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Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS) | |
Formed | October 9, 1910 |
---|---|
Dissipated | October 23, 1910 |
Highest winds | 1-minute sustained: 150 mph (240 km/h) |
Lowest pressure | ≤ 924 mbar (hPa); 27.29 inHg |
Fatalities | ≥113 |
Damage | At least $1.25 million (1910 USD) |
Areas affected | Cuba, Florida |
Part of the 1910 Atlantic hurricane season |
The 1910 Cuba hurricane, popularly known as the Cyclone of the Five Days, was an unusual and destructive
Due to its unusual loop, initial reports suggested it was two separate storms that developed and hit land in rapid succession. Its track was subject to much debate at the time; eventually, it was identified as a single storm. Analysis of the event gave a greater understanding of weather systems that took similar paths.
The hurricane is considered one of the worst natural disasters in Cuban history. Damage was extensive, and thousands were left homeless. It also had a widespread impact in Florida, including the destruction of houses and flooding. Although total monetary damage from the storm is unknown, estimates of losses in
Meteorological history
In early October, 1910, anomalously low
As the storm impacted western Cuba, numerous ships and land stations reported hurricane-force winds, as well as very low pressures, extending north and south of the island.
By 12:00 UTC on October 17, the storm ceased its loop and accelerated northeastward toward western Cuba. By then, it had already begun a weakening trend, but it still made its second
"Whether two storms have been raging in Cuban waters within the past week, or whether the same storm has revisited Cuba, traversing southern Florida in its backwards course, remains to be determined. If the later supposition be correct, the recurve of the storm, after its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico, must have been unusually sudden and sharp."
The Washington Post, October 19, 1910[23]
Upon striking western Cuba for a second time, the storm increased in size and began posing a threat to Florida.
The storm crossed inland portions of Central Florida early on October 18. The center traveled about 50 mi (80 km) west of Lake Okeechobee and passed very close to the towns of Pine Level and Arcadia.[3] The storm then headed past Lakeland, about 35 miles (56 km)* east of Tampa. By 18:00 UTC, the cyclone lost hurricane status, but still retained strong tropical storm status, with winds of 70 mph (113 km/h).[3] The storm further weakened overnight to a moderate tropical storm. Early on October 19, the cyclone began a smooth curve to the north-northeast and passed only about 10 mi (16 km) west of Jacksonville.[3] The Weather Bureau office in the city reported peak winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) and a barometric minimum of 29.09 inHg (985.1 mb). Winds gradually veered from northeast to west.[29] The storm later entered extreme southeast portions of the state of Georgia. Shortly after 12:00 UTC, the storm curled to the northeast on a path that brought it offshore, into the western North Atlantic, near Sapelo Island. Once over water, the storm restrengthened somewhat, approaching hurricane status with winds of 70 mph (113 km/h). Continuing on its curve, the storm paralleled the coastal Southeastern United States as it passed just southeast of Savannah and Charleston, South Carolina, late on October 19. On October 20, the storm began weakening for the final time and quickened its pace to the northeast. It brushed the Outer Banks of North Carolina, but apparently did not make landfall on those barrier islands. It bypassed Cape Hatteras shortly before 18:00 UTC. Afterward, the storm veered progressively to the east-northeast—a trend that continued for about a day—but by 06:00 UTC on October 21, it had forfeited its tropical characteristics. The non-tropical storm then angled to the east-southeast for two more days before losing its identity by 18:00 UTC on October 23; the storm still retained winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) at that time.[3]
Preparations and impact
On October 15, all vessels within a 500 mi (800 km) radius of Key West were warned of the approaching storm, and many ships anchored in harbors.[30] Throughout the region, storm warnings and advisories were issued.[31]
Cuba
The storm wrought severe destruction in Cuba, considered to be among the worst effects from a tropical cyclone on record. High winds and torrential rainfall flooded streets, destroyed crops,
The
It is estimated that at least 100 people lost their lives, mostly due to mudslides, including five persons in Havana.[42][43] However, reports range as high as 700.[44] Initial estimates of the financial damage caused by the storm were in the millions of dollars, including losses of $1 million in Havana, largely from the destruction of Customs House sheds there, which were filled with many valuable goods.[37] Some of these buildings were swept 0.5 mi (0.80 km) away, and the winds tore the roof off the main warehouse.[36] In the aftermath—while the hurricane was still widely considered to be two separate storms—rumors arose "of the approach of a third storm",[37] although in actuality no additional storms were known to have occurred in the 1910 season.[45]
Gulf of Mexico
A four-masted schooner, the Holliswood, became trapped in the storm in the Gulf of Mexico. The vessel departed from New Orleans on October 1, carrying cypress wood. The crew fought the storm for days and eventually the masts were cut to avoid capsizing.[46] Waterlogged, the ship was blown miles off course.[47] As described by the owner of the schooner, Paul Mangold:[46]
On Wednesday, the 12th, we began to get the first of the hurricane. We were running under very little canvas. Early Saturday morning we got the full force of the storm. We managed to get the sails fast and ran with the hurricane under bare poles. The wind circled about us sometimes at a hundred-mile rate. The seas came from all directions, though it was from the starboard that the real trouble seemed to come.
