Uppsala Cathedral
59°51′29″N 17°38′00″E / 59.85806°N 17.63333°E
Uppsala Domkyrka | ||
---|---|---|
The Metropolitan Cathedral Church of Uppsala | ||
Style Gothic | | |
Years built | 1272–1893 (last major alteration) | |
Specifications | ||
Length | 389 feet (119 m) | |
Width | 148 feet (45 m) | |
Nave height | 89 feet (27 m) | |
Number of towers | 2 | |
Number of spires | 3 | |
Spire height | 389 feet (119 m) | |
Administration | ||
Archdiocese | Uppsala | |
Clergy | ||
Archbishop | Martin Modéus | |
Bishop(s) | Karin Johannesson |
Uppsala Cathedral (
The current archbishop is Martin Modéus and the current bishop is Karin Johannesson.
The cathedral dates to the late 13th century and, at a height of 118.7 metres (389 ft), it is the tallest church in the
The church was designed in the
The vaults were all built according to the original 13th-century plan although some of them were erected as late as around 1440. In addition to the artwork in the funeral chapels, several of the church's older furnishings can be seen in the Treasury Museum. In 1702, many features were destroyed in a major fire. During the renovation work carried out in the 1970s, many of the medieval frescoes which had been whitewashed over after the Reformation were uncovered and restored.
History
At the end of the
After the cathedral in Gamla Uppsala was damaged by fire in 1204, the Chapter sought permission from the Holy See to move the building to a larger site. Pope Alexander IV granted this request in 1258 on condition that the name of Uppsala be maintained. At a meeting in Söderköping in September 1270, Archbishop Fulco Angelus and the cathedral chapter decided the site should be in Östra Aros. Formal authorization of the move was issued in 1271 by Bishop Carolus of Västerås whom the Pope had appointed to oversee the case.[4]
About 1272, work began on building a new cathedral in Östra Aros near the
When consecrated in 1435 by Archbishop
The church was not the regular place of worship of laypeople until the
From 1885 to 1893, the architect Helgo Zettervall (1831–1907) undertook comprehensive restoration work, seeking to give the cathedral a French High Gothic appearance although he has been criticized for not respecting the building's original Baltic Gothic style.[citation needed] He also added pointed French spires to the towers, bringing the cathedral up to a height of 118.7 m (389 ft), so making it as high as it was long.[6] In an attempt to give the cathedral a slimmer appearance, Zettervall significantly altered large portions of the medieval outer brick walls and removed the decorative white-washed 'blind windows' on the gables which had been similar to those on the nearby Holy Trinity Church.
Further renovation work in the early 1970s led to improvements in the building's structure and included restoration of the walls and windows. Large portions of cement additions by Zettervall to the exterior structure of the cathedral were removed decades later as they adversely affected the building's fabric.[6] In 1989, Pope John Paul II took part in an ecumenical service in Uppsala Cathedral with Archbishop Bertil Werkström.[15] Fire protection equipment was installed in 2010 and the electrical and heating systems have been replaced.[6]
Architecture
The cathedral is the tallest church building in Scandinavia.
The twin towers at the west end of the church were first mentioned in 1563. Several additions to both the interior and exterior of the church were made after a fire in 1572 under the leadership of Franciscus Pahr, known for his work on castles. The turret and pinnacles which can be seen in older drawings were added as well as the first spires on the west towers which were designed by Antonius Watz. In the 1690s, Nicodemus Tessin designed a new burial chapel to the east of the south transept, the most significant alteration to the plan of the cathedral since the Middle Ages. From the outside, his design respected the traditions of medieval architecture with tall Gothic windows but the interior was decorated in Tessin's usual Classical Baroque style.[4]
In the 17th century, the towers were redesigned in the
Although the cathedral was designed by French architects, it exhibits a number of differences from the cathedrals of northern France. Above all, it is essentially constructed of brick rather than stone. Brick could easily be produced locally but stone had to be imported from the distant quarries of
Interior
The Coronation Vault stands 27 m (89 ft) above the point at which the transept crosses the nave. It is where most of Sweden's monarchs were crowned from the Middle Ages until 1719.
