User:Afwilson4030/Rev-ErbA alpha
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Location (UCSC) | Chr 17: 40.09 – 40.1 Mb | Chr 11: 98.66 – 98.67 Mb | |||||||
PubMed search | [3] | [4] |
View/Edit Human | View/Edit Mouse |
Rev-Erb alpha (Rev-Erbɑ), also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1), is one of two
Rev-Erbɑ plays an important role in regulation of the core
Discovery
Rev-Erbɑ was discovered in 1989 by Nobuyuki Miyajima and colleagues, who identified two erbA
Rev-Erbɑ was first implicated in circadian control in 1998, when Aurelio Balsalobre, Francesca Damiola, and Ueli Schibler demonstrated that expression of Rev-Erbɑ in rat fibroblasts showed daily rhythms.[11] Rev-Erbɑ was first identified as a key player in the transcription translation feedback loop (TTFL) in 2002, when experiments demonstrated that Rev-Erbɑ acted to repress transcription of the Bmal1 gene, and Rev-Erbɑ expression was controlled by other TTFL components. This established Rev-Erbɑ as the link between the positive and negative loops of the TTFL.[12]
Genetics and evolution
The NR1D1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1) gene, located on
Protein structure
The human NR1D1 gene produces a protein product (REV-ERBα) of 614
The Rev-Erb proteins are unique from other nuclear receptors in that they do not have a
In mice, it has been shown that the N-terminal regulatory domain contains an important site for phosphorylation by casein kinase 1 epsilon (Csnk1e), which aids in proper localization of Rev-Erbα, and furhtermore, that this domain is necessary for activation of the gap junction protein 1 (GJA1) gene.[18][19]
Function
Circadian oscillator
Rev-Erbα has been proposed to coordinate circadian metabolic responses.
Metabolism
Rev-erbα plays a role in the regulation of whole body metabolism through controlling
Rev-erbα regulates the expression of liver
Rev-erbα plays both indirect and direct roles in glucose metabolism. BMAL1 heavily influences glucose production and glycogen synthesis, thus through the regulation of BMAL1, Rev-erbα indirectly regulates glucose synthesis.[32] More directly, Rev-erbα’s expression in the pancreas regulates the function of α-cells and β-cells, which produce glucagon and insulin, respectively.[33]
Muscle and cartilage
Rev-erbα plays a role in myogenesis through interaction with the transcription complex Nuclear Factor-T.[28] It also represses the expression of genes involved in muscle cell differentiation and is expressed in a circadian manner in mouse skeletal muscle. Loss of Rev-erbα function reduces mitochondrial content and function, leading to an impaired exercise capacity. Over-expression leads to improvement.[33][29]
This protein has also been implicated in the integrity of cartilage. Out of all known nuclear receptors, Rev-erbα is the most highly expressed in osteoarthritic cartilage.[34] One study found that in patients with osteoarthritis has reduced Rev-erbα levels compared to normal cartilage.[35] Research on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has implicated the potential for treatment with Rev-erbα agonists to RA patients due to their suppression of bone and cartilage destruction.[36]
Immune system
Rev-erbα contributes to the inflammatory response in mammals.
Many immune and inflammatory proteins exhibit circadian oscillatory behavior, and research has shown that Rev-erbα deficient mice no longer exhibit these oscillations, notably in
Mood and behavior
Rev-erbα has been implicated in the regulation of memory and mood. Rev-erbα knockout mice are deficient in short term, long term, and contextual memories, showing deficits in the function of their hippocampus.[39] In addition, Rev-erbα has been proposed to play a role in the regulation of midbrain dopamine production and mood-related behavior in mice through repression of tyrosine hydroxylase gene transcription.[40] Dopamine related dysfunction is associated with mood disorders, notably major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and bipolar disorder. Genetic variations in human NR1D1 loci are also associated with bipolar disorder onset.[40]
Rev-erbα has been proposed as a target in the treatment of bipolar disorder through lithium, which indirectly regulates the protein at a post-translational level. Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase (GSK 3β), an enzyme that phosphorylates and stabilizes Rev-erbα. Lithium binding to GSK 3β then destabilizes and alters the function of Rev-erbα.[40] This research has been implicated in the development of therapeutic agents for affective disorders, such as lithium for bipolar disorder.[29]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000126368 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020889 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b c "NR1D1 Gene | NR1D1 Protein | NR1D1 Antibody". GeneCards. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
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- ^ "HomoloGene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
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