The steamboat Harold spotted the ship and rescued all of its crew except Captain E. E. Walls, who opted to stay behind with the order "Report me to my owners".[46] At the time, the Holliswood was badly damaged, with her house destroyed and her rudder torn away. The crew apparently advised the captain that the ship would not stay afloat for another five hours, although he dismissed their concerns. After the crew was rescued, Captain Walls struggled against the storm for days without food or fresh water. On October 20, the Parkwood rescued Walls unconscious, but initially feared to be dead.[47] Once aboard, he regained consciousness and, reportedly amidst an episode of delirium, asked to be returned to the Holliswood. Ultimately, the captain of the Parkwood agreed to tow the battered ship to shore.[47]
Southern Florida
At Key West, pressures began to fall at midnight on October 12 as the storm approached from the southwest. By late on October 13, heavy rain had begun to fall, and winds began to increase, reaching 50 mph (80 km/h) on October 14.
As the storm progressed westward,
Seven men lost their lives in the wreckage of several Cuban schooners at Punta Gorda. Nearby, one man and a baby drowned as a result of the storm surge, and another died while attempting to cross a flooded river.[31] A French steamship, the Louisiane, went ashore with 600 passengers; all people aboard the vessel were rescued by the Forward, a Revenue cutter.[48]
Northeastern Florida and southern United States
Damage on the Atlantic coast was less severe, although at Jupiter, the Weather Bureau office reported: "the rainfall at this point did more damage than the wind. It had rained every day from the 3rd to the 13th, with a total fall of 5.96 inches (151 mm), and the creeks and flat woods were full of water when the first storm began. From the 14th to the 18th, inclusive, 14.27 inches (362 mm) more fell. The inlet being closed the rivers rose 8 feet (2.4 m) above normal high water, which in a flat country like this, puts practically all land under water from 1 foot (0.30 m) to 8 feet (2.4 m). Fortunately the sea remained low and comparatively smooth so that it was possible to open the inlet and let the water out."[48]
A large number of pine trees were blown down near the city of Jupiter. One man near
On its way to sea, the storm passed just west of Jacksonville. Although very little damage occurred in and around the city, persistent northeasterly winds caused flooding in low-lying coastal areas. Minor flooding extended northward into Georgia and South Carolina; initially, interruptions of communication between cities led to exaggerated reports of damage in those states. Early on October 18, light precipitation began to fall in Savannah as the winds picked up. By October 19, winds had reached 70 mph (110 km/h). However, it was said that the city's worst damage came as a result of the high tides rather than the intense winds. Certain rivers exceeded their banks, submerging surrounding farmland. Minor damage occurred in Charleston, South Carolina.[31]
Aftermath, records, and legacy
The storm is the second-strongest ever to enter the Gulf of Mexico in the month of October, behind only the Category 5 hurricane of 1924, which produced winds of 165 mph (266 km/h) at landfall in Cuba and over nearby waters. The 1910 hurricane is also one of the strongest ever to make landfall on the island of Cuba and is tied with storms in 1944 and 1952: only a hurricane in 1932, Hurricane Gustav in 2010, and the 1924 hurricane were stronger.[3] While the cyclone was later identified as a single storm, forecasters gained valuable experience in dealing with an unpredictable hurricane. Observations on the hurricane led to advances in the understanding of tropical cyclones with similar paths.[19]
Legacy in Cuba
Legacy in Southwest Florida
See also
References
- ^ a b c Bowie 1910, p. 1614
- ^ a b c d National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (May 2015). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT) Meta Data". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b Willis L. Moore 1911, p. 164
- ^ Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, p. 10
- ^ Mitchell 1924, pp. 25–6, Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, pp. 10–5
- ^ Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, pp. 10, 12, Bowie 1910, p. 1614
- ^ Herrmann 1910, p. 1489, Bowie 1910, p. 1615
- ^ Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, p. 11, Bowie 1910, p. 1615
- ^ Mitchell 1924, pp. 30–1
- ^ a b c Herrmann 1910, p. 1489
- ^ Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, p. 11, Bowie 1922, p. 138
- ^ Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, pp. 10–5, Herrmann 1910, p. 1489
- ^ Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, p. 14
- ^ Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, p. 11
- ^ Herrmann 1910, pp. 1488–9, Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, pp. 10–5
- ^ Bowie 1910, p. 1615, Herrmann 1910, p. 1489
- ^ a b c Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, pp. 12–3, Bowie 1922, pp. 137–8
- ^ a b Barnes 1998, p. 92
- ^ Bowie 1922, pp. 137–8, Mitchell 1924, pp. 30–1
- ^ Barnes 1998, p. 93, Emanuel 2005, pp. 133–4, 228–9
- ^ a b Barnes 1998, p. 93
- ^ "The West Indian Hurricane". The Washington Post. October 19, 1910.
