Hurricane Gustav
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season |
Hurricane Gustav (
It formed on the morning of August 25, 2008, about 260 miles (420 km) southeast of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and rapidly strengthened into a tropical storm that afternoon and into a hurricane early on August 26. Later that day it made landfall near the Haitian town of Jacmel. It inundated Jamaica and ravaged Western Cuba and then steadily moved across the Gulf of Mexico.[2][3]
Once into the Gulf, Gustav gradually weakened because of increased wind shear and dry air. It weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on August 31, and remained at that intensity until landfall on the morning of September 1 near Cocodrie, Louisiana.[4] Weakening continued, and Gustav weakened to a tropical storm that evening and to a tropical depression the next day as it meandered around the south-central US. The weak system became extratropical on September 4 and was absorbed by another low on September 5.[4]
In total, an estimated 153 deaths had been attributed to Gustav in the U.S. and Caribbean. Damage in the U.S. totaled to $6 billion (2008 USD)[5] with additional damage of $2.1 billion in Cuba[6] and $210 million in damage in Jamaica.[7]
Meteorological history
Gustav formed out of a
Hurricane Gustav regained a pronounced eye as it made landfall on Haiti, with 75 mph (121 km/h) winds,[17] near the town of Jacmel.[18] As the hurricane moved over Haiti's mountainous terrain its circulation was disrupted[17] and it lost a little strength.[19] Although downgraded to a tropical storm, it still had a pronounced eye in its mid- and upper-level structures. Its outflow improved throughout the night of August 26,[20] and the system was not very disrupted when it moved back over water into the Gulf of Gonâve.[21] However, the storm's movement slowed, and continued interaction with nearby Haiti, combined with the incursion of mid-level dry air from the northeast, resulted in further weakening during the day on August 27.[22][23] The storm began a west-southwesterly movement that brought it closer to Jamaica. On the morning of August 28 it was found that, overnight, Gustav had either reformed farther to the south or had moved farther to the south than previously thought. The storm was also found to have restrengthened nearly to hurricane status.[24] It then was upgraded to a hurricane again during the late afternoon of August 29. At 11:00 a.m
On August 30 Gustav made landfall twice on
Preparations
Hispaniola
Immediately upon the storm's designation as a
The Haitian government ordered emergency shelters to prepare.[38] The country is particularly vulnerable to floods and landslides as rainfall runs off its largely deforested mountains.[37][39] The government issued a red alert[39] and advised the population to take precautions, but few Haitians took heed. Fair weather led many to doubt whether a hurricane was even approaching.[38] American Airlines canceled all of its flights into and out of Port-au-Prince on August 26, stranding travelers hoping to escape the storm.[38]
Jamaica and Cayman Islands
On August 25,
In the Cayman Islands, a hurricane watch was issued at 6 pm August 25 and upgraded that to a warning on 6 pm August 27. Banks and non-essential government services were closed Friday to allow residents to prepare. Extra flights were organized to get tourists off the island and, per usual practice, further visits were banned until the All Clear was given. Stores and gas stations were busy and each district office offered free plywood to protect windows and residents hurried about to secure their business interests and property.
Cuba
60,000 were evacuated overnight on August 29 from Cuba's western coasts. Gustav was projected to strike Cuba on the afternoon of August 30.[41][42] Additional evacuations were ordered on the afternoon of August 30 as Gustav strengthened to a strong Category 4 hurricane, particularly in the low-lying Pinar del Río Province where 190,000 were evacuated.[43] On Monday, September 1, Cuban officials reported that Gustav's 155 mph (249 km/h) winds damaged or destroyed 90,000 homes in Pinar del Río, and knocked down 80 high-tension towers.[44] The combined damage estimate from Gustav and the subsequent hurricanes Ike and Paloma is about $9.4 billion (USD), with about 2.1 billion of that from Gustav.[7][45]
United States
