to release time-sensitive and professionally verified videos demonstrating Bin Laden's continued survival, including in August 2007.[227] Bin Laden claimed sole responsibility for the September 11 attacks and specifically denied any prior knowledge of them by the Taliban or the Afghan people.[228]
- In 2009, a research team led by Thomas W. Gillespie and UCLA used satellite-aided geographical analysis to pinpoint three compounds in Parachinar as Bin Laden's likely hideouts.[229]
- In March 2009, the New York Daily News reported that the hunt for Bin Laden had centered in the Chitral District of Pakistan, including the Kalam Valley. Author Rohan Gunaratna stated that captured al-Qaeda leaders had confirmed that Bin Laden was hiding in Chitral.[230]
- In the first week of December 2009, a Taliban detainee in Pakistan said he had information that Bin Laden was in Afghanistan in 2009. The detainee reported that in January or February (2009) he met a trusted contact who had seen Bin Laden in Afghanistan about 15 to 20 days earlier. However, on 6 December 2009, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the United States had had no reliable information on the whereabouts of Bin Laden in years.Gillani rejected claims that Osama bin Laden was hiding in Pakistan.[232]
- On 9 December 2009, BBC News reported that US Army General Stanley A. McChrystal (Commander of US and ISAF forces in Afghanistan from 15 June 2009, to 23 June 2010) emphasized the continued importance of the capture or killing of Bin Laden, thus indicating that the US high command believed that Bin Laden was still alive.[233]
- On 2 February 2010, Afghan president Hamid Karzai arrived in Saudi Arabia for an official visit. The agenda included a discussion of a possible Saudi role in Karzai's plan to reintegrate Taliban militants. During the visit, an anonymous official of the Saudi Foreign Affairs Ministry declared that the kingdom had no intention of getting involved in peacemaking in Afghanistan unless the Taliban severed ties with extremists and expelled Osama bin Laden.[234]
- On 7 June 2010, the Kuwaiti newspaper Al-Seyassah reported that Bin Laden was hiding out in the mountainous town of Sabzevar, in northeastern Iran.[235] On 9 June, The Australian's online edition repeated the claim.[236] This report turned out to be false.
- On 18 October 2010, an unnamed NATO official suggested that Bin Laden was alive, well, and living comfortably in Pakistan, protected by elements of the country's intelligence services. A senior Pakistani official denied the allegations and said that the accusations were designed to put pressure on the Pakistani government ahead of talks aimed at strengthening ties between Pakistan and the United States.[237]
On 29 March 2012, Pakistani newspaper Dawn acquired a report produced by Pakistani security officials, based on interrogation of his three surviving wives, that detailed his movements while living underground in Pakistan.[238]
In a 2010 letter, Bin Laden chastised followers who had reinterpreted al-tatarrus—an Islamic doctrine meant to excuse the unintended killing of non-combatants in unusual circumstances—to justify routine massacres of Muslim civilians, which had turned Muslims against the extremist movement. Of the groups affiliated with al-Qaeda, Bin Laden condemned
Whereabouts just before his death
In April 2011, various US intelligence outlets traced Bin Laden to Abbottabad, Pakistan. It was previously believed that Bin Laden was hiding near the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, but he was found 160 km (100 mi) away in a three-story mansion in Abbottabad at 34°10′9.51″N 73°14′32.78″E / 34.1693083°N 73.2424389°E / 34.1693083; 73.2424389,[240][241][242] 1.3 km (0.8 mi) southwest of the Pakistan Military Academy.[243][244][245][246] Imagery from Google Earth indicates that the compound was built between 2001 and 2005.[247]
Death and aftermath
Osama bin Laden was killed in Abbottabad, Pakistan, on 2 May 2011,[248][249][250][251] shortly after 1:00 AM local time (4:00 PM Eastern Time)[a][252][253] by a United States military special operations unit.[254][255]
The operation, code-named
Pakistani authorities later demolished the compound in February 2012
It was widely reported by the press that Bin Laden was fatally wounded by Robert J. O'Neill; however, it has also been widely discredited by witnesses, who claim that Bin Laden was possibly already dead by the time O'Neill arrived, having been injured by an anonymous SEAL Team Six member referred to under the pseudonym "Red."[266][267] According to Navy SEAL Matt Bissonnette, Bin Laden was struck by two suppressed shots to the side of the head from around ten feet away after leaning out of his bedroom doorway to survey Bissonnette and a point man. Once the Navy SEALs entered the bedroom, his body began convulsing and Bissonnette along with another SEAL responded by firing multiple shots into his chest.[268]
Allegations of Pakistan support and protection of Bin Laden
Bin Laden was killed within the fortified complex of buildings that were probably built for him,
Mosharraf Zia, a leading Pakistani columnist, stated, "It seems deeply improbable that Bin Laden could have been where he was killed without the knowledge of some parts of the Pakistani state."[276] Pakistan's United States envoy, Ambassador Husain Haqqani, promised a "full inquiry" into how Pakistani intelligence services could have failed to find Bin Laden in a fortified compound so close to Islamabad. "Obviously Bin Laden did have a support system", he said. "The issue is, was that support system within the government and the state of Pakistan, or within the society of Pakistan?"[277]
Others argued that Bin Laden lived in the compound with a local family, and never used the internet or a mobile phone, which would have made him much easier to locate.