Chapels
The cathedral's largest chapel, the Vasa Chapel, at the eastern end of the chancel, was originally known as the Chapel of the Virgin Mary. It later became a burial monument for Gustav Vasa and his family. Completed in 1583, it is decorated with the national arms of Sweden as well as with some of the oldest known Swedish and Finnish coats of arms.[22] The Finsta Chapel or St Eric's Chapel on the north-west corner of the chancel houses the relics of
Next to the Finsta Chapel, the Sture Chapel is the memorial tomb of the three members of the Sture family who were murdered by
Windows
Several windows maintain their original shape and size. The original stained-glass decorations were almost all lost in the 1702 fire and were simply replaced by normal glass. The current stained-glass designs were added during the renovation at the end of the 19th century, most of them by the
Treasury and artefacts
Located in the north tower, the cathedral Treasury Museum displays a number of gold and silver articles used in the religious services. There is also a collection of textiles including Queen Margaret's golden gown. The burial regalia of Gustav Vasa, John III and their wives can also be seen.[27]
Other artefacts in the cathedral include tapestries in the Chapel of Remembrance from 1976 which record important events in the cathedral's history.
One of the new bells installed after the devastating fire of 1702 is called Thornan. It was taken from
In the Vasa Chapel, there are seven large fresco paintings executed by Johan Gustaf Sandberg (1782–1854) over a period of several years. They depict important events in the life of Gustav Vasa. One of the most famous is Talet till dalkarlarna vid Mora kyrka (Speech to the people of Dalarna outside Mora Church).[31] Frescos also decorate the vaults of the nave.[32]
Initially, as in some of the continental cathedrals, the interior was decorated with designs emphasizing the arch ribs and portal components. Even the brick was painted with red and white stripes. In the 15th century, frescos of figures in the Late Gothic style with decorative vine leaves were painted in various parts of the church. Traces of these have been found in the chancel and in the chapel which was originally dedicated to St Eric and St Olaf. They have now been heavily restored.[33] The frescos in the chancel were probably painted by Albertus Pictor's workshop.[4]
Judensau
The cathedral features a Judensau ("Jews' sow") that depicts several Jewish men suckling a pig. The Uppsala Judensau is likely the work of a travelling German artist, given the popularity of the antisemitic motif in German-speaking lands.[34]
Interred notables
A number of Swedish monarchs and other notable people were buried inside the cathedral:
- Gustav Vasa, 16th-century King of Sweden. Nearly a decade before his death, he had expressed a wish to be buried in the cathedral. He is buried with his three wives, although only two are depicted on the sarcophagus designed by Willem Boy. The king and his wives are interred in what was once the Chapel of the Virgin Mary.[35] The only remaining indication of the original intention of the chapel are the painted yellow stars against a blue background on its vaulted ceiling, symbols of Saint Mary in Catholic tradition.
- John III (died 1592), the second son of Gustav Vasa, and his second wife Gunilla Bielke are also buried in the Virgin Mary Chapel. His first wife, Catherine Jagiellon from Poland, has a burial chapel of her own on the north side of the chancel.[35]
- Princess Elizabeth (died 1597), Gustav Vasa's youngest daughter is buried in the Finsta Chapel adjacent to Virgin Mary's Chapel.[35]
- The noblemen
- Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), the 18th-century world-famous botanist and professor at Uppsala University, has a memorial designed by Tobias Sergel next to the Chapel of Remembrance.[38]
- Charles De Geer (1720–1778), industrialist, civil servant and entomologist.
