- Breathy voice
Breathy voice can also be observed in place of [[debuccalization|debuccalized]] coda {{IPA|/s/}} in [[Spanish dialects and varieties|some dialects of colloquial Spanish]], e.g. {{IPA|[ˈt̪o̞ðo̞ʱ lo̞ ˈθiʱne̞ʱ ˈsõ̞m ˈblãŋko̞ʱ]}} for ''{{wt|es|todos}} {{wt|es|los}} {{wt|es|cisnes}} {{wt|es|son}} {{wt|es|blancos}}''.
- Ligament
The study of ligaments is known as {{wt|en|desmology}}.
- Red
While red is the color most associated with love, it also the color most frequently associated with hatred, anger, aggression and war. People who are angry are said to "{{wt|en|see red}}." Red is the color most commonly associated with passion and heat. In [[ancient Rome]], red was the color of [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], the [[god of war]]—the planet [[Mars]] was named for him because of its red color.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|42, 53}}
- Urethra
Cancer can also develop in the lining of the urethra.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer>{{cite book|title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine|last1=Ralston |first1=Stuart H. |last2=Penman |first2=Ian D. |last3=Strachan |first3=Mark W. |last4=Hobson |first4=Richard P. (eds.)|date=2018 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7028-0 |edition=23rd|pages=435–6|section=Urothelial tumours}}</ref> When cancer is present, the most common symptom in an affected person is [[haematuria|blood in the urine]]; a physical [[medical examination]] may be otherwise normal, except in late disease.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> [[Urethral cancer|Cancer of the urethra]] is most often due to cancer of the cells lining the urethra, called [[transitional cell carcinoma]], although it can more rarely occur as a [[squamous cell carcinoma]] if the type of cells lining the urethra have changed, such as due to a chronic [[schistosomiasis]] infection.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> Investigations performed usually include collecting a sample of urine for an inspection for malignant cells under a microscope, called [[cytology]], as well as examination with a flexible camera through the urethra, called [[urethroscopy]]. If a malignancy is found, a [[biopsy]] will be taken, and a [[CT scan]] will be performed of other body parts (a [[Full-body CT scan|CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis]]) to look for additional {{wt|en|metastatic}} lesions.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> After the cancer is [[tumour staging|staged]], treatment may involve [[chemotherapy]].{{uncited|date=July 2020}}
Urinary bladder
In humans, the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the [[pelvis]]. <!-- Shape -->In [[gross anatomy]], the bladder can be divided into a broad {{wt|en|fundus}}, a body, an apex, and a neck.<ref name="Netter" /> The apex is directed forward toward the upper part of the [[pubic symphysis]], and from there the [[median umbilical ligament]] continues upward on the back of the anterior abdominal wall to the [[umbilicus]]. The [[peritoneum]] is carried by it from the apex on to the [[abdominal wall]] to form the [[middle umbilical fold]]. The neck of the bladder is the area at the base of the [[trigone of the urinary bladder|trigone]] that surrounds the [[internal urethral orifice]] that leads to the urethra.<ref name="Netter">{{cite book|last1= Netter|first1= Frank H.|title= Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides|date= 2014|publisher= W B Saunders Co|location= Philadelphia, Penn.|isbn= 978-14557-0418-7|pages= 346–8|edition= 6th}}</ref> In males the neck of the urinary bladder is next to the [[prostate gland]].
The bladder receives blood by the [[vesical arteries]] and drained into a network of [[vesical veins]].<ref name="Grays2016" /> The [[superior vesical artery]] supplies blood to the upper part of the bladder. The lower part of the bladder is supplied by the [[inferior vesical artery]], both of which are branches of the [[internal iliac arteries]].<ref name="Grays2016" /> In females, the [[uterine arteries|uterine]] and [[vaginal arteries]] provide additional blood supply.<ref name="Grays2016" /> Venous drainage begins in a network of small vessels on the lower {{wt|en|lateral}} surfaces of the bladder, which coalesce and travel with the lateral ligaments of the bladder into the [[internal iliac vein]]s.<ref name="Grays2016" />
Investigations performed usually include collecting a sample of urine for an inspection for malignant cells under a microscope, called [[cytology]], as well as [[medical imaging]] by a [[CT urogram]] or [[ultrasound]].<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> If a concerning lesion is seen, a flexible camera may be inserted into the bladder, called [[cystoscopy]], in order to view the lesion and take a [[biopsy]], and a [[CT scan]] will be performed of other body parts (a [[Full-body CT scan|CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis]]) to look for additional {{wt|en|metastatic}} lesions.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer />
Treatment depends on the cancer's [[tumour staging|stage]]. Cancer present only in the bladder may be removed surgically via [[cystoscopy]]; an injection of the [[chemotherapy|chemotherapeutic]] [[mitomycin C]] may be performed at the same time.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> Cancers that are [[tumour grade|high grade]] may be treated with an injection of the [[BCG vaccine]] into the bladder wall, and may require surgical removal if it does not resolve.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> Cancer that is invading through the bladder wall may be managed by complete surgical removal of the bladder ([[radical cystectomy]]), with the ureters diverted into a segment of part of [[ileum]] connected to a [[stoma bag]] on the skin.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> Prognosis can vary markedly depending on the cancer's stage and grade, with a better prognosis associated with tumours found only in the bladder, that are low grade, that don't invade through the bladder wall, and that is {{wt|en|papillary}} in visual appearance.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer />
- Pancreas
The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the [[abdomen]], stretching from behind the [[stomach]] to the left upper abdomen near the [[spleen]]. In adults, it is about {{convert|12|-|15|cm}} long, {{wt|en|lobulated}}, and salmon-coloured in appearance.<ref name=Grays2016>{{Cite book|title=Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice|editor=Standring, Susan|isbn=9780702052309|edition=41st|location=Philadelphia|oclc=920806541|year=2016|pages=1179–89}}</ref>
The pancreas has a rich blood supply, with vessels originating as branches of both the [[coeliac artery]] and [[superior mesenteric artery]].<ref name=Grays2016 /> The [[splenic artery]] runs along the top of the pancreas, and supplies the left part of the body and the tail of the pancreas through its pancreatic branches, the largest of which is called the [[greater pancreatic artery]].<ref name=Grays2016 /> The [[superior pancreaticoduodenal artery|superior]] and [[inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries]] run along the back and front surfaces of the head of the pancreas adjacent to the duodenum. These supply the head of the pancreas. These vessels join together ({{wt|en|anastamose}}) in the middle.<ref name=Grays2016 />
- Stomach
File:An open stomach.jpg|An autopsy of a human stomach, showing the many folds ({{wt|en|rugae}}) of the stomach. 2012 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología
- Prostate
The prostate receives blood through the [[inferior vesical artery]], [[internal pudendal artery]], and [[middle rectal arteries]]. These vessels enter the prostate on its outer {{wt|en|posterior}} surface where it meets the bladder, and travel forward to the apex of the prostate.<ref name="Grays2016" /> Both the inferior vesicle and the middle rectal arteries often arise together directly from the [[internal iliac arteries]]. On entering the bladder, the inferior vesical artery splits into a urethral branch, supplying the urethral prostate; and a capsular branch, which travels around the capsule and has smaller branches which perforate into the prostate.<ref name="Grays2016" />
<!--Intro and symptoms-->An enlarged prostate is called [[prostatomegaly]], with [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]] (BPH) being the most common cause. BPH refers to an enlargement of the prostate due to an increase in the number of cells that make up the prostate ({{wt|en|hyperplasia}}) from a cause that is not a malignancy. It is very common in older men.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}} It is often diagnosed when the prostate has enlarged to the point where urination becomes difficult. Symptoms include needing to urinate often ([[urinary frequency]]) or taking a while to get started ([[urinary hesitancy]]). If the prostate grows too large, it may constrict the urethra and impede the flow of urine, making urination painful and difficult, or in extreme cases completely impossible, causing [[urinary retention]].{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}} Over time, chronic retention may cause the bladder to become larger and cause a backflow of urine into the kidneys ([[hydronephrosis]]).{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}}
[[Prostate cancer]] is one of the most common [[cancer]]s affecting older men in the UK, US, Northern Europe and Australia, and a significant [[cause of death]] for elderly men worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rawla P |title=Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer |journal=World J Oncol |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=63–89 |date=April 2019 |pmid=31068988 |pmc=6497009 |doi=10.14740/wjon1191 |type= Review}}</ref> Often, a person does not have symptoms; when they do occur, symptoms may include urinary frequency, urgency, hesitation and other symptoms associated with BPH. Uncommonly, such cancers may cause weight loss, retention of urine, or symptoms such as [[back pain]] due to {{wt|en|metastatic}} lesions that have spread outside of the prostate.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}}
<!--Investigations-->A [[digital rectal examination]] and the measurement of a [[prostate specific antigen]] (PSA) level are usually the first investigations done to check for prostate cancer. PSA values are difficult to interpret, because a high value might be present in a person without cancer, and a low value can be present in someone with cancer.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}} The next form of testing is often the taking of a [[biopsy]] to assess for [[tumour grade|tumour activity]] and invasiveness.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}} Because of the significant risk of [[overdiagnosis]] with widespread screening in the general population, [[prostate cancer screening]] is controversial.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sandhu|first1=Gurdarshan S.|last2=Andriole|first2=Gerald L.|date=September 2012|title=Overdiagnosis of Prostate Cancer|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs|volume=2012|issue=45|pages=146–151|doi=10.1093/jncimonographs/lgs031|issn=1052-6773|pmc=3540879|pmid=23271765}}</ref> If a tumour is confirmed, [[medical imaging]] such as an [[MRI]] or [[bone scan]] may be done to check for the presence of tumour {{wt|en|metastases}} in other parts of the body.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=437–9}}
- Thymus
The thymus consists of two lobes, merged in the middle, surrounded by a capsule that extends with blood vessels into the interior.<ref name=Grays2016>{{cite book |title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice | editor-first1 = Susan | editor-last1 = Standring | editor-first2 = Henry | editor-last2 = Gray | name-list-style = vanc |isbn= 9780702052309 |edition=41st |location=Philadelphia |oclc=920806541 |year=2016 |pages=983–6 }}</ref> The lobes consist of an outer {{wt|en|cortex}} rich with cells and an inner less dense {{wt|en|medulla}}.<ref name="Wheaters2013" /> The lobes are divided into smaller lobules 0.5-2mm diameter, between which extrude radiating insertions from the capsule along {{wt|en|septa}}.<ref name=Grays2008 />
Thymomas can be benign; benign but by virtue of expansion, invading beyond the capsule of the thymus ("invasive thyoma"), or malignant (a [[carcinoma]]).<ref name="Robbins9th" /> This classification is based on the appearance of the cells.<ref name="Robbins9th" /> A [[World Health Organization|WHO]] classification also exists but is not used as part of standard clinical practice.<ref name="Robbins9th" /> Benign tumours confined to the thymus are most common; followed by locally invasive tumours, and then by carcinomas.<ref name="Robbins9th" /> There is variation in reporting, with some sources reporting malignant tumours as more common.{{sfn|Harrison's|2015|pp=2759}} Invasive tumours, although not technically malignant, can still spread ({{wt|en|metastasise}}) to other areas of the body.<ref name="Robbins9th" /> Even though thymomas occur of epithelial cells, they can also contain thymocytes.<ref name="Robbins9th" /> Treatment of thymomas often requires surgery to remove the entire thymus.{{sfn|Harrison's|2015|pp=2759}} This may also result in temporary remission of any associated autoimmune conditions.{{sfn|Harrison's|2015|pp=2759}}
The thymus may contain cysts, usually less than 4 cm in diameter. Thymic cysts are usually detected incidentally and do not generally cause symptoms.<ref name="Robbins9th" /> Thymic cysts can occur along the neck or in the chest ([[mediastinum]]).<ref name="Goldstein2015">{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Alan J. |last2=Oliva |first2=Isabel |last3=Honarpisheh |first3=Hedieh |last4=Rubinowitz |first4=Ami |title=A Tour of the Thymus: A Review of Thymic Lesions with Radiologic and Pathologic Correlation |journal=Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal |date=1 February 2015 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=5–15 |doi=10.1016/j.carj.2013.09.003|pmid=24736228 |s2cid=33986973 }}</ref> Cysts usually just contain fluid and are lined by either [[Stratified squamous epithelium|many layers of flat cells]] or [[columnar epithelium|column-shaped cells]].<ref name="Goldstein2015" /> Despite this, the presence of a cyst can cause problems similar to those of thymomas, by compressing nearby structures,<ref name="Robbins9th" /> and some may contact internal walls ({{wt|en|septa}}) and be difficult to distinguish from tumours.<ref name="Goldstein2015" /> When cysts are found, investigation may include a workup for tumours, which may include [[Computed tomography|CT]] or [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI scan]] of the area the cyst is suspected to be in.<ref name="Robbins9th" /><ref name="Goldstein2015" />
- Autogyro
An '''autogyro''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{wt|grc|αὐτός}} and {{wt|el|γύρος}}, "self-turning"), also known as a '''gyroplane''' or '''gyrocopter''', is a type of [[rotorcraft]] that uses an unpowered rotor in free [[Autorotation (helicopter)|autorotation]] to develop [[lift (force)|lift]]. Forward [[thrust]] is provided independently, by an engine-driven [[propeller]]. While similar to a [[helicopter rotor]] in appearance, the autogyro's rotor must have air flowing across the rotor disc to generate rotation, and the air flows upwards through the rotor disc rather than down.