Reception and legacy
Bin Laden's supporters have referred to him by several nicknames, including the "
Under Bin Laden, al-Qaeda launched the
Letter to the American people
In November 2023, amid the
See also
- The Golden Chain
- Islamic extremism
- Islamic fundamentalism
- Islamic terrorism
- List of assassinations by the United States
- Osama bin Laden in popular culture
- Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism
Notes
- ^ Depending on the time zone, the date of his death may be different locally.
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While many Middle Eastern countries have condemned.. Al Qaeda and have shown support to the United States, Bin Laden's reputation has reached cult status among some Arabs, who see him as the hero of the resistance against Western domination... In the wider Middle Eastern region, Bin Laden became a folk hero to the poor and disenfranchised: his picture appeared in bazaars in Pakistan and was placed in the hands of demonstrators in the Gaza strip. No Arab leader had commanded such popular appeal since Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970) in the 1950s.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-0-19-887079-1.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link - ^ Obaid, Nawaf (28 June 2004). "Opinion | an unprecedented poll of Saudi opinion : Yes to Bin Laden rhetoric; no to al Qaeda violence (Published 2004)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
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- ^ Maqbool, Aleem (1 May 2011). "Osama bin Laden, al Qaeda leader, dead – Barack Obama". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ISBN 978-1-84904-292-5.)
{{cite book}}
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Bibliography
- ISBN 0-7432-9592-7. Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- Bergen, Peter (2008). "Al Qaeda, the Organization: A Five-Year Forecast". S2CID 145566133.
- ISBN 978-1-60127-024-5. Archivedfrom the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
- ISBN 1-57488-553-7.
- ISBN 0-06-050533-8.
- ISBN 1-4000-3084-6.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-9562473-6-0.
- ISBN 978-0-86356-419-2.
- Atwan, Abdel Bari (2006). The Secret History of Al-Qaeda. Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-760-5. Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- Berner, Brad K. (2007). Quotations from Osama bin Laden. Peacock Books. ISBN 978-81-248-0113-0. Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- Bin Laden, Osama (2005). ISBN 1-84467-045-7.
- ISBN 978-0-14-103136-1.
- Foreign Broadcast Information Service (2006) – Compilation of Usama Bin Laden Statements 1994 – January 2004 Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- Mura, Andrea (2015). The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Political Thought. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-01450-8. Archivedfrom the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-7679-2262-3. Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- Lahoud, Nelly (2022). The Bin Laden Papers: How the Abbottabad Raid Revealed the Truth About al-Qaeda, Its Leader and His Family. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. OCLC 1310854369.
- Scheuer, Michael (2011). Osama bin Laden. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973866-3. Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
External links
- Definitions from Wiktionary
- Media from Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Texts from Wikisource
- Textbooks from Wikibooks
- Resources from Wikiversity
- Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at Dawn
- Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Osama bin Laden collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Osama bin Laden news at JURIST
- Full text: Bin Laden's 'letter to America', The Observer, 24 November 2002
- Hunting Bin Laden, PBS Frontline, (November 2002)
- "5 Facts You Probably Didn't Know About Osama bin Laden", Dainik Bhaskar, (May 2016)
- Young Osama, Steve Coll, The New Yorker, 12 December 2005
- How the World Sees Osama bin Laden, slideshow by Life
- The Osama bin Laden File from the National Security Archive, posted 2 May 2011
- Letters from Abbottabad from Combating Terrorism Center
- FBI Records: The Vault – Osama bin Laden
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