- Olaus Rudbeck, Swedish polymath and one of the discoverers of the lymphatic system.[8]
- Emanuel Swedenborg, 18th-century scientist and mystic. He was not originally interred here, but his remains were transported to Uppsala from England in 1908.[39]
- Nathan Söderblom (1866–1931), archbishop of Uppsala and Nobel Peace Prize recipient. His tomb is at the foot of the steps to the high altar.[36]
- Eric the Saint, 12th-century king and national saint, whose relics are in the Finsta Chapel.
- Lutheran archbishop, buried at the foot of the altar steps.[36]
- Relics of Saint Bridget or Heliga Birgitta (1303–1373) have been placed in a shrine in the Finsta Chapel inspired by the clothing of the Saint Bridget Order.[40]
- Folke Johansson Ängel, Archbishop of Uppsala (1267–1277)
Dag Hammarskjöld memorial
In the cathedral there is a small memorial to Dag Hammarskjöld, former Secretary-General of the United Nations, who was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. A stone bears the inscription:[41]
- Icke jag
- utan Gud i mig
- Dag Hammarskjöld 1905 – 1961
The English translation is "Not I, but God in me."
Open to visitors
The cathedral is located on Domkyrkoplan in the centre of Uppsala. It is open to visitors most days from 8 am to 6 pm. The Treasury Museum in the north tower is open from 10 am to 4 pm, Sundays from 12.30 pm.[42]
See also
References
- ^ "Uppsala domkyrka – Svenska kyrkan Uppsala". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ a b Eade 2013, p. 99.
- ^ "Gamla Uppsala" [Old Uppsala] (in Swedish). Vikingarnas landskap. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-91-7402-406-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2014.)
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help - ^ a b c Lovén, Christian. "La neige, les briques et l'architecte français. La cathédrale d'Uppsala 1272—" [Snow, bricks and a French architect. Uppsala Cathedral 1272] (in French). Academia.edu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Byggnaden" [Building] (in Swedish). Svenska kyrkan. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ Erlande-Brandenburg, Alain. "Étienne de Bonneuil (2e moitié XIIIe s.)" [Étienne de Bonneuil (second half XIII c.)]. Encyclopædia Universalis (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ a b c "Mer om domkyrkans historia" [More about the Cathedral's history] (in Swedish). Svenska kyrkan. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ Hayes, Holly. "Uppsala Cathedral". Sacred Destinations. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ "Uppsala Domkyrkans" [Uppsala Cathedral]. Swedish National Heritage Board. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ a b Bernhard Kauntz, "Uppsala Domkyrka" Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (in Swedish) Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ Kjellberg 2010, p. 18.
- ^ Clemensson & Andersson 2004, p. 176.
- ^ a b "The coronation vault". Uppsala Cathedral. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ "Educational Material – The history of the Cathedral" (PDF). Uppsala Cathedral. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ a b c "Uppsala Domkirke" Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Store norske leksikon. (in Norwegian) Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ "Uppsala", Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ Gunilla Malm, "Recent excavations at Uppsala Cathedral, Sweden" Archived 10 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ "Tornen" Archived 10 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Svenka kyrkan Uppala. (in Swedish) Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "The Cathedral Museum, Uppsala, Sweden" Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Silk Road Seattle. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ "The high chancel" Archived 15 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Uppsala Cathedral. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ "The Vasa chapel (or chapel of our lady" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Uppsala Cathedral. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "The Finsta chapel"[permanent dead link], Uppsala Cathedral. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "The Sture chapel" Archived 15 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Uppsala Cathedral. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "Kulturnatten i Uppsala" Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Svensk-Polska Samfundet. (in Swedish) Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ "Fönstren" Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Svenska kyrka Uppsala. (in Swedish) Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ "Skattkammaren" Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Svenska kyrka Uppsala. (in Swedish) Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ "The chapel of remembrance" Archived 14 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Uppsala Cathedral. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ "The pulpit" Archived 29 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Uppsala Cathedral. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ Jaworski, Nasieniewski & Przegiętka 2001, p. 82.