- Weber
| derivation = {{wt|de|Weber}}
- Trachea
The upper part of trachea receives and drains [[blood]] through the [[inferior thyroid arteries]] and [[inferior thyroid vein|veins]];<ref name=GA2016 /> the lower trachea receives blood from bronchial arteries.<ref name="Furlow2018" /> Arteries that supply the trachea do so via small branches that supply the trachea from the sides. As the branches approach the wall of the trachea, they split into [[Anatomical_terms_of_location#Superior_and_inferior|inferior and superior branches]], which join with the branches of the arteries above and below; these then split into branches that supply the anterior and posterior parts of the trachea.<ref name="Furlow2018" /> The inferior thyroid arteries arise just below the isthmus of the thyroid, which sits atop the trachea. These arteries join ({{wt|en|anastamoses}}) with ascending branches of the [[bronchial artery|bronchial arteries]], which are direct branches from the [[aorta]], to supply blood to the trachea.<ref name=GA2016 /> The [[lymphatic vessel]]s of the trachea drain into the [[pretracheal lymph nodes|pretracheal nodes]] that lie in front of the trachea, and [[paratracheal lymph nodes]] that lie beside it.<ref name=GA2016 />
A [[tracheoesophageal fistula]] is a congenital defect in which the trachea and esophagus are abnormally connected (a {{wt|en|fistula}}). This is because of abnormalities in the separation between the trachea and oesophagus during development.<ref name=Langmans2019 /> This occurs in approximately 1 in 3000 births, and the most common abnormalities is a separation of the upper and lower ends of the oesophagus, with the upper end finishing in a closed pouch.<ref name=Langmans2019 /> Other abnormalities may be associated with this, including cardiac abnormalities, or [[VACTERL syndrome]].<ref name=Langmans2019 /> Such fistulas may be detected before a baby is born because of [[polyhydramnios|excess amniotic fluid]]; after birth, they are often associated with pneumonitis and pneumonia because of {{wt|en|aspiration}} of food contents.<ref name=Langmans2019 /> Congenital fistulas are often treated by surgical repair.<ref name=Davidsons2018>{{cite book|title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine|last1=Ralston |first1=Stuart H. |last2=Penman |first2=Ian D. |last3=Strachan |first3=Mark W. |last4=Hobson |first4=Richard P. (eds.)|date=2018 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-7020-7028-0 |edition=23rd}}</ref> In adults, fistulas may occur because of erosion into the trachea from nearby malignant tumours, which erode into both the trachea and the oesophagus. Initially, these often result in coughing from swallowed contents of the oesophagus that are aspirated through the trachea, often progressing to fatal pneumonia; unfortunately, there is rarely a curative treatment.<ref name=Davidsons2018 /> A [[tracheo-oesophageal puncture]] is a surgically created hole between the trachea and the esophagus in a person who has had their larynx removed. Air travels upwards from the surgical connection to the upper oesophagus and the pharynx, creating vibrations that create sound that can be used for speech. The purpose of the puncture is to restore a person's ability to speak after the vocal cords have been removed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evaluation and Treatment for Tracheoesophageal Puncture and Prosthesis: Technical Report |url=https://www.asha.org/policy/TR2004-00138/ |website=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association |publisher=American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) |accessdate=26 May 2020 |language=en |date=2004}}</ref>
Sometimes as an [[anatomical variation]] one or more of the tracheal rings are formed as complete rings, rather than horseshoe shaped rings. These ''O'' rings are smaller than the normal C-shaped rings and can cause narrowing ({{wt|en|stenosis}}) of the trachea, resulting in breathing difficulties. An operation called a ''slide tracheoplasty'' can open up the rings and rejoin them as wider rings, shortening the length of the trachea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Slide tracheoplasty|url=http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/slide-tracheoplasty/|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref> Slide tracheoplasty is said to be the best option in treating tracheal stenosis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xue|first1=B|last2=Liang|first2=B|last3=Wang|first3=S|last4=Zhu|first4=L|last5=Lu|first5=Z|last6=Xu|first6=Z|title=One-stage surgical correction of congenital tracheal stenosis complicated with congenital heart disease in infants and young children.|journal=Journal of Cardiac Surgery|date=January 2015|volume=30|issue=1|pages=97–103|pmid=25109422|doi=10.1111/jocs.12418|s2cid=25335958}}</ref>
- List of country-name etymologies
:The Armenians traditionally traced the name to an [[eponymous ancestor]] [[Aram, son of Shem|Aram]] ({{lang-hy|{{wt|hy|Արամ}}}}),<ref>[[Moses of Chorene]]. ''[http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khorenaci/index.html The History of Armenia],'' Book 1, Ch. 12. {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">[[Chamich, Michael]]. ''History of Armenia from B.C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era'', p. 19. Bishop's College Press (Calcutta), 1827.</ref> sometimes equated with [[Arame of Urartu|Arame]], the earliest known king of [[Urartu]].<ref>Ačaṙean, H. "Արամ". ''Hayocʿ Anjnanunneri Baṙaran'', 2d Ed. Yerevan State University (Yerevan), 1942–62. {{in lang|hy}}</ref> [[Strabo]] derived the etymology from an Armenius of [[Armenium]], a city on [[Lake Boebeïs]] in [[Ancient Thessaly|Thessaly]],<ref>Strabo. ''Geographica''. XI.iv.8.</ref> while Herodotus called them [[Phrygia]]n colonists.<ref>[[Herodotus]]. VII.73.</ref>
::'''''Hayastan''''', the local endonym: Etymology unknown. The modern [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ''Hayastan'' ({{wt|hy|Հայաստան}}) derives from earlier Armenian ''Hayk’'' ({{wikt-lang|xcl|Հայք}}) and [[Persian language|Persian]] ''[[-stān]]'' ({{wikt-lang|fa|ستان}}). ''Hayk’'' derives from [[Old Armenian]] ''Haykʿ'' ({{wikt-lang|hy|հայք}}), traditionally derived from a legendary patriarch named [[Hayk]] ({{lang|hy|Հայկ}}).<ref>Panossian, Razmik. ''The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars,'' p. 106. [[Columbia University Press]], 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-231-13926-7}}.</ref> Aram above was considered to be one of his descendants.
:"White Russia", a [[compound (linguistics)|compound]] of the [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ''bel-'' ({{wt|ru|бел}}-, "white") and ''Rus'' ({{wt|ru|Русь}}, ''[[Rus' (people)|Rus']]'') adopted in 1991. The meaning is "Russian" in the cultural and historic ({{lang-orv|{{wt|orv|рускъ}}}}, ''ruskʺ''; [[Old Belarusian language|Old Belarusian]]: {{lang|orv|руски}}, ''ruski''; {{lang-ru|{{wt|ru|русский}}}}, ''russkiy'') but ''not'' national sense ({{lang-ru|{{wt|ru|россиянин}}}}, ''rossiyánin''), a distinction sometimes made by translating the name as "White Ruthenia", although "Ruthenian" has [[Ruthenia|other meanings]] as well. The name is first attested in the 13th century as German ''Weissrussland'' and [[Medieval Latin|Latin]] ''Russia Alba'', first in reference to Russia's [[White Sea|White]] and then [[Black Sea]] coasts.<ref name="Biely">Белы, А. ''Хроніка "Белай Русі": нарыс гісторыі адной геаграфічнай назвы''. Энцыклапедыкс (Мінск), 2000. {{ISBN|985-6599-12-1}}. {{in lang|ru}} Op. cit. Biely, Ales. "[http://www.pravapis.org/art_white_russia.asp Why is the Russia White?] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120913051151/http://www.pravapis.org/art_white_russia.asp |date=13 September 2012 }}". Retrieved 28 September 2011.</ref> The exonym was next applied to [[Great Novgorod]] and then [[Muscovy]] after its conquest of that region, finally being applied to its present region in the late 16th century to describe ethnically Russian regions being conquered from [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]].<ref name="Biely"/> This last change was politically motivated, with [[Russian Empire|Russia]] employing the foreign term to justify its revanchism at [[Partitions of Poland|Poland's expense]].<ref name="Biely"/> The original meaning of "white" in Belarus's name is unknown. It may simply have arisen from confusion with legends concerning [[Caucasian Albania]]<ref name="Biely"/> or from a use of colors to distinguish cardinal directions as seen in "[[Red Ruthenia|Red Russia]]".<ref>Fletcher, Giles. Correspondence. 1588. Op. cit. Biely, Ales. "[http://www.pravapis.org/art_white_russia.asp Why is the Russia White?] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120913051151/http://www.pravapis.org/art_white_russia.asp |date=13 September 2012 }}". Retrieved 28 September 2011.</ref> Other theories include its use to distinguish Belarus as "free" or "pure", particularly of [[Golden Horde|Mongolian]] control, or to distinguish the region from "[[Black Ruthenia|Black Russia]]", a region of productive soil.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} For the further etymology of ''Rus'', see [[#Russia|Russia]] below.
:Derived from [[Middle Persian]] ''Chīnī'' {{Script|fa-Arab|{{wt|fa|چینی}}}}, derived from [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Chinas|Cīnāh]]'' ({{wikt-lang|sa|चीन}}).<ref name="AmHerChin">''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language''. "[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/China?qsrc=2888 China]". Houghton-Mifflin (Boston), 2000.</ref> Often said that the word "China" and its related terms are derived from the [[Qin (state)|Qin state]] which existed on the furthest west of [[China proper]] since the 9th century BC, and which later [[Qin's wars of unification|unified China]] to form the [[Qin dynasty]] ({{wikt-lang|zh|秦}}, [[Old Chinese]]: ''*dzin'').<ref>{{cite journal |title= The Name China|author=Berthold Laufer|journal= T'oung Pao| volume= 13 |issue =1|pages= 719–726|year= 1912|doi= 10.1163/156853212X00377}}</ref><ref name="Wade">Wade, Geoff. "[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China']", ''Sino-Platonic Papers'', No. 188, May 2009. pp. 8-11</ref><ref name=yule>{{cite book |author=Yule, Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqgAb41ifIC&pg=PA2 |title=Cathay and the Way Thither | pages= 2–3 |isbn= 8120619668|year = 1913}} "There are reasons however for believing the word {{font|text=China|font=Century Gothic}} was bestowed at a much earlier date, for it occurs in the Laws of Manu, which assert the ''Chinas'' to be degenerate Kshatriyas, and the Mahabharat, compositions many centuries older that imperial dynasty of {{font|text=Ts'in|font=Century Gothic}} ... And this name may have yet possibly been connected with the Ts'in, or some monarchy of the like title; for that Dynasty had reigned locally in Shen si from the ninth century before our era..."</ref> This is still the most commonly held theory, although many other suggestions have been mooted.<ref>{{cite book |author=Yule, Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqgAb41ifIC&pg=PA3 |title=Cathay and the Way Thither | pages= 3–7 |isbn= 8120619668|year = 1913}}</ref><ref name="wade13">Wade, pp. 12–13.</ref> The existence of the word ''Cīna'' in ancient Hindu texts was noted by the Sanskrit scholar [[Hermann Jacobi]] who pointed out its use in the work ''[[Arthashastra]]'' with reference to silk and woven cloth produced by the country of ''Cīna''. The word is also found in other texts including the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' and the ''[[Manusmṛti|Laws of Manu]]''.<ref name=wade>Wade, Geoff. "[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China']". ''[[Sino-Platonic Papers]]'', No. 188, May 2009, p. 20.</ref> The Indologist [[Patrick Olivelle]] however argued that the word ''Cīnā'' may not have been known in India before the first century BC, nevertheless he agreed that it probably referred to Qin but thought that the word itself was derived from a Central Asian language.<ref name="Liu">Liu, Lydia He, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zxPpHkumqbEC&pg=PA78 The clash of empires]'', p. 77. {{ISBN|9780674019959}}. "Scholars have dated the earliest mentions of ''Cīna'' to the ''Rāmāyana'' and the ''Mahābhārata'' and to other Sanskrit sources such as the Hindu Laws of Manu."</ref> Some Chinese and Indian scholars argued for the state of [[Chu (state)|Jing]] (荆) as the likely origin of the name.<ref name="wade13"/> Another suggestion, made by Geoff Wade, is that the '' Cīnāh'' in Sanskrit texts refers to an ancient kingdom centered in present-day [[Guizhou]], called [[Yelang]], in the south Tibeto-Burman highlands.<ref name=wade /> The inhabitants referred to themselves as ''Zina'' according to Wade.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wade, Geoff |url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf |title=The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China' |journal=Sino-Platonic Papers|volume = 188 |date= May 2009 |accessdate= 4 October 2011}} "This thesis also helps explain the existence of Cīna in the Indic ''Laws of Manu'' and the ''Mahabharata'', likely dating well before Qin Shihuangdi."</ref> The word in Europe is first recorded in 1516 in the journal of Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]].<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' (1989), "China". {{ISBN|0199573158}}.<br/>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=edzW9fuOF-cC&pg=PA211&dq=#v=onepage&q=%22Very%20Great%20Kingdom%20of%20China%22&f=false The Book of Duarte Barbosa]'' (chapter title "The Very Great Kingdom of China"). {{ISBN|8120604512}}. Portuguese original is [http://purl.pt/435/1/P221.html here]. ("O Grande Reino da China").</ref> The word is first recorded in English in a translation published in 1555.<ref>[[Richard Eden|Eden, Richard]], ''Decades of the New World'' (1555). "The great China whose kyng is thought‥the greatest prince in the world."</ref>
::'''''Seres''''' and '''''Serica''''', former names: "Land of Silk" in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] (Σηρες, ''Sēres'') and [[Medieval Latin|Latin]], respectively. The further etymology is typically derived from the ''Chinese'' for silk ({{zh|t={{wt|zh|絲}}|s={{wt|zh|丝}}|p=sī}}), but the modern correspondence belies the Old Chinese pronunciation ''*sə''.<ref name="Miyake">[[Marc Miyake]]. ''Amaravati: Abode of Amritas''. "[http://www.amritas.com/090207.htm#02042359 MAGNA SERICA EST ... ROMA?]". Retrieved 11 October 2011.</ref>
::'''''Zhongguo''''' or '''''Chung-kuo''''' ({{zh|t={{wt|zh|中國}}|s={{wt|zh|中国}}|p=Zhōngguó}}), the most common endonym: originally meaning "Central [[Demesne]]", then "'''Middle Kingdom'''", now equivalent to "Central Nation".
:From "Gaoli", [[Marco Polo]]'s Italian rendition of ''Gāo Lí'' ({{zh|{{wt|zh|高麗|高麗}}}}), the Chinese name for [[Goryeo]] (918–1392), which had named itself after the earlier [[Goguryeo]] (37 BC–AD 668). The original name was a combination of the adjective ''go'' (고; 高) meaning "lofty" and a local [[Yemaek]] tribe, whose original name is thought to have been either ''Guru'' (구루, "walled city") or ''Gauri'' (가우리, "center").
:"Land of the Thai" ({{lang-th|{{wt|th|ไทย}}}}), an ethnic group from the central plains (see [[Tai peoples]]). The name Tai itself ({{wt|th|ไท}}) is of uncertain etymology, although it has been argued to have originally meant "people" or "human being" since some rural areas use the word in this way as opposed to the normal Thai word ''khon'' ({{wt|th|คน}}).<ref>จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์ 1976: "ความเป็นมาของคำสยาม ไทย ลาวและขอม และลักษณะทางสังคม ของชื่อชนชาติ" (Phumisak, Jid). "The Origin of the Siamese Words for Thai, Laotian and Khmer and Societal Characteristics for Nation-names." 1976.</ref> A more common [[pseudoetymology]] derives the demonym from the word ''thai'' ({{wt|th|ไท}}) meaning "freedom".