On August 31, the NHC predicted with 45% probability that Gustav would remain at Category 3 or above on September 1. This influenced preparations, although in fact Gustav had dropped just below the Category 3 threshold to Category 2 by landfall, and Category 1 shortly afterwards. Direct Relief, an emergency response organization, committed $250,000 in special hurricane response funds to assist nonprofit clinics, community health centers, and evacuation and shelter areas.[46]
Louisiana
On the morning of August 26, with Gustav still over Haiti, Louisiana emergency preparedness officials met several times to discuss predictions that Gustav would reach the state as a major hurricane in three to five days.[47] Several areas of Louisiana planned for evacuations.[48] Several parishes in the New Orleans area announced plans for voluntary evacuations beginning Saturday, August 30. New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin said that it was possible thousands of people who need city help could start leaving on Saturday, as the first wave of a full-scale evacuation. Later, he ordered the mandatory evacuation of the whole of New Orleans commencing on the morning of August 31, calling Gustav "the storm of the century ... the mother of all storms."[48][49] On August 31, Nagin also declared a dusk-to-dawn curfew and the cessation of city assistance in evacuations by the afternoon.[50] By that afternoon, 1.9 million people had evacuated southern Louisiana, with 200,000 being residents of New Orleans alone,[51] making it the largest evacuation in the history of Louisiana.[52]
Officials had finalized evacuation plans, which proposed assisted evacuations as early as August 29:
Mayor of New Orleans Ray Nagin shortened his appearance at the
The Mississippi River was shut to all ship traffic between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans on August 30. Pilots at Lake Charles in west Louisiana, and Sabine Pass in east Texas, also were making plans as of August 30 to halt traffic.[61] Tulane University, Loyola University New Orleans, the University of New Orleans, and Xavier University of Louisiana all closed their campuses for the entire week but resumed classes on the following Monday of September 8, 2008.[62][63] The University of Louisiana at Lafayette also canceled classes for September 2 and 3,[64] as did Louisiana State University[65] and Baton Rouge Community College.[66]
On September 1, Plaquemines Parish officials asked the residents of Braithwaite, Louisiana to leave, as levee failure was considered imminent.[67] FEMA had estimated there were only about 10,000 people left in New Orleans on September 1.[68]
Local events
One major sporting event was directly affected by the disaster preparations. On August 30, Louisiana State University (LSU) opened
Hotel and business closures related to Gustav had impact on New Orleans's Southern Decadence celebrations, which were scheduled for August 27 through September 1, 2008.[74][75]
Texas
Texas
In
Voluntary evacuations of Jefferson and Orange Counties started on August 30 with mandatory evacuations in the two counties started on August 31.[80] Also, the Texas Governor deployed other assets to help handle the oncoming disaster.[81]
Mississippi and Alabama
On August 27, requests and orders began for evacuations along the Mississippi Gulf Coast.[82] All schools in Harrison County's five public school districts were closed until September 2.[83] Several schools in Pearl River County were also confirmed closed until September 2. The University of Southern Mississippi was closed on September 2, as well as the Alcorn State University.
Much of the Alabama National Guard was mobilized to assist evacuees from the other states. Governor Bob Riley called for mandatory evacuation of Dauphin Island, Plash Island, Gulf Shores, as well as everything south of Fort Morgan Road, Gulf Shores on August 31.[84] The Mobile Regional Airport closed on August 31, and remained closed September 1. It is reopened September 2.[85] The Bankhead Tunnel in Mobile, Alabama, closed on August 31.[85]
Multistate agencies
On Friday, August 29 several
Impact
Haiti | 77 |
Dominican Republic | 8 |
Jamaica | 15 |
United States | 53 |
Total | 153 |
Operationally, Gustav went from a tropical depression to a hurricane in 14 hours, tying Hurricane Humberto's record of 14 hours, although this may be disputed in post-season analysis.[88]
In the aftermath, the
Hispaniola
Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | mm | in | |||
1 | 1,447.8 | 57.00 | Flora 1963 | Miragoâne | [93] |
2 | 654.8 | 25.78 | Noel 2007 | Camp Perrin | [94] |
3 | 604.5 | 23.80 | Matthew 2016 | Anse-á-Veau | [95] |
4 | 410.0 | 16.14 | Lili 2002 | Camp Perrin | [96] |
5 | 323.0 | 12.72 | Hanna 2008 |
Camp Perrin | [97] |