- ^ "Johan Gustaf Sandberg" Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Historiesajten. (in Swedish) Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "Uppsala Domkyrka: The beautiful cathedral ceiling" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Trip Advisor. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ Herman Bengtsson and Christian Lovén, "Spår av den längre Erikslegenden" Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Fornvännen, 2012 (107), pp. 24–. (in Swedish) Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ^ "The Importance of Being Absent". The Public Medievalist. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ a b c "Kungligheter i domkyrkan" Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Svenska kyrkan Uppsala. (in Swedish) Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ a b c "Uppsala domkyrka" Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, learning4sharing.nu. (in Swedish) Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ISBN 978-91-631-4177-5. Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "The grave of Carl von Linné" Archived 14 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Uppsala Cathedral. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ "Om Emanuel Swedenborg" Archived 4 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Swedenborgs Allskapet. (in Swedish) Retrieved 28 September 2013.
- ^ "Heliga Birgitta" Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Svenska kyrkan Uppsala. (in Swedish) Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "Må vinden vara din vän" Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, KG Hammars avskedspredikan, Uppsala domkyrka, Pingstdagen, 4 juni 2006. (in Swedish) Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "Opening hours" Archived 18 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Uppala Cathedral. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
Bibliography
- Augustsson, Jan-Erik; Blennow, Anna-Maria; Piltz, Anders; et al. (1996). Den gotiska konsten. Signums svenska konsthistoria (in Swedish). Signum. ISBN 91-87896-25-7.
- Boëthius, Gerda; Romdahl, Axel Ludwig (1935). Uppsala Domkyrka 1258–1435. Almqvist & Wiksells boktryckeri a.-b. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- Clemensson, Per; Andersson, Kjell (2004). Your Swedish Roots: A Step by Step Handbook. Ancestry Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59331-276-3. Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- Eade, Paul (2013). DK Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Stockholm. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN 978-1-4093-2328-0. Archivedfrom the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- Franzon, Annika (2005). Nya guideboken om Uppsala domkyrka. Uppsala Publishing House. ISBN 978-91-7005-287-3. Archivedfrom the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- Jaworski, Tomasz; Nasieniewski, Marek; Przegiętka, Krzysztof (2001). Secrets of the old bells of Toruń and Chełmno written down in the 500th anniversary of the casting of the great Tuba Dei. TNOiK. ISBN 978-83-7285-054-6. Archivedfrom the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- Kjellberg, Erik (2010). The Dissemination of Music in Seventeenth-century Europe: Celebrating the Düben Collection : Proceedings from the International Conference at Uppsala University 2006. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-0343-0057-5. Archivedfrom the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- Lovén, Christian (2009). "La neige, les briques et l'architecte français. La cathédrale d'Uppsala 1272— in Regards sur la France du Moyen Âge. Mélanges offerts à Gunnel Engwall., eds. Olle Ferm & Per Förnegård. Stockholm 2009". Regards Sur la France du Moyen Âge. Mélanges Offerts À Gunnel Engwall (Sällskapet Runica et Mediævalia). Stockholm 2009 (in French). Stockholm: Sällskapet Runica et Mediævalia. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- Nordström, Folke (1952). Studier i Uppsala domkyrkas äldsta byggnadshistoria. Almqvist & Wiksell. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- Uppsala domkyrka 1–6 (Sveriges kyrkor 227–232)(2010), Upplandsmuseet, Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien & Riksantikvarieämbetet. Uppsala.
- Zeitler, Rudolf (1971), "Die Baugeschichte des Doms zu Uppsala. Aspekte zur Kunstgeschichte von Mittelalter und Neuzeit" in Karl Heinz Clasen zum 75. Geburtstag, Weimar, Böhlaus, pp. 359–386.
External links
- Uppsala Cathedral's website Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- The Cathedral Museum, Uppsala, Sweden with illustrated list of artefacts, from Silk Road Seattle