:"Viet South" ({{lang-vi|Việt Nam}}), an inversion of [[Nanyue|Nam Việt]] ({{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|南越}}), the name of the 2nd-century BC kingdom.<ref>Nhu Trong Trung Bon Thi. "[http://www.anviettoancau.net/anviettc/docs/2007-02/trbontai.pdf An Introduction to Vietology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723020926/http://www.anviettoancau.net/anviettc/docs/2007-02/trbontai.pdf |date=23 July 2011 }}", p. 3.</ref> The qualifier ''nam'' (south) was added to distinguish this kingdom from other Viet, or Yue, kingdoms, such as [[Minyue]]. The word "Viet" is a shortened form of {{lang|vi|[[Baiyue|Bách Việt]]}} ({{zh|c={{wt|zh|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè}}), which in early usage applied to a people in [[Guangdong]].<ref name="Allard">Allard, Francis, [https://books.google.com/books?id=f0zZPMlu0L0C&pg=PA7&dq=#v=onepage&q=%22south%20to%20suppress%20the%20Bai%20Yue%22&f=false Lingnan and Chu During the First Millennium BC]" in ''Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts : (Zhou-Tang)]'', edited by Shing Müller, Thomas O. Höllmann, Putao Gui. {{ISBN|3447050608}}. The quote is from Sima Qian, ''Shi ji'' j. 65.</ref> Ancient historian [[Sima Qian]] wrote that [[Wu Qi]] of [[Chu (state)|Chu]] went "south to suppress the Bai Yue" in 368 B.C.<ref name=Allard/><ref>If the Baiyue did in fact exist prior to the destruction of [[Yue (state)|Yue]] in 338 BC, this would disprove the folk etymology that connects the word to this event.</ref> The first recorded usage is in the Chinese encyclopedia ''[[Lüshi Chunqiu]]'', compiled around 239 B.C.<ref>''The Annals of Lü Buwei'', translated by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford University Press (2000), p. 510. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-3354-0}}. "For the most part, there are no rulers to the south of the Yang and Han Rivers, in the confederation of the Hundred Yue tribes."</ref> After Vietnam gained independence in 938, several variations on the word Viet, including "Nam Viet" and "[[Dai Viet]]" (Great Viet), were used officially. The name "Vietnam" is first recorded in a 16th-century poem by [[Nguyen Binh Khiem]].<ref>{{lang|vi|Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm}}. "[http://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A5m_Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_Tr%C3%ACnh Sấm Trạng Trình]". {{lang|vi|Việt Nam khởi tổ xây nền}} ("Vietnam is being created")</ref> In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was usually referred to as Annam ("Pacified South", {{wikt-lang|vi-Hani|安|南}}). "Vietnam" was revived by [[Phan Bội Châu]]'s book ''[[Viet Nam vong quoc su|Việt Nam vong quốc sử]]'' (History of the Loss of Vietnam), published in 1905, and later by the [[Viet Quoc]], a nationalist party which organized the [[Yen Bai mutiny]] against the French colonial authorities in 1930.<ref name="Tonnesson">Tonnesson, Stein & Antlov, Hans. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3vC14MWi3g4C&dq= Asian Forms of the Nation]'', p. 126. Routledge, 1996.</ref> In 1945, the name was adopted officially by both [[Bao Dai]]'s imperial government in Hue and by [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s [[Viet Minh]] government in Hanoi.<ref name="Tonnesson"/>
- Anatomical terms of location
# The '''[[sagittal plane]]s''', which are {{wt|en|parallel}} to the median plane.{{sfn|Dyce|2010|pp=2-3}}
* '''Sub-''' ({{ety|la|sub|preposition beneath, close to, nearly etc}}) is used to indicate something that is beneath, or something that is subordinate to or lesser than.{{sfn|MW|2020|p="Sub-", accessed on 3 July 2020}} For example, [[Subcutaneous tissue|subcutaneous]] means beneath the skin, and "subglobular" may mean smaller than a {{wt|en|globule}}
- Kansai dialect
|{{wt|ja|橋}}
|{{wt|ja|箸}}
|{{wt|ja|端}}
|{{wt|ja|日本}}
|{{wt|ja|二本}}
|{{wt|ja|今日は}}
|{{wt|ja|ありがとう}}
- Ureter
The ureters can be affected by a number of diseases; including [[urinary tract infections]] and [[kidney stone]]. {{wt|en|Stenosis}} is when a ureter is narrowed, due to for example chronic inflammation. [[Congenital abnormalities]] that affect the ureters can include the development of two ureters on the same side, or abnormally placed ureters. Additionally, reflux of urine from the bladder back up the ureters is a condition commonly seen in children.
The ureters have been identified for at least two thousand years; with the word ureter stemming from the stem {{wt|en|uro-}} relating to [[urinating]] and seen in written records since at least the time of [[Hippocrates]]. It is however only since the 1500s that the term "ureter" has been consistently used to refer to the modern structure; and only since the development of [[medical imaging]] in the 1900s that techniques such as [[X-ray]], [[CT urogram|CT]] and [[urinary tract ultrasound|ultrasound]] have been able to view the ureters. The ureters are also seen from the inside using a flexible camera, called [[ureteroscopy]], which was first described in 1964.
A narrowed ureter may lead to ureteric enlargement ({{wt|en|dilation}}) and cause swelling of the kidneys ([[hydronephrosis]]).<ref name=Davidsons2018A /> Associated symptoms may include recurrent infections, pain or [[haematuria|blood in the urine]]; and when tested, [[kidney function]] might be seen to decrease.<ref name=Davidsons2018A /> These are considered situations when surgery is needed.<ref name=Davidsons2018A /> Medical imaging, including urinary tract ultrasound, [[CT urogram|CT]] or [[nuclear medicine]] imaging is conducted to investigate many causes.<ref name=Davidsons2018A /><ref name="Mayo2020" /> This may involve reinserting the ureters into a new place on the bladder (reimplantion), or widening of the ureter.<ref name=Davidsons2018A /> A [[ureteric stent]] may be inserted to relieve an obstruction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sali |first1=Gaurav Mohan |last2=Joshi |first2=Hrishikesh B |title=Ureteric stents: Overview of current clinical applications and economic implications |journal=International Journal of Urology |date=23 September 2019 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=7–15 |doi=10.1111/iju.14119|pmid=31549458 |doi-access=free }}</ref> If the cause cannot be removed, a [[nephrostomy]] may be required, which is the insertion of a tube connected to the renal pelvis which directly drains urine into a [[stoma bag]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=R |first1=Martin|last2=Baker |first2=H |title=Nursing care and management of patients with a nephrostomy |journal=Nursing Times |url=https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/patient-safety/nursing-care-and-management-of-patients-with-a-nephrostomy-14-10-2019/ |language=en}}</ref>
Investigations performed usually include collecting a sample of urine for an inspection for malignant cells under a microscope, called [[cytology]], as well as medical imaging by a CT urogram or [[ultrasound]].<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> If a concerning lesion is seen, a flexible camera may be inserted into the ureters, called [[ureteroscopy]], in order to view the lesion and take a [[biopsy]], and a [[CT scan]] will be performed of other body parts (a [[Full-body CT scan|CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis]]) to look for additional {{wt|en|metastatic}} lesions.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> After the cancer is [[tumour staging|staged]], treatment may involve [[open surgery]] to remove the affected ureter and kidney if it is involved; or, if the lesion is small, it may be removed via ureteroscopy.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer /> Prognosis can vary markedly depending on the [[tumour grade]], with a worse prognosis associated with an ulcerating lesion.<ref name=Davidsons2018cancer />
- Self-governance
In [[ancient Greek philosophy]], [[Plato]] posits the concept of {{wt|en|self-mastery}} as the ability to be one's own master. He outlines that unless individuals or groups govern their own pleasures and desires they will be enslaved and will not be free.{{sfn|Young|2018}}{{sfn|Laks|2007}} This concept is understood by scholars as a fundamental moral freedom but also as a necessary condition of [[political freedom]], and by extension the freedom and autonomy of the [[political structure]].{{sfn|Young|2018}}
- Auf Wiedersehen, Pet
:Wayne ([[Gary Holton]]) describes himself as a {{wt|en|Jack the lad|Jack the lad}}. He is a carpenter (or "chirpy chippy") who is proud of his [[Cockney]] roots. His obsession with women often lands him and his friends in trouble. Initially without transport he relied on friends for lifts but by series 2 he has bought a red [[BMW E12|BMW 520]]. At the end of the first series, Wayne marries Christa, (played by [[Lysette Anthony]]), a secretary at the building site. According to his son, who knows little about his life, Wayne died of a congenital heart problem in 2000, and his part in "The Magnificent Seven" was replaced by his illegitimate son Wyman. Gary Holton died in 1985 after overdosing on drugs and before the filming of the second series finished. Often, Wayne's absence in the second series is explained in dialogue with phrases like "He's gone to town to look for girls". The series was not filmed in chronological order so he is present in the final episode yet absent during earlier Spanish indoor scenes. The last episode is dedicated to Gary Holton.
- Brachial plexus
|Function = Network (nerve {{wt|en|plexus}}) of nerves that supply the arms.
The '''brachial plexus''' is a network ({{wt|en|plexus}}) of nerves (formed by the [[anterior rami]] of the lower four [[Spinal nerve#Cervical nerves|cervical nerves]] and first [[Spinal nerve#Thoracic nerves|thoracic nerve]] ([[cervical spinal nerve 5|C5]], [[Cervical spinal nerve 6|C6]], [[cervical spinal nerve 7|C7]], [[cervical spinal nerve 8|C8]], and [[thoracic spinal nerve 1|T1]]). This plexus extends from the [[spinal cord]], through the [[cervicoaxillary canal]] in the neck, over the first rib, and into the [[axilla|armpit]]. It supplies [[Afferent nerve fiber|afferent]] and [[efferent nerve fiber]]s to the chest, shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand.
- Henry Addington
| party = [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] ({{wt|en|Addingtonian}})
- Old wives' tale
In this context, the word ''wife'' means "woman" rather than "married woman". This usage stems from [[Old English language|Old English]] ''{{lang|ang|{{wt|ang|wif}}}}'' ("woman") and is akin to the [[German language|German]] ''{{linktext|Weib|lang=de}}'' (also meaning "woman"). This sense of the word is still used in [[Modern English]] in constructions such as ''[[midwife]]'' and ''[[fishwife]]''.
- Three's Company
* [[Don Knotts]] as [[Ralph Furley]] (seasons 4–8): The trio's goofy yet friendly, flamboyantly dressed landlord and apartment manager who fancies himself a ladies' man. He's something of a {{wt|en|skinflint}}.
- The Nutcracker
'''''The Nutcracker''''' ({{lang-rus|Щелкунчик{{efn|Щелкунчикъ in Russian pre-revolutionary script.}}|Shchelkunchik|links=no}} {{Audio|Ru-Shchelkunchik.ogg|listen}}) is an 1892 two-act [[ballet]] ("{{wt|en|fairy ballet}}"; {{lang-ru|балет-феерия|link=no}}, {{transl|ru|balet-feyeriya}}), originally choreographed by [[Marius Petipa]] and [[Lev Ivanov]] with a score by [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] (Op. 71). The [[libretto]] is adapted from [[E. T. A. Hoffmann]]'s story "[[The Nutcracker and the Mouse King]]".
- Rosa rugosa
In [[Japanese language|Japanese]], it is called {{nihongo|''hamanasu''|浜茄子}} "beach aubergine", {{nihongo|''hamanashi''|浜梨}} "beach pear" or simply {{linktext|玫瑰}} "rose".<ref>{{cite web|title=Flower Calendar|url=https://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-event/hanadayori-cal.html|work=[[Imperial Household Agency]]|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> The Chinese call it ''méiguī huā'' {{wt|zh|玫瑰花}}. In [[Korean language|Korean]], the species is called ''haedanghwa'' ({{hangul|해당화}}, {{linktext|海|棠|花}}), literally "flowers near the seashore".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.go.kr/plant/plantGuide/results/view.jsp?name_id=13169&returnUrl=%2Fplant%2FplantGuide%2Fsearch%2Fgeneral.jsp%3Fplant_name%3D%C7%D8%B4%E7%C8%AD%26size%3D10%26init_check%3DY%26start%3D1%26selLang%3DK |title=Haedanghwa (해당화) |publisher=Korea National Arboretum |language=Korean |accessdate=2008-08-06}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
- Old French
*Latin ''audīre'' > OF ''{{wt|fro|oïr}}'' {{IPA|/uˈir/}} 'hear' (Modern ''ouïr'')
*Vulgar Latin *''vidūta'' > OF ''{{wt|fro|veüe}}'' {{IPA|/vəˈy.ə/}} 'seen' (Modern ''vue'')
*Latin ''rēgīnam'' > OF ''{{wt|fro|reïne}}'', {{IPA|/rəˈinə/}} 'queen' (Modern ''reine'')
*Latin ''pāgēnsem'' > OF ''{{wt|fro|païs}}'' {{IPA|/paˈis/}} 'country' (Modern ''pays'')
*Latin ''augustum'' > OF ''{{wt|fro|aoust}}'' {{IPA|/aˈu(s)t/}} 'August' (Modern ''août'')
*Latin ''patellam'' > OF ''{{wt|fro|paelle}}'' {{IPA|/paˈɛlə/}} 'pan' (Modern ''poêle'')
*Late Latin ''quaternum'' > OF ''{{wt|fro|quaïer}}'' {{IPA|/kwaˈjer/}} 'booklet, quire' (Modern ''cahier'')
*Late Latin ''aetāticum'' > OF ''{{wt|fro|aage}}'', ''{{wt|fro|eage}}'' {{IPA|/aˈad͡ʒə/ ~ /əˈad͡ʒə/}} 'age' (Modern ''âge'')
- Oblique case
Old French had a nominative case and an oblique case, called ''{{wt|fr|cas sujet}}'' and ''{{wt|fr|cas régime}}'' respectively.
**Nominative: li {{wt|fro|cuens}} (singular), li {{wt|fro|conte}} (plural)
**Oblique: le {{wt|fro|conte}} (singular), les {{wt|fro|contes}} (plural)
** le {{wt|fr|conte}} (singular), les {{wt|fr|contes}} (plural)
In some cases, both the ''cas sujet'' and ''cas régime'' of one noun have survived but produced two nouns in Modern French with different meanings. Example today's ''{{wt|fr|copain}}'' means "friend" and ''{{wt|fr|compagnon}}'' is "companion", but in Old French these were different declensions of the same noun.
- Epiglottis
The epiglottis has two surfaces; a forward-facing {{wt|en|anterior}} surface, and a {{wt|en|posterior}} surface facing the larynx.<ref name=Grays2016 /> The forward-facing surface is covered with several layers of thin cells ([[stratified squamous epithelium]]), and is [[Non-keratinized epithelium|not covered with keratin]], the same surface as the back of the tongue.<ref name=Grays2016 /> The back surface is covered in a layer of [[columnar epithelium|column-shaped cells]] with [[cilia]], similar to the rest of the [[respiratory tract]]. It also has [[mucous]]-secreting [[goblet cells]].<ref name=Grays2016 /> There is an intermediate zone between these surfaces that contains cells that transition in shape.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last1=Harkema|first1=Jack R.|title=Nose, Sinus, Pharynx, and Larynx|date=2018|work=Comparative Anatomy and Histology|volume=|pages=89–114|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-802900-8.00006-3|isbn=9780128029008|last2=Carey|first2=Stephan A.|last3=Wagner|first3=James G.|last4=Dintzis|first4=Suzanne M.|last5=Liggitt|first5=Denny}}</ref> The body of the epiglottis consists of [[elastic cartilage]].<ref name=Grays2016 />
When food or other objects travel down the respiratory tract rather than down the esophagus to the stomach, this is called {{wt|en|aspiration}}. This can lead to [[airway obstruction]], [[Pneumonitis|inflammation of lung tissue]], and [[aspiration pneumonia]]; and in the long term, [[atelectasis]] and [[bronchiectasis]].<ref name=":0" /> One reason aspiration can occur is because of failure of the epiglottis to close completely.<ref name=Grays2016 /><ref name=":0" />
Holstein Friesian cattle
- Syncope (phonology)
In [[phonology]], '''syncope''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|ŋ|k|ə|p|i}}; from {{lang-grc|{{wt|grc|συγκοπή}}|{{grc-tr|συγκοπή}}|cutting up}}) is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word, especially the loss of an unstressed vowel. It is found both in [[synchronic analysis]] of languages and [[diachronics]]. Its opposite, whereby sounds are added, is [[epenthesis]].