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(help) - ^ Mitchell 1924, pp. 25–6, Bowie 1910, p. 1615
- ^ a b Herrmann 1910, p. 1489, Mitchell 1924, p. 39
- ^ Barnes 1998, p. 94
- ^ Fernández-Partagás & Díaz 1999, p. 15
- ^ Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; et al. (January 2022). Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description). Re-Analysis Project (Report). Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ Herrmann 1910, p. 1490
- ^ "Hurricane Nears the Florida Coast". The New York Times. October 15, 1910. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
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(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h Cite error: The named reference
MWR
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Great Storm in Cuba: Severe Damage Done to the Tobacco Crop". The Observer. October 16, 1910. p. 9.
- ^ "West Indian Hurricane". The Scotsman. October 18, 1910.
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(help) - ^ "Terrific Hurricane". The Evening Post. October 15, 1910. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
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(help) - ^ "Hurricane in Cuba Costs Many Lives". The Spokane Daily Chronicle. October 17, 1910. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
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(help) - ^ a b "Cyclone in Cuba". The Scotsman. October 18, 1910.
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(help) - ^ a b c d "Cyclone Works Havoc in Cuba" (PDF). The New York Times. October 18, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
- ^ "The Hurricane in Cuba". The Manchester Guardian. October 17, 1910. p. 7.
- ^ "Hurricanes Have Overwhelmed Cuba". The Galveston Daily News. October 18, 1910.
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(help) - ^ "West Indian Hurricane". The Scotsman. October 19, 1910.
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(help) - ^ "The Hurricane Moving North". The Manchester Guardian. October 20, 1910.
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(help) - ^ Longshore, p. 109
- ^ a b "Liners Defy Cyclone". The Washington Post. October 15, 1910. p. 1.
- ^ "Cuba Hurricanes Historic Threats: Chronicle of hurricanes in Cuba". Cuba Hurricanes. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
hurdat
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c "Sticks to His Ship, a Derelict at Sea" (PDF). The New York Times. October 25, 1910. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
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(help) - ^ a b c "Skipper, Who Stood by Ship, Picked Up". The New York Times. October 27, 1910. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
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(help) - ^ a b c d Barnes, p. 94
- ^ "West Indian Storm and Cold Wave May Meet". The Galveston Daily News. October 19, 1910.
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Bibliography
- Barnes, Jay (1998), Florida's Hurricane History, ISBN 0-8078-3068-2
- Bowie, E. A. (1910), "Weather, forecasts, and warnings for the month" (PDF), Monthly Weather Review, 38,
- Bowie, E. A. (1922), "Anomalous low tracks" (PDF), Monthly Weather Review, 50,
- ISBN 978-0-19-514941-8
- Fernández-Partagás, José; Díaz, Henry F. (1999), A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources: Part VI, 1909–1910 (PDF), Climate Diagnostics Center
- Gallagher, Dan (2003), Florida's Great Ocean Railway: Building the Key West Extension, ISBN 1-56164-269-X
- Herrmann, C. F. (1910), "District No. 2, South Atlantic and East Gulf States" (PDF), Monthly Weather Review, 38,
- José Fernández-Partagás (December 9, 1993), Impact on hurricane history of a revised lowest pressure at Havana (Cuba) during the October 11, 1846, hurricane (PDF), Hurricane Research Division, retrieved 2015-05-29
- Longshore, David (2008) [1998], Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, Checkmark Books, ISBN 0-8160-7409-7
- ISBN 978-0-8129-8062-2
- Mitchell, Charles A. (1924), West Indian Hurricanes and Other Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean (PDF), Monthly Weather Review supplement, United States Department of Agriculture
- Schoner, R. W.; Molansky, S. (1956), Rainfall Associated with Hurricanes (and Other Disturbances) (PDF), National Hurricane Research Project, United States Weather Bureau
- Willis L. Moore (October 1, 1911), "Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau", Annual reports of the Department of Agriculture for the year ended June 30, 1911, United States Department of Agriculture, pp. 155–94
External links
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Cuba Hurricane, 1910
Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
Category:Hurricanes in Cuba
Category:Hurricanes in Florida
Category:Hurricanes in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Hurricanes in South Carolina