6 | 273.0 | 10.75 | Gustav 2008 | Camp Perrin | [98] |
7 | 168.0 | 6.614 | Laura 2020 |
Port-Au-Prince | [99] |
8 | 65.0 | 2.56 | Fox 1952 | Ouanaminthe | [100] |
In the Dominican Republic, a landslide in a rural area killed eight people.[101] Two people were injured. Government authorities said that some 67,255 persons were evacuated and more than 1,239 homes were damaged with 12 destroyed. 50 communities were isolated by the flooding.[102]
Gustav made landfall in Haiti at approximately 1 pm EDT on August 26, about 10 miles (16 km) west of the city of Jacmel.[103] While inland, Gustav's rains triggered a landslide in the community of Benet which killed one person.[104] Two more were killed in southwestern Haiti when their house collapsed. Another two deaths were caused by an explosion inside a house, thought to be possibly related to Hurricane Gustav.[105] The southern town of Jacmel, where the hurricane made landfall, was bisected by floodwaters.[54]
According to Haiti's National Director of Civil Protection, 77 people died as a result of the hurricane.[4] Some 2,100 houses were destroyed and another 8,150 damaged, causing an estimated 7,200 people to live in temporary shelters, including churches, community centers and schools.[106]
Jamaica
In Jamaica, 15 deaths were reported after Gustav swept through the area as a tropical storm.[4] Flash flooding was also reported on the island as a result of Gustav's heavy rains.[107] The banana sector in the parishes of
Cayman Islands
In the Cayman Islands, Gustav's heavy rains and storm surge flooded the streets of Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, the smaller easternmost "Sister Islands" in the chain. More than 1,100 people spent the night in government shelters in the three islands as high waves and heavy winds battered the chain, the National Emergency Operations Center said in a statement. Most people waited out the storm in private homes or hotels.[110]
Cuba
On Saturday August 30, 2008, Gustav made landfall on mainland Cuba near the community of
At least 300,000 people were evacuated from Gustav's path as 155 mph (249 km/h) winds toppled telephone poles and fruit trees, shattered windows and tore off the tin roofs of homes. Cuban authorities declared that Gustav is the worst hurricane to hit the country in 50 years. Authorities called the storm damage the worst since 1956. The 211 mph (340 km/h) wind gusts registered in the city of Paso Real de San Diego were the highest in Cuba's history, according to the provincial newspaper, the
Cuban Civil defense authorities initially stated that there were "many people injured" on Isla de la Juventud, an island of 87,000 people south of the mainland. Nearly all the island's roads were washed out and some regions were heavily flooded. No fatalities have been reported in Cuba, despite the extreme damage.[4][28]
By September 3, Cuba's President
According to Pinar del Río civil defense authorities, 86,000 homes were damaged, 80 electric towers and 600 electric posts fell. Cuba's electric company, indicated that a total of 136 electric towers toppled over and that the electrical grid on Isla de la Juventud was 100% damaged.[114] In all, damage from Hurricane Gustav totaled $2.1 billion in Cuba.[115]
United States
Although the storm was still in its formative stages on August 26,[15] fears that Hurricane Gustav might eventually disrupt oil production in the Gulf of Mexico caused oil prices to rise.[37][103][116] On August 27, U.S. oil and natural-gas companies began evacuating personnel from their oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico amid continued forecasts that Gustav would strengthen and move into the gulf.[117] By August 30, 76.77% of oil production and 37.16% of natural gas production in the Gulf of Mexico had been shut in.[118] By mid-day August 31, 96% of oil production had stopped.[119] Out at sea, one death was reported.[4] Sunk in the Gulf as an artificial reef in 2006, the USS Oriskany (CV-34) shifted and was buried 10 feet deeper in the ocean floor after Gustav passed over.[120]
Louisiana
In the state of Louisiana, 34 parishes were declared as disaster areas.[121] Hurricane Gustav reached the Louisiana coast on the morning of September 1, making landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana (see rainfall map); however, at 9 am wind speed at Grand Isle had been 115 mph (185 km/h),[122] the highest eyewall speed, indicating the eyewall had traveled over 4 hours along the coast. The center of the storm continued northwest across the state, so damage and deaths were widespread in many areas.