- Prunus spinosa
The specific name ''{{wt|la|spinosa}}'' is a Latin term indicating the pointed and thornlike [[spur shoot]]s characteristic of this species. The common name "{{wt|en|blackthorn}}" is due to the thorny nature of the shrub, and possibly its very dark bark: it has a much darker bark than the white-thorn ([[Common hawthorn|hawthorn]]), to which it is contrasted.<ref name=johns/>
The word commonly used for the fruit, "{{wt|en|sloe}}", comes from [[Old English]] ''{{wt|ang|slāh}}'', [[cognate]] with [[Old High German]] ''{{wt|goh|sleha|slēha}}'', ''{{wt|goh|slewa|slēwa}}'', and Modern [[German language|German]] ''{{wt|de|Schlehe}}''.<ref name=century-dict/> Other cognate forms are Frisian and [[Middle Low German]]{{Efn|historically spoken in Lower Saxony.}} ''{{lang|gml|slē}}'', [[Middle Dutch]] ''{{wt|dum|slee, slie, sleeu}}''; [[Modern Dutch]] ''{{wt|nl|slee}}''; Modern [[Low German]] ''{{wt|nds|slee}}''/''{{wt|nds|slē}}'', ''{{wt|nds|sli|slī}}'';<ref name=century-dict/><ref name=oed1>{{Cite OED1|sloe}}</ref> [[Danish language|Danish]] ''{{wt|da|slåen}}''.<ref name=century-dict/>
The names related to 'sloe' come from the common [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] root ''{{wt|gem-pro|slaihwō}}''. Compare [[Old Slavic language|Old Slavic]], Bulgarian, Macedonian, Ukrainian and Russian {{wt|ru|слива}} (''sliva'', Ukr. ''slyva''),<ref name=oed1/><ref name=century-dict/> [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] / [[Polish language|Polish]] ''{{wt|pl|śliwa}}''; plum of any species, including sloe ''{{wt|pl|śliwa tarnina}}''—root present in other [[Slavic languages]], e.g. [[Croatian language|Croatian]]/[[Serbian language|Serbian]] ''{{wt|sh|šljiva}}'' / {{wt|sh|шљива}}.
The expression "{{wt|en|sloe-eyed}}" for a person with dark eyes comes from the fruit, and is first attested in [[Augusta Jane Evans|A. J. Wilson]]'s 1867 novel ''Vashti''.<ref>{{OED|sloe-eyed}}</ref>
- Talk:Envoi
In the ''Man'yōshū'', an envoi is called a {{nihongo|''hanka''|{{wt|ja|反歌}}}} or {{nihongo|''kaeshiuta''|{{wt|ja|返し歌}}}}. Should it have a separate article, or a new section can be added here? ～ [[User:Poketalker|POKéTalker]]（[[User talk:Poketalker|═]]◉[[Special:Contributions/Poketalker|═]]） 15:12, 16 March 2020 (UTC)
- Hanafuda
*The March poetry ''tanzaku'' card reads {{nihongo|{{wt|ja|御吉野|みよしの}}||mi-Yoshino}}, referring to the town of [[Yoshino, Nara]]. Yoshino is known for its [[Prunus serrulata|cherry trees]], especially of its [[Prunus × yedoensis|Somei-Yoshino]] hybrid.
*The September sake cup card has the [[kanji]] {{nihongo|{{wt|ja|寿}}||[[kotobuki]]|“long life”}} inscribed on it.
- Lonicera japonica
In [[traditional Chinese medicine]],<ref name="Shang">{{cite journal |author1=Shang, X. |author2=Pan, H. |author3=Li, M. |author4=Miao, X. |author5=Ding, H. |year=2011 |title=''Lonicera japonica'' Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.016 |pmid=21864666|pmc=7127058 }}</ref> ''Lonicera japonica'' is called ''rěn dōng téng'' ({{wt|zh|忍冬}}{{wt|zh|藤}});<ref name="Shang" /> literally "winter enduring vine") or ''jīn yín huā''<ref name="Shang" /> ({{zh|c=[[wiktionary:金|金]][[wiktionary:銀|銀]][[wiktionary:花|花]]}}; literally "gold-silver flower").{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} Alternative Chinese names include ''er hua'' (二花) and ''shuang hua'' (雙花), meaning ''double-[color] flowers''.<ref>''Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology'', John and Tina Chen, Art of Medicine Press, 1st ed. 2001, p. 171</ref> In Korean, it is called ''geumeunhwa''.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
Goldenvoice attempts to release the lineup poster as close to [[New Year's Day]] as possible, so that Coachella is the first major festival of the year to announce its lineup. This gives the promoter a competitive advantage over other festivals, many of which end up sharing headliners by the time they are all announced.<ref name="mastermind"/> The Coachella lineup poster lists its music artists across several lines in gradually decreasing [[Point (typography)|font sizes]] in descending order of prominence. The line on which an artist's name appears as well as their font size is a contentious topic between Goldenvoice and talent agents, as placement on the poster will often dictate an artist's future booking fee. Tollett said, "We have so many arguments over font sizes. I literally have {{wt|en|go to the mat|gone to the mat}} over one point size."<ref name="mastermind"/>
- Venetian language
| from Gothic {{lang|got|{{wt|got|𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐍃}}, {{wt|got|haifsts}}}} meaning "contest"
| from Gothic {{lang|got|{{wt|got|𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽}}}} ({{lang|got-Latn|{{wt|got|brikan}}}}), related to English ''to break'' and German {{wikt-lang|de|brechen}}
| from Latin ''{{lang|la|ex + {{wt|la|crollare}}}}''
| from Latin ''{{lang|la|{{wt|la|puer}}, {{wt|la|putus}}}}''
- Singularity theory
[[Vladimir Arnold]] defines the main goal of singularity theory as describing how objects depend on parameters, particularly in cases where the properties undergo sudden change under a small variation of the parameters. These situations are called perestroika ({{lang-ru|{{wt|ru|перестройка}}}}), bifurcations or catastrophes. Classifying the types of changes and characterizing sets of parameters which give rise to these changes are some of the main mathematical goals. Singularities can occur in a wide range of mathematical objects, from matrices depending on parameters to wavefronts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arnold|first1=V. I.|title=Singularity Theory|url=https://www.newton.ac.uk/event/sgt|website=www.newton.ac.uk|publisher=Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences|accessdate=31 May 2016|date=2000}}</ref>
- Contraction (grammar)
The use of contractions is not allowed in any form of standard [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] spelling; however, it is fairly common to shorten or contract words in spoken language. Yet, the commonness varies from dialect to dialect and from sociolect to sociolect—it depends on the formality etc. of the setting. Some common, and quite drastic, contractions found in Norwegian speech are "jakke" for "jeg har ikke", meaning "I do not have" and "dække" for "det er ikke", meaning "there is not". The most frequently used of these contractions—usually consisting of two or three words contracted into one word, contain short, common and often [[Syllable|monosyllabic]] words like {{wt|nb|jeg}}, {{wt|nb|du}}, {{wt|nb|deg}}, {{wt|nb|det}}, {{wt|nb|har}} or {{wt|nb|ikke}}. The use of the apostrophe (') is much less common than in English, but is sometimes used in contractions to show where letters have been dropped.
In extreme cases, long, entire sentences may be written as one word. An example of this is "Det ordner seg av seg selv" in standard written [[Bokmål]], meaning "It will sort itself out" could become "dånesæsæsjæl" (note the letters [[Å]] and [[Æ]], and the word "sjæl", as an [[eye dialect]] spelling of {{wt|nb|selv}}). [[R-dropping]], being present in the example, is especially common in speech in many areas of Norway {{which|date=March 2018}}, but plays out in different ways, as does elision of word-final phonemes like {{IPA|/ə/}}.
- Saigyō
Born {{nihongo|'''Satō Norikiyo'''|佐藤義清}} in [[Kyoto]] to a noble family, he lived during the traumatic transition of power between the old court nobles and the new [[samurai]] warriors. After the start of the age of [[Three Ages of Buddhism|Mappō]], [[Buddhism]] was considered to be in decline and no longer as effective a means of salvation. These cultural shifts during his lifetime led to a sense of melancholy in his poetry. As a youth, he worked as a guard to retired [[Emperor Toba]], but in 1140 at age 22, for reasons now unknown,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stoneman|first=Jack|date=February 2010|title=Why Did Saigyō Become a Monk? An Archeology of the Reception of Saigyō's Shukke|url=|journal=Japanese Language and Literature|volume=44.2|pages=69–118|via=JSTOR}}</ref> he quit worldly life to become a monk, taking the [[religious name]] {{nihongo|'''En'i'''|{{wt|ja|円位}}}}.
He later took the pen name {{nihongo|Saigyō|{{wt|ja|西行}}}}, meaning “Western Journey”, a reference to [[Amitābha|Amida Buddha]] and the Western paradise. He lived alone for long periods in his life in Saga, [[Mount Kōya|Mt. Koya]], [[Yoshino, Nara|Mt. Yoshino]], [[Ise Province|Ise]], and many other places, but he is more known for the many long, poetic journeys he took to Northern [[Honshū]] that would later inspire [[Matsuo Bashō|Bashō]] in his ''[[Oku no Hosomichi|Narrow Road to the Interior]]''.
- The Source
'''''The Source''''' is an American [[hip hop]] and entertainment website, and a magazine that publishes annually or {{wt|en|Semiannual|semiannually}}. It is the world's longest-running rap periodical, being founded as a [[newsletter]] in 1988.<ref name=nyt>{{cite web|author=Ogunnaike, Lola|title=War of the Words at Hip-Hop Magazines|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/29/arts/war-of-the-words-at-hip-hop-magazines.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=May 1, 2019|date=January 29, 2003}}</ref>
- Harjavalta
Earliest signs of habitation on the area have been dated to 1200 BC. Various different writings of the name in documents of the 15th century at the [[Turku Cathedral]] are ''Harianwalta'', ''Hariawalta'', ''Hariaualdastha'', ''Harianwaltha'' ja ''Harianwaltaby''. The name is supposed to originate from the speculative Proto Germanic name ''{{wt|en|Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Harjawaldaz|*Harjawaldaz}}'', composed of the speculative words ''*harjaz'' ("army") and ''*waldaz'' ("authority"). It is believed that either a person named Harjawaldaz or a warrior band settled or lived in the area. The earliest known written occurrence of the name is from Tacitus on the first century, ''[[Chariovalda]]''.<ref>Tacitus, The Annals [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#11|2.11]]</ref> Different adoptions of the same name are [[Harald (disambiguation)|Harald]], [[Hérault]] and [[Harold (given name)|Harold]], but Harjavalta is closest to the reconstructed original.
- Ogura Hyakunin Isshu
[[Image:Ogura Shikishi.jpg|thumb|Ogura ''{{wt|ja|色紙|shikishi}}'' by Teika]]
- Spanish dialects and varieties
In much of Latin America—especially in the Caribbean and in coastal and lowland areas of Central and South America—and in the southern half of Spain, [[syllable coda|syllable-final]] {{IPA|/s/}} is either pronounced as a [[voiceless glottal fricative]], {{IPA|[h]}}) ([[debuccalization]], also frequently called "aspiration"), or not pronounced at all. In some varieties of Hispanic American Spanish (notably Honduran and Salvadoran Spanish) this may also occur intervocalically within an individual word—as with {{wikt-lang|es|nosotros}}, which may be pronounced as {{IPA|[nohotroh]}}—or even in initial position. In southeastern Spain (eastern [[Andalusia]], [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]] and part of [[La Mancha]]), the distinction between syllables with a now-silent ''s'' and those originally without ''s'' is preserved by pronouncing the syllables ending in ''s'' with [[open vowel]]s (that is, the open/closed syllable contrast has been turned into a tense/lax vowel contrast); this typically affects the vowels {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}, but in some areas even {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} are affected. For instance, ''{{wt|es|todos}} {{wt|es|los}} {{wt|es|cisnes}} {{wt|es|son}} {{wt|es|blancos}}'' ('all the swans are white'), can be pronounced {{IPA|[ˈt̪o̞ðo̞ʱ lo̞ʰ ˈθːiʱnːe̞ʰ ˈsõ̞ⁿ ˈblãŋko̞ʰ]}}, or even {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɔðɔ lɔ ˈθːɪ̃ˠnːɛ ˈsɔ̃ⁿ ˈblãŋkɔ]}} (Standard Peninsular Spanish: {{IPA|[ˈto̞ðoz̠ los̠ ˈθiz̠ne‿ˈs̠ːõ̞m ˈblãŋkos̠]}}, <!-- General -->Latin American Spanish: {{IPA|[ˈto̞ðoz lo‿ˈsːizne‿ˈsːõ̞m ˈblãŋkos]}}). This open-closed vowel contrast is sometimes reinforced by [[vowel harmony]]. For those areas of southeastern Spain where the deletion of final {{IPA|/s/}} is complete, and where the distinction between singular and plural of nouns depends entirely on vowel quality, the case has been made to claim that a set of [[phonemic split]]s has occurred, resulting in a system with eight vowel phonemes in place of the standard five.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Navarro Tomás|1939}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Alonso|Canellada|Zamora Vicente|1950}}</ref>
Each of the second-person pronouns has its historically corresponding verb forms, used by most speakers. Most {{wikt-lang|es|voseo}} speakers use both the pronoun ''vos'' and its historically corresponding verb forms (e.g. ''vos {{wt|es|tenés}}'', 'you have'). But some dialects use the pronoun ''tú'' with "''vos'' verb forms" (verbal ''voseo''—''tú {{wt|es|tenés}}''), while others use ''vos'' with "''tú'' verb forms" (pronominal ''voseo''—''vos {{wt|es|tienes}}'').
In most dialects the familiar second person singular pronoun is ''tú'' (from Latin ''tū''), and the formal pronoun is ''usted'' (usually considered to originate from ''{{wt|es|vuestra}} {{wt|es|merced}}'', meaning 'your grace' or, literally, 'your mercy'). In a number of regions in the Americas, ''tú'' is replaced by another pronoun, ''vos'', and the verb conjugation changes accordingly (see details below). Spanish ''vos'' comes from Latin ''vōs'', the second person ''plural'' pronoun in Latin.
Pronominal [[voseo]], the use of the pronoun ''vos'' instead of ''tú'', is the prevalent form of the familiar second person singular pronoun in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay. In those countries, it is used by many to address others in all kinds of contexts, often regardless of social status or age, including by cultured/educated speakers and writers, in television, advertisements, and even in translations from other languages. In Guatemala and Uruguay, ''vos'' and ''tú'' are used concurrently, but ''vos'' is much more common. Both pronouns use the verb forms normally associated with ''vos'' (''vos {{wt|es|querés}}'' / ''tú querés'', 'you want').
In Chile, even though ''tú'' is the prestige pronoun among educated speakers, the use of "verbal [[voseo]]", i.e. "''tú'' + verb conjugation of ''vos''" (e.g. ''tú {{wt|es|podís}}'') is widespread. On the other hand, "pronominal voseo", the use of the pronoun ''vos''—pronounced with [[Debuccalization|aspiration]] of the final {{IPA|/s/}}—is used derisively in informal speech between close friends as playful banter (usually among men) or, depending on the tone of voice, as an offensive comment.
A variant of ''usted'', ''vusted'', can be heard in Andean regions of South America. Other, less frequent forms analogous to ''usted'' are {{wikt-lang|es|vuecencia}} (short for ''{{wt|es|vuestra}} {{wt|es|excelencia}}''), and ''usía'' (from ''vuestra {{wt|es|señoría}}'').
In Standard European Spanish the plural of ''tú'' is ''vosotros'' and the plural of ''usted'' is ''ustedes''. In Hispanic America ''vosotros'' is not used, and the plural of both ''tú'' and ''usted'' is ''ustedes''. This means that speaking to a group of friends a Spaniard will use ''vosotros'', while a Latin American Spanish-speaker will use ''ustedes''. Although ''ustedes'' is semantically a second-person form, it is treated grammatically as a third-person plural form because it originates from the term ''{{wt|es|vuestras}} {{wt|es|mercedes}}'' ('your [pl.] graces,' sing. ''vuestra merced'').
The only vestiges of ''vosotros'' in the Americas are {{wikt-lang|es|boso}}/{{wikt-lang|es|bosonan}} in [[Papiamento]] and the use of ''vuestro/a'' in place of ''{{wt|es|sus}} ({{wt|es|de}} ustedes)'' as second person plural possessive in the Cusco region of Peru.
- Wikipedia:Templates for discussion
- Ensiferum
'''Ensiferum''' (Latin {{wt|la|ēnsiferum}}, n adj., meaning "sword bearing") is a Finnish [[folk metal]]<!-- See WP:Lead for word usage at the start of articles. It is to generalize the genres as a whole and not to be used as a descriptor. --> band from [[Helsinki]]. The members of the band label themselves as "melodic folk metal."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Ensiferum/info|title=Ensiferum - About|website=[[Facebook]]|accessdate=December 31, 2016}}</ref>
- Human eye
There are two eyes, situated on the left and the right of the [[face]]. They sit in two bony cavities called the [[orbit (anatomy)|orbits]], which are present in the [[skull]]. Six [[extraocular muscles]] attach directly to the eyes to assist with movement. The front visible part of the eye is made up of the whitish [[sclera]], a coloured [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]], and the [[pupil (eye)|pupil]]. A thin layer called the [[conjunctiva]] sits on top of this. The front part is also called the {{wt|en|anterior}} segment of the eye.
- Template talk:Wiktionary
*<code>{{wt|fr|langue}}</code> → <code>[[wikt:langue#French|langue]]</code> → {{wt|fr|langue}}
*<code>{{wt|fr|''langue''}}</code> → <code>[[wikt:langue#French|''langue'']]</code> → {{wt|fr|''langue''}}
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Its [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''uva-ursi'' means "grape of the bear" in Latin ({{lang|la|{{wt|la|ūva}} {{wt|la|ursus|ursī}}}}), similar to the meaning of the [[generic epithet]] ''Arctostaphylos'' ("bear grapes").
- Endocrine gland
The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck, in front of the [[thyroid cartilage]], and is shaped like a butterfly, with two wings connected by a central {{wt|en|isthmus}}. Thyroid tissue consists of follicles with a stored protein called colloid, containing[thyroglobulin], a precursor to other thyroid hormones, which are manufactured within the colloid.
- Prosody (linguistics)
The prosody of an utterance is used by listeners to guide decisions about the emotional {{wt|en|affect}} of the situation. Whether a person decodes the prosody as positive, negative, or neutral plays a role in the way a person decodes a facial expression accompanying an utterance. As the facial expression becomes closer to neutral, the prosodic interpretation influences the interpretation of the facial expression. A study by Marc D. Pell revealed that 600 ms of prosodic information is necessary for listeners to be able to identify the {{wt|en|affective}} tone of the utterance. At lengths below this, there was not enough information for listeners to process the emotional context of the utterance.<ref name="Pell 2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pell | first1 = M. D. | title = Prosody–face Interactions in Emotional Processing as Revealed by the Facial Affect Decision Task | doi = 10.1007/s10919-005-7720-z | journal = Journal of Nonverbal Behavior | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 193–215 | year = 2005 | pmid = | pmc = | s2cid = 13817074 }}</ref>
- Tripalium
'''''Tripalium''''' or ''trepalium'' (derived from the Latin roots, "''tri- / tres''" and "''pālus''" – literally, "three stakes") a Latin term believed to name a torture instrument consisting of "three stakes" (based on its literal meaning),<ref name="liberman2007" /><ref name=DLE/> and commonly thought to be the source for several common modern words, including ''travail'' ([[French language|French]]), ''trabajo'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]),<ref name=DLE>{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?LEMA=trabajar|title=trabajar|work=DICCIONARIO DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA - Vigésima segunda edición|publisher=REAL ACADEMIA ESPAÑOLA}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=J. Cary Davis|date=March 1977|title="Trabaculu > Trabajo" the Case for and against|journal=Hispania|volume=60|issue=1|pages=105–108|doi=10.2307/340402|jstor=340402}}</ref> ''travaglio'' ([[Italian language|Italian]]), ''trabalho'' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]), ''traballo'' ([[Galician language|Galician]]), ''treball'' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]), ''trivalliu'' ([[Logudorese dialect|Logudorese Sardinian]]), ''traballu'' ([[Campidanese dialect|Campidanese Sardinian]]) and ''[[travel]]'', ''{{wt|en|travail}}'' ([[English Language|English]]).<ref>Winchester, Simon: [http://travelerstales.com/news/apr04.html The Best Travelers' Tales 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405013149/http://travelerstales.com/news/apr04.html |date=2005-04-05 }}</ref> Save for the English and the Italian words, all of these mean "work". This theory has been contested.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|first1=G.G.|last1=Nicholson|title=Français travailler, travail|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1927_num_53_209_4295|journal=Romania|year=1927|pages=206–213|volume=53|issue=209|doi=10.3406/roma.1927.4295}}</ref>
- Russian nihilist movement
At its core, Russian nihilism inhabited an ever-evolving discourse between the {{lang|ru|sorokovniki}} and the {{lang|ru|šestidesjatniki}}.<ref>{{cite journal|title='Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation|first=Kristian|last=Petrov|year=2019|journal=Stud East Eur Thought|volume=71|issue=2|pages=73–97|doi=10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4|s2cid=150893870|quote=Russian nihilism was essentially a product of the 1860s evolving dialogue between ''sorokovniki'' and ''šestidesjatniki''}}</ref>{{noteTag|name=terms}} While nihilism was not exclusive from them, the {{lang|ru|sorokovniki}} were on principle a generation given to [[idealism]].<ref>{{cite journal|title='Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation|first=Kristian|last=Petrov|year=2019|journal=Stud East Eur Thought|volume=71|issue=2|pages=73–97|doi=10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4|s2cid=150893870|quote=Accordingly, nihilism, as a movement, did not exclusively consist of ''šestidesjatniki''."; "The term nihilist, I suggest, in its significant association with the ''šestidesjatniki'', should in this context be understood in relation to the idealist of the ''sorokovniki'' generation.}}</ref> "Their attraction to the airy heights of idealism was partly a result of the stultifying political atmosphere of the autocracy, but was also an unintended consequence of [[Tsar Nicholas I]]'s attempt to {{wt|en|Prussianize}} Russian society", writes historian [[Michael Allen Gillespie]]. "Their flight from the harsh reality of everyday life into the ideal was prepared on an intellectual legel by the theosophy of [[Freemasonry]], which exercised great intellectual force in Russian at the time, especially among those whose intellectual education had been shaped by Böhemian mysticism of the radical orthodox sects, the so-called [[Old Believers]]."<ref>{{cite book|title=Nihilism Before Nietzsche|first=Michael Allen|last=Gillespie|year=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226293486|page=137}} {{small|(quoted as shown)}}</ref> Despite this, the {{lang|ru|sorokovniki}} provided the fertile soil for the {{lang|ru|šestidesjatniki}}'s ideological advancements, even in their confrontations.<ref>{{cite journal|title='Strike out, right and left!': a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation|first=Kristian|last=Petrov|year=2019|journal=Stud East Eur Thought|volume=71|issue=2|pages=73–97|doi=10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4|s2cid=150893870|quote=Though the sorokovniki had provided the šestidesjatniki with theoretical grounds for ideological advancement, the two generations became increasingly confrontational towards each other.}}</ref>
- Germanic strong verb
* ''{{wt|ang|hebban}} hōf hōfon hafen'' ("to raise, heave")
* ''{{wt|ang|scieppan}} scōp scōpon scapen'' ("to create, shape")
* ''{{wt|ang|swerian}} swōr swōron sworen'' ("to swear")
* ''{{wt|ang|standan}} stōd stōdon standen''
*''{{wt|ang|cuman}} cymþ cōm cōmon cumen'' ("to come")
*''{{wt|ang|niman}} nimþ nōm nōmon numen'' ("to take")
- Yoko (name)
The name ''Yoko'' is almost always written with the kanji {{wt|ja|子}} (''ko''), meaning "child". The syllable ''ko'' is not generally found at the end of masculine names.
Template:Wt
- Henjō
{{nihongo|'''Yoshimine no Munesada'''|良岑宗貞}}, better known as {{nihongo|'''Henjō'''|{{wt|ja|遍昭}} or {{wt|ja|遍照}}||[[816 in poetry|816]] – February 12, 890}}, was a [[Japan]]ese [[Waka (poetry)|waka]] [[poet]] and [[Buddhist]] [[priest]].
Munesada was the eighth son of [[Dainagon]] {{nihongo|Yoshimine no Yasuyo|良岑安世}}, a son of [[Emperor Kanmu]] who was relegated to civilian life.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowring|first=Richard|date=2005|title=The Religious Traditions of Japan 500-1600|page=164|quote=Henjō, being himself the grandson of Kanmu Tenno, was another frequenter of the court, famous as a waka poet; but much of his time from 876 onwards was devoted to the establishment of the Gangyō-ji near the capital.}}</ref> He began his career as a courtier, and was later appointed to the position of ''{{wt|ja|蔵人|kurōdo}}'', a sort of [[Chamberlain (office)|Chamberlain]], of [[Emperor Ninmyō]]. In 849, he was raised to the {{nihongo|Head of Kurōdo|蔵人頭|Kurōdo no Tō}}. After Emperor Nimmyō died in 850, Munesada became a monk out of his grief, taking the [[religious name]] ''Henjō'' (literally “Universally Illuminated”).
He was a priest of the [[Tendai]] school. In 877 he founded {{nihongo|[[Gangyō-ji]]|元慶寺}} in Yamashina, in the southeast part of [[Kyoto]], but continued to be active in court politics.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Adolphson|first1=Mikael S.|last2=Kamens|first2=Edward|author-link2=Edward Kamens|last3=Matsumoto|first3=Stacie|date=2007|title=Heian Japan: Centers and Peripheries|pages=217–18|quote='not disassociate himself' or his temple Gangyōji, founded in the 860s in the hills just east of Kyoto, from the court, but rather... [o]ne of [[Emperor Kōkō|Kōkō]]'s supporters was the aforementioned Tendai monk Henjō, who was given an opportunity to disrupt Fujiwara ... post (''sōjō'') within the Office of Monastic Affairs in 886 and allowed rare privileges and influence at the imperial court.}}</ref> In 869 he was given another temple, {{nihongo|[[Urin-in]] or Unrin-in|[[:ja:雲林院|雲林院]]}}, in the north of Kyoto and managed both temples. In 885 he was ranked [[high priest]] and was called {{nihongo|'''Kazan Sōjō'''|{{wt|ja|花山}}{{wt|ja|僧正}}}}.
- Volition (company)
As Kulas' company was to receive a new name, he asked the remaining team for ideas.<ref name="GI history" /> When he found that he liked none of the proposals, he sat down in his living room, pulling books from a shelf and looking through dictionaries and [[reference book]]s' glossaries for a possible name.<ref name="GI history" /> In one such glossary, he found the word "{{wt|en|volition}}", described as "an intense active will to accomplish something".<ref name="GI history" /> As he drew a connection between this definition and the act of software development, he chose "Volition" to be the new company name.<ref name="GI history" /> He pitched the name and its definition to the company's employees, asking them to create a suitable logo.<ref name="GI history" /> Of the many entries submitted, the one that was chosen was designed by Whiteside and inspired by the logo of [[Wax Trax! Records]], while Pletcher created a [[font]] to display the company name with.<ref name="GI history" /> The logo has been in use since.<ref name="GI history" /> Formally, Volition was founded in October 1996 with twelve members,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespy.com/articles/697/697083p7.html |title=GameSpy Retro: Developer Origins, Page 7 of 19 |first=John |last=Keefer |date=March 31, 2006 |website=[[GameSpy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609133133/http://www.gamespy.com/articles/697/697083p7.html |archive-date=June 9, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the split was announced on December 1, 1997, with both companies having been organized into new corporate entities (wherein Volition was Volition, Inc.) and wholly owned by their respective leads.<ref name="GI history" /><ref name="split" />
- Bat lau dung laai
'''Bat lau dung laai''' ({{zh|t=不漏洞拉}} or {{zh|t=北漏洞拉| labels=no}};<ref name="mingpao">{{cite news|title=世紀．info：不漏洞拉：港人最熟悉的越南語|trans-title=Century Info: Bat lau dung laai, the Vietnamese phrase most well known to Hongkongers|url=https://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20170620/s00018/1497894904950|accessdate=19 January 2018|work=[[Ming Pao]]|date=19 June 2017|language=Chinese}}</ref> {{zh|j=bat1 lau6 dung6 laai1}}) is a [[Hong Kong]] [[Cantonese]] corruption of the [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] phrase ''bắt đầu từ nay'', meaning "from now on" (''{{wt|vi|bắt đầu}}'' = begin, start; ''{{wt|vi|từ}}'' = "from", ''{{wt|vi|nay}}'' = "now").<ref name="scmp">{{cite news|title=What Does "Bat Lau Dung Laai" Mean in Hong Kong?|url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/hk-magazine/article/2038282/what-does-bat-lau-dung-laai-mean-hong-kong|accessdate=19 January 2018|work=HK Magazine|publisher=South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd.|date=23 September 2016}}</ref>
Hokkien in the Philippines
[[File:Grave Tablet from Manila Chinese Cemetery.jpg|thumb|The contractions, {{wt|zh|卅}} (sam/sap) and {{wt|zh|廾}} (lia̍p), used on a grave tablet in the [[Manila Chinese Cemetery]].|alt=]]
*dī-tsa̍p/lī-tsa̍p ({{wt|zh|二十}}) > dia̍p/lia̍p ({{wt|zh|廿}} / {{wt|zh|廾}}): twenty; 20 (same format for 20-29, i.e. 二十一[21] is "dia̍p-it" 廿一)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/result_detail.jsp?n_no=799&curpage=0&sample=0&radiobutton=0&querytarget=0&limit=0&pagenum=0&rowcount=0|title=Entry #799|last=|first=|date=2011|website=臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]|publisher=Ministry of Education, R.O.C.|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>{{irrelevant citation|date=November 2019|reason=Source describes Taiwanese Hokkien, not Philippine.}}
*saⁿ-tsa̍p ({{wt|zh|三十}}) > sap ({{wt|zh|卅}}): thirty; 30 (same format for 30-39, i.e. 三十二[32] is "sa̍p-dī" 卅二)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/variants/rbt/word_attribute.rbt?educode=a00433|title=Entry a00433|last=|first=|date=|website=Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典)|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>{{irrelevant citation|date=November 2019|reason=Source not describing Hokkien.}}
*sì-tsa̍p ({{wt|zh|四十}}) > siap ({{wt|zh|卌}}): forty; 40 (same format for 40-49, i.e. 四十三[43] is "siap-saⁿ" 卌三)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/result_detail.jsp?n_no=1398&curpage=0&sample=0&radiobutton=0&querytarget=0&limit=0&pagenum=0&rowcount=0|title=Entry #1398|last=|first=|date=2011|website=臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]|publisher=Ministry of Education, R.O.C.|trans-title=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>{{irrelevant citation|date=November 2019|reason=Source describes Taiwanese Hokkien, not Philippine.}}
* ''manis'' {{IPA|/ma˧ nis˥˧/}}: "corn", from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|mais}}''
* ''lettuce'' {{lang|zh-Hant|菜}} {{IPA|/le˩ tsu˧ tsʰai˥˩/}}: "lettuce", from English ''{{wt|en|lettuce}}'' + Hokkien {{lang|zh-Hant|菜}} ("vegetable")
* ''pamkin'' {{IPA|/pʰam˧ kʰin˥/}}: "pumpkin", from English ''{{wt|en|pumpkin}}''
- Interatrial septum
The interatrial septum is a {{wt|en|septum}} that lies between the [[left atrium]] and [[right atrium]] of the [[human heart]].