Forty-eight deaths in the state of Louisiana were blamed on Hurricane Gustav. Five were due to falling trees, two due to a tornado and the rest were indirect deaths.[4] The tornado also injured two others.[123]
Around 1.5 million people were without power in Louisiana on September 1.[124] The state reported about 100,000 people remained on the coast, after evacuation.[68] Nearly 2 million people had evacuated from south Louisiana in the days before Gustav's arrival.[68]
The city of New Orleans had the official reopening date on Thursday (Sept. 4),[125] after crews had restored most electric power and other services.[125] Damage assessments came as residents returned to inspect their properties. Damage included numerous trees down in various locations, such as around some Marriott hotels,[126] and large tree limbs were broken from oak trees along St. Charles Avenue.[68] Millions of smaller branches were scattered throughout neighborhoods, blown by the strong winds. Area hotels planned to reopen the week of September 8, some by Saturday, September 6 (such as the InterContinental & 16 area Marriotts, which already had electricity restored).[126] The
In Baton Rouge, Louisiana, it was considered to be the worst storm to hit the area since Hurricane Betsy in 1965. An elderly couple was killed when a tree fell on the house they were temporarily staying in and 85% of the area lost power.[127]
The community of Houma, Louisiana, and the surrounding area in south-central Louisiana sustained extensive wind damage. The winds blew off many roofs, blew windows out of houses and knocked down many trees and left much of the region without power.[122] Shingles and awnings were scattered throughout downtown Houma.[122] At Ellender High in Houma, the school's new gym was heavily damaged, with a rear wall collapsed.[122] The roof of the Houma-Terrebonne Chamber of Commerce was also blown away. Overall, the area was considered to have dodged a bullet. Had the storm come ashore farther west, the Intracoastal Waterway would have been a highway for storm surge to penetrate into the heart of Houma.[122] However, flooding was relatively minor in the region.[122]
Central Louisiana was also hard hit. Many trees and power lines were knocked down in that region as well, and many houses sustained damage from the winds and localized flooding. Part of the roof at the Alexandria Mall collapsed. Two people died in the region — one was electrocuted and one had a tree crush her trailer.[128] The area's water supply was also hampered as power was knocked out to most of the water wells in the Alexandria and Pineville areas.[129]
Damage and significant power outages were reported as far north as northern Louisiana, in the Interstate 20 corridor.[130] Highest rainfall totals received thus far across the state include 16.37 inches (416 mm) near Bunkie, Louisiana,[131] and 19.17 inches (487 mm) at Barataria Bay Pass.[132][133][134]
President Bush declared 34 Louisiana parishes as disaster areas and visited the area on September 3.[121]
On Wednesday, September 3, field staff and emergency supplies from the
The LSU football team postponed their game, scheduled for September 6, against
Mississippi and Alabama
The National Weather Service reported 14 confirmed tornadoes spun by Gustav from
In Mississippi, damage from Gustav was far less severe than that caused by
In
Florida
The state of Florida was affected by both the Cuba landfall, with Gustav traveling past the
The USS Oriskany (CV-34), now an artificial reef off the coast of Pensacola, shifted 10 feet deeper leaving the flight deck at 145 feet (44 m) following Gustav.[120]
Four people died in a car accident on Interstate 20 near Carrollton, Georgia while evacuating from Louisiana. Two other people in the car were alive and airlifted to nearby hospitals.[143]
Arkansas
Because of Gustav's slow motion across northwest Louisiana and Arkansas on September 4 and 5, significant rainfall accumulation was seen statewide. The maximum amount in Arkansas was at Hamburg, where 11.25 inches (286 mm) had fallen,[144] making Gustav the third wettest tropical cyclone to affect the state since 1972.[145]
Political implications
United States
Hurricane Gustav was expected to make landfall near New Orleans almost exactly three years after Hurricane Katrina struck the same region. It also arrived in the midst of the campaign for the 2008 U.S. presidential elections and during the week the 2008 Republican National Convention was scheduled to start. The federal and state administrations, as well as the candidates for the 2008 presidential election were sensitive that Gustav was likely to remind U.S. voters of the "botched response" by state and local municipalities and subsequent federal aid authorities to the earlier storm.[146]
On August 30, President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney canceled their planned attendance at the 2008 Republican National Convention.[147] Because of the expected U.S. landfall, governors and some other political leaders from Louisiana and other states chose to stay home from the 2008 Republican National Convention.[148] As the hurricane approached the coast, presumptive Republican presidential nominee John McCain canceled all non-essential opening-day festivities at the convention[149] and said that he might give his acceptance speech via satellite from the affected area.[150]
Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama and vice presidential nominee Joe Biden, monitoring the situation in the Gulf Coast, encouraged New Orleans residents to evacuate.[151] Obama also announced that he would ask his large network of donors and volunteers to contribute money, goods and work to assist victims of the storm according to what was most needed after the storm hit.[152]
Louisiana's Congressional primary election, originally scheduled for September 6, was delayed to October 4, which then delayed the general election for two races that required a runoff vote to December 6, 2008.[153]
Cuba
Retirement
Because of the damage and deaths wrought by the storm, the name Gustav was retired by the World Meteorological Organization in April 2009, and it will never again be used to name an Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Gonzalo for the 2014 season.[155][156]
See also
- Tropical cyclones in 2008
- List of Cuba hurricanes
- List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
- Hurricane Georges (1998) – A powerful Category 4 hurricane that affected the same areas as a large Category 2 storm
- Hurricane Lili (2002) – A Category 4 hurricane that affected nearby areas at Category 1 strength
- Hurricane Dennis (2005) – A Category 4 hurricane took a similar path and affected nearby areas
- Hurricane Laura (2020) – A Category 4 hurricane that took a similar track
- Hurricane Delta (2020) – Another Category 4 hurricane that took a similar track
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