- Superficial temporal artery
The superficial temporal artery joins ({{wt|en|anastomoses}}) with (among others) the [[supraorbital artery]] of the [[internal carotid artery]].
- Walter Dill Scott
In 1917 the United States entered [[World War I]] and there immediately arose a problem of personnel selection to which Scott offering to help by applying psychological principles. Using his experience with intelligence testing and The Scott Company, Walter Dill Scott developed a rating scale to forecast the success of linguists, an officers, and servicemen. The proposal was rejected at first. Commanding officers and senior instructors severely criticized the scale at every level. Although some of his contacts were skeptical, the officers decided to permit a practical test. The preliminary test was given to men who were already admitted and proven as good officers. If the test indicated aptitudes they were known to possess then it could be assumed that the test was [[Validity (statistics)|valid]] and an accurate gauge. To the amazement of the officials, the test proved accuracy, and they immediately recommended that [[Washington DC|Washington]] utilize it in all camps. During use of the system, Scott set up a committee that handled three distinct functions: discover what types of abilities were needed in the army, place each enlisted man where he had the opportunity to make best use of his talent and skill, and select and promote officers on the basis of {{wt|en|merit}} and ability. By the end of the war, the system was used in every branch of the [[United States Army|Army]], at home and abroad. Scott solved the problem of selecting not only officers but also men whose aptitudes would fit them for training as specialists and technicians of many kinds. His committee devised means of keeping wartime industries adequately staffed, and made possible successful selection of men for unusual tasks peculiar to a wartime army. Scott's method was so successful in selecting good officers that it was later used to determine promotion of officers and, to determine effective use of the vast pool of talents and skills among enlisted men. Scott was eventually awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his efforts.<ref name="WWI Angelfire">[http://www.angelfire.com/biz/pottershouse/walterdillscott/bio_w_d_scott_feature1.html], WWI Angelfire</ref>
- The Nightmare
For contemporary viewers, ''The Nightmare'' invoked the relationship of the incubus and the horse ([[mare (horse)|mare]]) to [[nightmare]]s. The work was likely inspired by the [[waking dream]]s experienced by Fuseli and his contemporaries, who found that these experiences related to folkloric beliefs like the Germanic tales about demons and witches that possessed people who slept alone. In these stories, men were visited by horses or [[hag]]s, giving rise to the terms "hag-riding" and "mare-riding", and women were believed to engage in sex with the devil.<ref name="russo"/> The etymology of the word "nightmare", however, does not relate to horses. Rather, the word is derived from ''{{wt|en|mara}}'', a Scandinavian mythological term referring to a spirit sent to torment or suffocate sleepers. The early meaning of "nightmare" included the sleeper's experience of weight on the chest combined with [[sleep paralysis]], [[dyspnea]], or a feeling of dread.<ref name="stewart">{{cite journal|title=Erotic Dreams and Nightmares from Antiquity to the Present|author=Stewart, Charles|journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|volume=8|issue=2|year=2002|doi=10.1111/1467-9655.00109|pages=279}}</ref> The painting incorporates a variety of imagery associated with these ideas, depicting a mare's head and a demon crouched atop the woman.
- Grammaticalization
The final stage of grammaticalization has happened in many languages. For example, in [[Serbo-Croatian]], the [[Old Church Slavonic]] verb ''xъtěti'' (to want/to wish, the same as Old English ''willan'') has gone from a content word (''hoću hoditi, hoćeš hoditi, hoće hoditi'' 'I/you/s/he wants to walk') to an auxiliary verb in phonetically reduced form (''ću hoditi, ćeš hoditi, će hoditi'' 'I/you/s/he will walk') to a clitic (''hoditi ću, hoditi ćeš, hoditi će''), and finally to a fused inflection (''hodiću, hodićeš, hodiće'' 'I/you/s/he will walk'). In Latin the original future tense forms (e.g. cantabo) were dropped when they became phonetically too close to the imperfect forms (cantabam). Instead, a phrase like ''cantare habeo'', literally ''I have got to sing'' acquired the sense of futurity (cf. I have to sing). Finally it became true future tense in almost all Romance languages and the auxiliary became a full-fledged inflection (cf. [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''cantaré, cantarás, cantará'', [[French language|French]] ''je chanterai, tu chanteras, il/elle chantera'', [[Italian language|Italian]] ''canterò, canterai, canterà'', I will sing, you will sing, s/he will sing). In some verbs the process went further and produced irregular forms [cf. Spanish ''[[wikt:hacer#Spanish|haré]]'' (instead of *''haceré'', I'll do) and ''[[wikt:tener#Spanish|tendré]]'' (not *''teneré'', I'll have, the loss of ''e'' followed by epenthesis of ''d'' is especially common)] and even regular forms (the change the ''a'' in the stem ''{{wt|it|cantare}}'' to ''e'' in ''canterò'' has affected the whole class of conjugation type I Italian verbs).
- Kabushiki gaisha
A {{nihongo|'''''kabushiki gaisha'''''|{{wt|ja|株式会社}}||{{IPA-ja|kabɯɕi̥ki ɡaꜜiɕa|pron}}; literally "share company"|lead=yes}} or '''''kabushiki kaisha''''', commonly abbreviated '''KK''', is a type of {{nihongo4|company|会社|kaisha}} defined under the [[Law of Japan|Companies Act of Japan]]. The term is often translated as "stock company", "[[joint-stock company]]" or "stock corporation".
- Central canal
The central canal is located in the {{wt|en|anterior}} third of the spinal cord in the [[cervical vertebrae|cervical]] and [[thoracic spine|thoracic]] regions. In the [[lumbar spine]] it enlarges and is located more centrally. At the [[conus medullaris]], where the spinal cord tapers, it is located more {{wt|en|posterior}}ly.
- Brain ischemia
- Superficial temporal vein
It begins on the side and [[vertex (anatomy)|vertex]] of the skull in a network ({{wt|en|plexus}}) which communicates with the [[frontal vein]] and [[supraorbital vein]], with the corresponding vein of the opposite side, and with the [[posterior auricular vein]] and [[occipital vein]].
- PythagoraSwitch
*# {{Nihongo|Erasersaurus|{{wt|ja|消しゴム|ケシゴム}}ザウルス|Keshigomuzaurusu}}, [[eraser]]
*# {{Nihongo|Strawceraps|{{wt|ja|ストロー|ストロ}}ケラプス|Sutorokerapusu}}, [[drinking straw]]
*# {{Nihongo|Rubbernnus|{{wt|ja|輪ゴム|ワゴム}}ヌス|Wagomunus}}, [[rubber band]]
*# {{Nihongo|Boltnodon|{{wt|ja|ボルト}}ノドン|Borutonodon}}, [[bolt (fastener)|bolt]]
*# {{Nihongo|Sugarcubeton|{{wt|ja|角砂糖|カクザ}}ザトン|Kakuzazaton}}, [[Sugar#Shapes|sugar cube]]
*# {{Nihongo|Stickynus|{{wt|ja|付箋|フセン}}ヌス|Fusennusu}}, [[Post-it Note|sticky note]]
*# {{Nihongo|Chopsticknodon|{{wt|ja|箸|ハシ}}ノドン|Hashinodon}}, [[chopsticks]]
*# {{Nihongo|Brushnodon|{{wt|ja|ブラシ}}ノドン|Burashinodon}}, [[shoe]] [[brush]]
*# {{Nihongo|Matchboxnus|{{wt|ja|マッチ箱|マッチバコ}}ヌス|Matchibakonus}}, [[matchbox]]
*# {{Nihongo|Aluminumfoilps|{{wt|ja|アルミホイル}}プス|Arumihoirupusu}}, [[aluminum foil]]
* {{Nihongo|'''Tape Measure Jackie'''|{{wt|ja|巻尺|まきじゃく}}のジャック|Makijaku no Jakku}}
- Septum primum
During [[heart development]] of a human [[embryo]], the single [[primitive atrium]] becomes divided into right and left by a {{wt|en|septum}}, the '''septum primum'''. The septum primum ({{ety|la||first septum}}) grows downward into the single atrium.
- Kulich
[[File:Ivan Bilibin 107.gif|thumb|This illustration by [[Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin]] from Russia uses old [[Russian language]] [[orthography]] that can be translated to a modern rendition along the lines of "Kulich-city is standing, glorifying itself; Lauding itself over other cities; There is no other place better than me!; For I am all [[Quark (dairy product)|quark]] and [[dough]]! The Х and the В are for {{wt|ru|Христос воскрес}} ("Christ is Risen")]]
'''Kulich'''{{efn|{{lang-ru|кули́ч|kulích}}, {{lang-be|куліч|kulich}}, {{lang-hy|կուլիչ|kulich}} (from [[Ancient Greek]] {{wt|grc|κόλλῑξ}}, {{small|[[Romanization of Ancient Greek|romanized]]:}} {{transl|grc|kóllīx}}, "roll of coarse bread"); {{lang-ka|პასკა|[[Paska (bread)|paska]]}}, {{lang-uk|пáска|[[Paska (bread)|páska]]}}<ref>Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary, s.v. "[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&text_word=кулич&method_word=substring кулич]"</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dko%2Fllic κόλλιξ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>}} is a Slavic Orthodox [[Easter bread]] that has its roots in [[Kievan Rus]]. The Paska bread tradition spread in cultures which were connected to the [[Byzantine Empire]] and its a traditional cultural part of countries with an [[Orthodox Christian]] population. It is eaten in countries like [[Russia]], [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]], [[Romania]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Moldova]], [[North Macedonia]] and [[Serbia]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://destinations.com.ua/events/orthodox-easter-in-ukraine | title=Orthodox Easter in Ukraine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.globeholidays.net/Europe/Ukraine/Kiev/Ukraina_Kulic1.htm |title = Kiev Kulich (Ukraine) - sweet Kiev - dessert Kiev - desserts Kiev - sweets Kiev}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russiapedia.rt.com/of-russian-origin/kulich/|title=Kulich – Russiapedia Of Russian origin|website=russiapedia.rt.com|access-date=2018-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thekitchn.com/why-no-russian-easter-is-complete-without-kulich-254951|title=Why No Slavic Easter Is Complete Without Kulich|work=Kitchn|access-date=2018-09-24|language=en}}</ref> Kulich is a variant of [[Paska (bread)|paska]] Easter breads and represents not only Easter but also the [[Spring (season)|spring]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2015/04/10/kulich_a_cake_that_means_spring_not_just_easter_45153.html|title=Kulich: A cake that means spring, not just Easter|last=Kharzeeva|first=Anna|last2=RBTH|first2=special to|date=2015-04-10|website=www.rbth.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref>
Kulich is baked in tall, cylindrical tins (like coffee or fruit juice tins). When cooled, kulich is decorated with white icing (which slightly drizzles down the sides) and colorful flowers. Historically, it was often served with [[cheese paska]] bearing the symbol ХВ (from the traditional Easter greeting of {{wt|ru|Христос воскрес}} ({{transl|ru|Khristos voskres}}, "Christ is risen").
- Foramen secundum
The '''foramen secundum''', or '''ostium secundum''' is a {{wt|en|foramen}} in the [[septum primum]], a precursor to the [[interatrial septum]] of the [[human heart]].
The foramen secundum ({{ety|la||second opening}}) is formed from small perforations that develop in the [[septum primum]]. The septum primum is a {{wt|en|septum}} that grows down between the single [[primitive atrium]] of the [[Heart development|developing heart]] to separate it into [[left atrium|left]] and [[right atrium|right atria]].<ref name="gary">Schoenwolf, Gary C., and William J. Larsen. Larsen's Human Embryology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, 2009. 363. Print.</ref>
- Primary interatrial foramen
The septum primum, a {{wt|en|septum}} which grows down to separate the [[primitive atrium]] into the [[left atrium]] and [[right atrium]], grows in size over the course of [[heart development]]. The primary interatrial foramen is the gap between the septum primum and the [[septum intermedium]], which gets progressively smaller until it closes.
- Kisen
When [[Ki no Tsurayuki]] wrote the {{nihongo|Japanese preface|{{wt|ja|仮名序}}|kanajo}} of the ''[[Kokin Wakashū|Kokinshū]]'', he selected Kisen as one of the {{nihongo|[[Rokkasen|six poetic sages]]|六歌仙|rokkasen}} whose work was to be considered as superior. Tsurayuki says the following to comment on Kisen's work:
The following two {{nihongo|eika|{{wt|ja|詠歌}}}} are the only poems that can be confidently traced back to him:
- Head and neck anatomy
The [[occipital bone]] joins with the atlas near the [[foramen magnum]], a large hole ({{wt|en|foramen}}) at the base of the skull. The atlas joins with the occipital condyle above and the axis below. The spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum.
- Inferior hypogastric plexus
The '''inferior hypogastric plexus''' ('''pelvic plexus''' in some texts)<ref name="isbn0-7817-9013-1">{{cite book |author=Yokochi, Chihiro |author2=Rohen, Johannes W. |author2-link=Rohen, Johannes W. |title=Color Atlas of Anatomy: A Photographic Study of the Human Body |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year=2006 |isbn=0-7817-9013-1 |oclc= |doi= |page=346}}</ref> is a network ({{wt|en|plexus}}) of nerves that supplies the organs of the [[pelvic cavity]]. The inferior hypogastric plexus gives rise to the prostatic plexus in males and the uterovaginal plexus in females <ref>http://anatomy.uams.edu/pelvicwall.html</ref>.
- Princess Nukata
{{waka|{{wt|ja|莫器圓隣之大相七兄爪湯氣}}吾瀬子之|射立爲兼五可新何本
A common interpretation for the later part of the poem is by [[Keichū]]: {{nihongo||...我が{{wt|ja|背子}}がい立たせりけむ厳樫が本|...waga seko ga / i-tataserikemu / itsukashi ga moto}}, which translates to “...my beloved who stands at the foot of the sacred oak”.
{{waka|{{wt|ja|茜さす|茜草さす}}紫野行き標野行き|野守りは見ずや君が袖ふる
- Chinjufu shōgun
The {{nihongo|'''''chinjufu shōgun'''''|{{wt|ja|鎮守府将軍}}|extra=literally, “[[commander-in-chief]] of the central peacekeeping headquarters”}},<ref>Adolphson, 2007:341.</ref> also translated loosely as “commander-in-chief of the defense of the north”, was a military post in classical and feudal Japan. Under the command of the ''[[shogun|seii taishōgun]]'', the ''chinjufu shōgun'' was primarily responsible for the pacification of the [[Emishi|Ezo people]] of northern [[Honshū]] and [[Hokkaidō]], and Japan's defense against them.
The post was originally created during the [[Nara period]]. A military district, called {{nihongo|''chinjufu''|{{wt|ja|鎮守府}}}} was established as the ''chinjufu shōgun's'' area of authority. It was originally located in the fortress of [[Tagajō, Miyagi|Tagajō]] in what is now [[Miyagi Prefecture]]. However, it was moved further north in 801, after the ''chinjufu shōgun'' at the time, [[Sakanoue no Tamuramaro]] achieved a series of victories against the natives, pushing them further north. Once all of Honshū was conquered, or pacified, by the Japanese, the new base at [[Isawa District, Iwate|Isawa]] came to be controlled by the various samurai clans of that region. The castle, along with the ''chinjufu'' military district and the position of ''chinjufu shōgun'', was abandoned in the early 14th century.
- Proto-Iranian language
This change is found widely across the Iranian languages, indeed Indo-Iranian as a whole: it appears also in [[Vedic Sanskrit]]. Avestan has no **/l/ phoneme at all. Regardless many words, for which the other Indo-European languages indicate original *l, still show /l/ in several Iranian languages, including New Persian, [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] and [[Zazaki language|Zazaki]]. These include e.g. Persian ''lab'' 'lip', ''līz-'' 'to lick', ''gulū'' 'throat' (compare e.g. Latin {{wt|la|gula}}); Zazaki ''lü'' 'fox' (compare e.g. Latin {{wt|la|vulpēs}}). This preservation is however not systematic, and likely has been mostly diminished through interdialectal loaning of ''r''-forms, and in some cases extended by the loaning of words from smaller western Iranian languages into Persian.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Martin|last=Schwarz|year=2008|title=Iranian ''*l'', and some Persian and Zaza Etymologies|journal=Iran and the Caucasus|volume=12|issue=2|pages=281–287|doi=10.1163/157338408X406056}}</ref>
- Determiner
Most determiners have been traditionally classed along with either adjectives or [[pronoun]]s, and this still occurs in classical grammars: for example, demonstrative and possessive determiners are sometimes described as ''demonstrative adjectives'' and ''possessive adjectives'' or as ''(adjectival) demonstrative pronouns'' and ''(adjectival) possessive pronouns'' respectively.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} These classical interpretations of determiners map to some of the linguistic properties related to determiners in modern syntax theories, such as [[Demonstrative|deictic information]], [[definiteness]] and [[genitive case]]. However, modern theorists<ref>According to the ''[[OED]]'' (Second Edition), the word ''determiner'' was first used in its grammatical sense by [[Leonard Bloomfield]] in 1933.</ref> of [[grammar]] prefer to distinguish determiners as a separate [[word class]] from adjectives, which are simple [[grammatical modifier|modifiers]] of nouns, expressing attributes of the thing referred to. This distinction applies particularly in languages like English that use definite and indefinite articles, frequently as a necessary component of noun phrases – the determiners may then be taken to be a class of words that includes the articles as well as other words that function in the place of articles. (The composition of this class may depend on the particular language's rules of [[syntax]]; for example, in English the [[possessive]]s ''my'', ''your'' etc. are used without articles and so can be regarded as determiners, whereas their [[Italian language|Italian]] equivalents ''{{wt|it|mio}}'' etc. are used together with articles and so may be better classed as adjectives.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Progovac|first1=Ljiljana|title=Determiner Phrase in a Language without Determiners|journal=Journal of Linguistics|date=Mar 1998|volume=34|issue=1|page=166|jstor=4176455}}</ref>) Not all languages can be said to have a lexically distinct class of determiners.
In some languages, the role of certain determiners can be played by [[affix]]es (prefixes or suffixes) attached to a noun or by other types of [[inflection]]. For example, definite articles are represented by suffixes in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. (For example, in Swedish, ''{{wt|sv|bok}}'' ("book"), when definite, becomes ''{{wt|sv|boken}}'' ("the book"), while the Romanian ''{{wt|ro|caiet}}'' ("notebook") similarly becomes ''caietul'' ("the notebook").) Some languages, such as [[Finnish language|Finnish]], have [[possessive affix]]es, which play the role of possessive determiners like ''my'' and ''his''.
- Gyōi
He was the son of [[Fujiwara no Motofusa]], and was known as the {{nihongo|[[high priest]] of Yamashina|{{wt|ja|山科}}{{wt|ja|僧正}}|Yamashina Sōjō}}.
- Swiss Italian
| {{wt|it|azione}}
|{{wt|it|promozione}}, {{wt|it|offerta}} {{wt|it|speciale}}
|from [[German language|German]] ''{{wt|de|Aktion}}''
|{{wt|it|comandare}}
|{{wt|it|ordinare}}
|from [[French language|French]] ''{{wt|fr|commander}}''
|{{wt|it|medicamento}}
|{{wt|it|medicinale}}, {{wt|it|farmaco}}
|from [[French language|French]] ''{{wt|fr|médicament}}''
|{{wt|it|messa}} {{wt|it|a}} {{wt|it|giorno}}
|{{wt|it|aggiornamento}}
|from [[French language|French]] ''{{wt|fr|mise à jour}}''
|{{wt|it|pigione}} {{wt|it|moderata}}
|{{wt|it|equo}} {{wt|it|canone}}
|from [[French language|French]] ''{{wt|fr|loyer}} {{wt|fr|modéré}}''
|{{wt|it|riservare}}
|{{wt|it|prenotare}}
|from [[French language|French]] ''{{wt|fr|réserver}}''
|{{wt|it|vignetta}}
|{{wt|it|bollino}}, {{wt|it|contrassegno}}
||from [[French language|French]] ''{{wt|fr|vignette}}''
- Algorithm March
The {{nihongo|'''Algorithm March'''|{{wt|ja|アルゴリズム}}{{wt|ja|行進|こうしん}}|Arugorizomu Kōshin}} is a [[Novelty and fad dances|dance fad]] created in [[Japan]], based on the children's television series ''[[PythagoraSwitch]]'' which was broadcast on the educational channel of [[NHK]], a Japanese non-profit public broadcasting service. It is performed by the comedy group [[Itsumo Kokokara]] with variable groups (it differs at each air) such as firefighters, soccer players, Yasugi-bushi preservation society, [[Vienna Boys' Choir]], [[Blue Man Group]], [[ninja]] and so on.
- Radicalization
'''Radicalization''' (or '''radicalisation''') is the process by which an individual or [[social group | group]] comes to adopt increasingly {{wt|en| radical}} views in opposition to a political, social, or religious [[status quo]]. The ideas of [[society]] at large shape the outcomes of radicalization; for example, radical movements can originate from a broad social consensus ''against'' [[progressivism | progressive]] changes in society or from a broad desire ''for'' change in society. Radicalization can result in both violent and nonviolent action - most academic literature focuses on radicalization into [[violent extremism]] (RVE).<ref>Borum, Randy. Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories. Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 4 Issue 4. (2011) pp. 7–36</ref><ref name="radicalisation1">{{cite journal |author= Schmid, A. P. | title= Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review | url= https://icct.nl/publication/radicalisation-de-radicalisation-counter-radicalisation-a-conceptual-discussion-and-literature-review/ | publisher = The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT)| date= 2013-03-27 }}</ref> Multiple separate pathways can promote the process of radicalization, which can be independent but are usually mutually reinforcing.<ref>McCauley, C., Mosalenko, S. "Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways towards terrorism," Terrorism and Political Violence (2008). 416</ref><ref>Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Radicalization: A Guide for the Perplexed. National Security Criminal Investigations. June 2009.</ref>
- Loch Lomond Golf Club
[[Image:Rossdhucastle.jpeg|thumb|right| The ruins of Rossdhu Castle]]While Clan Colquhoun had occupied the site of the present club since ancient times, the medieval '''Rossdhu Castle''' was constructed by Sir John Colquhoun in 1457 along with the private chapel of St. Mary of Rossdhu when his lands were consolidated into the free Barony of Luss.<ref name=rossdhuhouse>[http://www.turningwood.fsnet.co.uk/rossdhuhouse.html Rossdhu House<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205032742/http://www.turningwood.fsnet.co.uk/rossdhuhouse.html |date=2007-02-05 }}</ref> ''Rossdhu'' is derived from the [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''{{lang|gd|{{wt|gd|ros}} {{wt|gd|dubh}}}}'', meaning the "black headland".<ref name=rossdhuhouse/> The castle was ruined in a fire after the construction of Rossdhu Mansion (ruins can be seen directly behind the course's 18th green).<ref name=rossdhuhouse/>
- Makurakotoba
In this poem, ''{{wt|ja|そらみつ|sora mitsu}}'' (literally “sky-seen” or “sky-spreading”) modifies the place name Yamato.
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|青丹よし}}|aoni yoshi}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|奈良}}|[[Nara, Nara|Nara]]}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|茜さす}}|akane sasu}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|日}}|hi|“sun”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|昼}}|hiru|“daytime”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|君}}|kimi|“lord”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|秋山の}}|akiyama no}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|したふ}}|shitau|“for leaves to turn red”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|色}}{{wt|ja|懐かしい|なつかし}}|iro natsukashi|“emotionally moving colors”}}
|{{eigo|{{wt|ja|葦が散る}}|ashi ga chiru}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|難波}}|Naniwa}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|麻裳よし}}|asamo yoshi}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|紀伊|紀}}|[[Kii Province|Ki]]}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|足引きの}}|ashi-hiki no}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|山}}|yama|“mountain”}}, words beginning with ''yama'', etc.
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|梓弓}}|azusa yumi}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|引く}}|hiku|“to pull”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|元}}|moto|“base”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|矢}}|ya|“arrow”}}, etc.
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|鯨取り}}|isana tori}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|海}}|umi|“sea”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|灘}}|nada|“open sea”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|浜}}|hama|“beach”}}, etc.
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|石綱の}}|iwatsuna no}}
| {{Eigo|{{wt|ja|復ち返る}}|ochikaeru|“to get younger”}}
|{{eigo|{{wt|ja|石走る}}|iwa-bashiru}}
| {{Eigo|{{wt|ja|滝}}|taki|“waterfall”}}, place name {{Eigo|{{wt|ja|近江}}|Ōmi}}, etc.
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|打ち靡く}}|uchinabiku}}
| {{Eigo|{{wt|ja|春}}|haru|“spring”}}, place name {{Eigo|{{wt|ja|草香}}|Kusaka}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|打ち寄する}}|uchiyosuru}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|駿河}}|[[Suruga Province|Suruga]]}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|神風の}}|kamikaze no}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|伊勢}}|[[Ise, Mie|Ise]]}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|五十鈴}}|[[Isuzu River|Isuzu]]}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|草枕}}|kusamakura}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|旅}}|tabi|“journey”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|結ぶ}}|musubu|“to tie”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|露}}|tsuyu|“dew”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|言喧く}}|koto saeku}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|韓}}|Kara|Korea}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|百済}}|Kudara|“[[Baekje]]”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|高麗剣}}|Koma tsurugi}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|和射見}}|Wazami}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|隠りくの}}|komoriku no}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|初瀬}}|Hatsuse}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|そらみつ}}|sora mitsu}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|大和}}|[[Yamato Province|Yamato]]}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|玉藻よし}}|tamamo yoshi}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|讃岐}}|[[Sanuki Province|Sanuki]]}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|栲縄の}}|takunawa no}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|長し}}|nagashi|“long”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|千尋}}|chihiro|“extremely long”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|玉衣の}}|tamaginu no}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|騒騒}}|saisai|“rustling”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|魂極る}}|tama kiwaru}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|命}}|inochi|“life”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|世}}|yo|“world”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|玉襷}}|tamadasuki}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|畝傍}}|Unebi}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|懸く}}|kaku|“attach”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|雲}}|kumo|“clouds”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|千早振る}}|chihayaburu}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|宇治}}|Uji}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|神}}|kami|“gods”}}, etc.
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|時つ風}}|toki tsu kaze}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|吹飯}}|Fukei}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|灯火の}}|tomoshibi no}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|明石}}|Akashi}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|鶏が鳴く}}|tori ga naku}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|東}}|azuma|“eastland”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|妻籠もる}}|tsuma-gomoru}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|屋}}|ya|“home, roof”}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|矢}}|ya|“arrow”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|春霞}}|haru-gasumi}}
| place name {{eigo|{{wt|ja|春日}}|Kasuga}}, {{eigo|{{wt|ja|立つ}}|tatsu|“rise”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|日の本の}}|hi no moto no}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|蜷の腸}}|mina no wata}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|か黒し}}|kaguroshi|“completely black”}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|百敷の}}|momoshiki no}}
| {{eigo|{{wt|ja|大宮}}|ōmiya|“great palace”}}
- Radical politics
'''Radical politics''' denotes the intent to transform or replace the {{wt|en|fundamental}} principles of a [[society]] or [[political system]], often through [[social change]], [[structural change]], [[revolution]] or radical [[reform]].<ref name=":1">{{cite book|editor-first=Jonathan|editor-last=Pugh|year=2009|title=What is Radical Politics Today?|isbn=9780230236257}}</ref> The process of adopting radical views is termed [[radicalisation]].
The word {{wt|en|radical}} derives from the [[Latin]] {{wikt-lang|la|radix}} ("root") and [[Late Latin]] {{wikt-lang|la|rādīcālis}} ("of or pertaining to the root, radical"). Historically, political use of the term referred exclusively to a form of [[progressivism|progressive]] [[electoral reform]]ism, known as [[Radicalism (historical)|Radicalism]], that had developed in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. However, the denotation has changed since its 18th century coinage to comprehend the entire [[political spectrum]], though retaining the connotation of "change at the root".<ref name=":1" />
This view reflects "a consensus among radicals of all stripes on the role of law as a {{wt|en|dissembling}} force to safeguard the unjust relations of the status quo."<ref name="Sypnowich" /> This radical critique of ideology is especially prominent within [[post-leftism]].<ref>{{cite paper|first=Jason|last=McQuinn|author-link=Jason McQuinn|year=2004|title=Post-Left Anarchy: Leaving the Left Behind}}</ref> Furthermore, in addressing specific issues some radical politics may completely forgo any overarching ideological plan.<ref name=":1" />
- Leptomeningeal collateral circulation
| function = small connections ({{wt|en|anastamoses}}) between the areas supplied by the major arteries of the brain.
- Ngaire
Unreferenced sources claim that it originally refers to a small swamp flower, or that it means {{wt|en|flaxen}}. Referenced sources suggest that the name does have a link to marshy terrain.
- Fusion (phonetics)
During the development of [[Ancient Greek]] from [[Proto-Greek]], the labiovelar {{IPA|[kʷ]}}, {{IPA|[kʷʰ]}}, and {{IPA|[ɡʷ]}} became {{IPA|[p]}}, {{IPA|[pʰ]}}, and {{IPA|[b]}}. Although the labiovelars were already a single consonant, they had two places of articulation, a velar articulation and labial secondary articulation ({{IPA|[ʷ]}}). However, the development of labiovelars varies from dialect to dialect, and some may have become dental instead. An example is the word ''{{wt|grc|βοῦς|boûs}}'' "cow" from Proto-Greek ''{{wt|grk-pro|*gʷous}}''.
Several consonant clusters in [[Proto-Celtic]] underwent fusion, most prominently /*ɡ/ to the following consonant in [[coda (linguistics)|coda]] position. Examples include {{wt|cel-pro|*ougros}} to {{wt|sga|úar}} and {{wt|cel-pro|*maglos}} to {{wt|sga|mál}} in [[Old Irish]].
In [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], this process occurs whenever the phoneme {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is followed by an alveolar consonant. The articulation of the resulting fusion becomes [[retroflex]]. Examples include the Norwegian {{wt|nb|bart}} {{IPA|[bɑʈ]}} and Swedish {{wt|sv|nord}} {{IPA|[nuːɖ]}}. This even occurs across word boundaries, as in the sentence "''går det bra?''" becoming {{IPA|/ɡoː‿ɖə brɑː/}}.
In colloquial Norwegian, the sequence /rt/ may even coalesce over non-alveolar phonemes, changing their place of articulation to retroflex, even if /r/ normally wouldn't trigger it. Examples include {{wt|nb|sterk|sterkt}} {{IPA|/stæɾkt/}} {{IPA|[stæʈː]}}, {{wt|nb|skarp|skarpt}} {{IPA|/skɑɾpt/}} {{IPA|[skɑʈː]}}, {{wt|nb|verktøy}} {{IPA|/ʋæɾk.tœʏ̯/}} {{IPA|[ʋæʈ.ʈœʏ̯]}} and {{wt|nb|varm|varmt}} {{IPA|/ʋɑɾmt/}} {{IPA|[ʋɑɳʈ]}}. This process does not occur across word boundaries, e.g. ''sterk tann'' is pronounced {{IPA|/stæɾk tɑnː/}} and not {{IPA|*/stæ‿ʈɒnː/}}<ref>Solhaug, Tor H. (2010) ''[https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/2952/thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Retroflexion in Norwegian]''. University of Tromsø. Retrieved 2019-10-12</ref>
Vowel coalescence occurs in [[Aichi Prefecture|Owari]] [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. The Diphthongs {{IPA|/ai/}} and {{IPA|/ae/}} change to {{IPA|[æː]}}, {{IPA|/oi/}} and {{IPA|/oe/}} change to {{IPA|[øː]}} and {{IPA|/ui/}} changes to {{IPA|[yː]}}. E.g. {{wt|ja|来年}} {{IPA|/raineN/}} > {{IPA|[ræ:nen]}}, {{wt|ja|鯉}} {{IPA|/koi/}} > {{IPA|[køː]}}, {{wt|ja|熱い}} {{IPA|/atsui/}} > {{IPA|[atsyː~atɕːyː]}}. Younger speakers may vary between Standard Japanese diphthongs and dialectal monophthongs.<ref>Youngberg, Connor. (2013) ''[https://www.soas.ac.uk/linguistics/research/workingpapers/volume-16/file88036.pdf Vocalic Coalescence in Owari Japanese]'' SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 16.</ref>
- Urreligion
'''''Urreligion''''' is a postulated "original" or "oldest" form of [[religious tradition]] (the [[German language |German]] [[prefix]] {{wikt-lang|de|ur-}} expressing the idea of "original", "primal", "primitive", "elder", "primeval", or "''{{wt|en|proto-}}''"). The concept contrasts with that of [[organized religion]], as found (for example) in the [[theocracy| theocracies]] of the early [[Cities of the Ancient Near East| urban]] cultures of the [[Ancient Near East]] or in [[major religions| world religions]] as they have developed.
- Rectum
The superior rectal artery is a single artery that is a continuation of the [[inferior mesenteric artery]], when it crosses the [[pelvic brim]].{{sfn|Gray's|2016|pp=1151}} It enters the mesorectum at the level of S3, and then splits into two branches, which run at the lateral back part of the rectum, and then the sides of the rectum. These then end in branches in the submucosa, which join with ({{wt|en|anastamose}}) with branches of the middle and inferior rectal arteries.{{sfn|Gray's|2016|pp=1151}}
- Human anus
[[Hemorrhoid]]s, which are visible blood vessels from the internal or external venous plexuses of the anus. Haemorrhoids may cause bleeding after passing a motion; may be painful; may cause an itch; and may {{wt|en|prolapse}} out of the anus.<ref name=Davidsons2018 /> Haemorrhoids are often associated with straining due to constipation, and [[pregnancy]].<ref name=Davidsons2018 /> Usually, haemorrhoids are managed with medications to [[stool softener|make motions more soft]] and prevent straining during constipation. Some haemorrhoids require surgery to manage, which may involve [[Rubber band ligation|placing a band around the haemorrhoid]], in order for it to lose blood supply; or surgical excision.<ref name=Davidsons2018 />
- Nōin
{{nihongo|'''Tachibana no Nagayasu'''|橘永愷|extra=988 – {{circa|1051}}}}, also known was {{nihongo|'''Nōin'''|{{wt|ja|能因}}}}, was a [[Japan]]ese poet and monk of the late [[Heian period]].
- Shamanic music
Although shamans use singing as well as drumming and sometimes other instruments, a shamanic ritual is not a musical performance in the normal sense, and the music is directed more to [[spirits]] than to an audience. Several things follow from this. First, a shamanic ritual performance is, above all, a series of actions and not a series of musical sounds.<ref>Mihály Hoppál, ''Tracing Shamanism in Tuva: A History of Studies'', in Mongush Kenin Lopsan, ''Shamanic Songs and Myths of Tuva'', Istor Budapest 1997 p 129 "...the struggle with the harmful spirits during which great drumbeats indicated that the shaman had driven a "steel arrow" for each beat into the spirits of sickness."</ref> Second, the shaman's attention is directed inwards towards her or his visualisation of the spirit world and communication with the spirits, and not outwards to any listeners who might be present.<ref>Tim Hodgkinson, ''Musicians, Carvers, Shamans'', Cambridge Anthropology vol 25, no 3, (2005/2006) p 9."Sergei Tumat (a Tuvan shaman who had previously studied music): "When I shamanize, I'm not here, not in the place where I'm playing the dungur drum, it's just my material body that's there: I'm away with the spirits, that's where my total attention is. If someone touches me, tries to get my attention there in the yurt, that's dangerous, it would be like falling a long way: so it's completely different from playing music to an audience, where you have to be there, to be attentive to what your material body is doing, to everything I learned in music school...""</ref> Third, it is important for the success of the ritual that it be given its own clearly defined context that is quite different from any kind of entertainment. Fourth, any theatrical elements that are added to impress an audience are of a type to make the contact with the spirits seem more real and not to suggest the performer's musical virtuosity. From a musical perspective shamanic ritual performances have the distinctive feature of {{wt|en|discontinuity}}. Breaks may happen because a spirit is proving difficult to communicate with, or the shaman needs to call a different spirit. Typically, phases of the performance are broken off abruptly, perhaps to be restarted after a gap, perhaps not.<ref>Carole Pegg, ''Mongolian Music, Dance and Oral Narrative'', University of Washington Press, 2001, p135-6</ref><ref>Ronald Hutton, ''The Shamans of Siberia'', Isle of Avalon Press, 1993, p29 and p31</ref><ref>Caroline Humphrey, ''Shamans and elders''. Oxford, OUP1996, p 235-7</ref> The rhythmic dimension of the music of shamans' rituals has been connected to the idea of both incorporating the rhythms of nature and magically re-articulating them.<ref>Carlo Serra, (in Italian)''Ritmo e ciclità nella cultura sciamanica'', in Antonello Colimberti (ed) ''Musiche e sciamani'', Textus, Milan 2000, p67</ref>
- Arthur Dorman
'''Sir Arthur John Dorman, 1st Baronet''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE}} (8 August 1848 – 12 February 1931) was an important British {{wt|en|industrialist}}.
- Talk:Inferior hypogastric plexus
:@{{u|Walidou47}} these are terms that relate to peripheral nerves and related structures. The course is where the structure goes. The source is where it comes from (usually meaning the most {{wt|en|proximal}} part of it). Cheers --[[User:Tom (LT)|Tom (LT)]] ([[User talk:Tom (LT)|talk]]) 22:27, 3 April 2020 (UTC)
- Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/All current discussions
- User:Gonnym/sandbox
{{#invoke:Sandbox/Gonnym/sometest|main|{{wt|grc|συγκοπή}}|{{grc-tr|συγκοπή}}|cutting up}}
- List of awards and nominations received by Nicki Minaj
''[[The Source]]'' is an American [[hip hop]] and entertainment website, and a magazine that publishes annually or {{wt|en|Semiannual|semiannually}}. Minaj has been honoured as the Woman of the Year in 2012.
- Serious Sam: Kamikaze Attack!
''Serious Sam: Kamikaze Attack!'' was developed by Be-Rad Entertainment, an [[indie game]] studio founded by [[Video game programmer|programmer]] Brad Johnson.<ref name="Pocket Gamer: Interview" /><ref name="Engadget: Indie Pitch" /> It was Be-Rad's second, having previously released ''Lame Castle''.<ref name="Pocket Gamer: Lame Castle" /> After [[Devolver Digital]], the publisher of the ''[[Serious Sam]]'' series, had come across ''Lame Castle'', the company approached Johnson, asking him to develop a game as part of the ''Serious Sam Indie Series''. A triplet of [[Spin-off (media)|spin-offs]] to be created by small studios to promote the impending launch of ''[[Serious Sam 3: BFE]]'', the ''Indie Series'' also contains ''[[Serious Sam Double D]]'' and ''[[Serious Sam: The Random Encounter]]''. He considered this a "{{wt|en|no-brainer}}" and accepted the request.<ref name="Pocket Gamer: Interview" /><ref name="VentureBeat: Interview" /> Be-Rad decided to create an [[auto-running game]], given the experience they had gathered with ''Lame Castle'' and because Johnson thought that such gameplay would better suit [[mobile phone]]s. He also ruled out making a [[first-person shooter]], as this genre was already covered by the main entries in the ''Serious Sam'' series.<ref name="Pocket Gamer: Interview" />
- Rhododendron bureavii
| title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Rhododendron bureavii'' | accessdate = 2 October 2018}}</ref> ({{lang-zh|s={{wt|zh|锈}}{{wt|zh|红}}{{wt|zh|杜鹃}}|p=xiùhóng dùjuān}}),<ref name=FoC /> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the heath [[family (botany)|family]] Ericaceae. It is [[native plant|native]] to western [[Sichuan]] and northern [[Yunnan]], China, where it lives at altitudes of {{convert|2800-4500 |m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=FoC>{{eFloras|2|242343597|Rhododendron bureavii|volume=14|first1=Hu|last1=Linzhen|first2=David F.|last2=Chamberlain|accessdate=7 October 2018}}</ref>
- Rhododendron fulvum
'''''Rhododendron fulvum''''' ({{lang-zh|s={{wt|zh|镰}}{{wt|zh|果}}{{wt|zh|杜鹃}}|p=liánguǒ dùjuān}}) is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Ericaceae]] family.<ref name=KewPOWO>{{cite web|url= http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332466-1|title= Rhododendron fulvum Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=n.d.|website=Plants of the World Online|publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|access-date= August 2, 2020}}</ref> It is native to northern [[Myanmar]] and [[China]]. In China, it is found in southwest [[Sichuan]], southeast [[Xizang]], and western [[Yunnan]].<ref name=FoC>{{eFloras|2|200016425|Rhododendron fulvum|volume=14|first1=Hu|last1=Linzhen|first2=David F.|last2=Chamberlain|accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref> It grows at altitudes of {{convert|2700-4400|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It is an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] or small tree growing to {{convert| 2-8|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height, with leathery leaves that are oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or obovate, 8–20 by 3–7.5 cm in size. The undersides are felted with a striking cinnamon colour. The flowers, borne in trusses in spring, are loosely bell-shaped, pale rose pink, with a crimson basal blotch and sometimes red spots.<ref name = RHSPF/>
- Rhododendron mucronulatum
'''''Rhododendron mucronulatum''''', the '''Korean rhododendron'''<ref name="English Names for Korean Native Plants" /> or '''Korean rosebay''' ({{lang-zh|s={{wt|zh|银}}{{wt|zh|叶}}{{wt|zh|杜鹃}} |p=yínyè dùjuān}}),<ref name="FoC" /> is a [[rhododendron]] [[species]] native to [[Korea]], [[Mongolia]], [[Russia]], and parts of northern China. It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] that grows to {{cvt|1–2|m|ft}} in height, with elliptic or elliptic-[[lanceolate]] leaves, {{cvt|3–7|cm|in|frac=4}} long by {{cvt|1–3.5|cm|in|frac=8}} wide. The reddish-purple flowers appear in late winter or early spring, often on the bare branches before the foliage unfurls. It inhabits forested regions at {{cvt|1600-2300|m|ft}}.
- User:Philoserf
Proto-Slavic
Most syllables in Middle Common Slavic were [[open syllable|open]]. The only closed syllables were those that ended in a liquid (*l or *r), forming liquid diphthongs, and in such syllables, the preceding vowel had to be short. [[Consonant cluster]]s were permitted, but only at the beginning of a syllable. Such a cluster was syllabified with the cluster entirely in the following syllable, contrary to the syllabification rules that are known to apply to most languages. For example, {{wt|sla-pro|*bogatьstvo}} "wealth" was divided into syllables as *bo-ga-tь-stvo, with the whole cluster *-stv- at the beginning of the syllable.
By the beginning of the Late Common Slavic period, all or nearly all syllables had become open as a result of [[Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony|developments in the liquid diphthongs]]. Syllables with liquid diphthongs beginning with *o or *e had been converted into open syllables, for example *TorT became *TroT, *TraT or *ToroT in the various daughter languages. The main exception are the Northern [[Lechitic languages]] ([[Kashubian dialect|Kashubian]], extinct [[Slovincian language|Slovincian]] and [[Polabian language|Polabian]]) only with lengthening of the syllable and no metathesis (*TarT, e.g. PSl. {{wt|sla-pro|*gordъ}} > Kashubian ''gard''; > Polabian ''*gard'' > ''gord''). In West Slavic and South Slavic, liquid diphthongs beginning with *ь or *ъ had likewise been converted into open syllables by converting the following liquid into a [[syllabic sonorant]] (palatal or non-palatal according to whether *ь or *ъ preceded respectively).{{sfn|Schenker|2002|p=75}} This left no closed syllables at all in these languages. The South Slavic languages, as well as Czech and Slovak, tended to preserve the syllabic sonorants, but in the Lechitic languages (such as Polish), they fell apart again into vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations. In East Slavic, the liquid diphthongs in *ь or *ъ may have likewise become syllabic sonorants, but if so, the change was soon reversed, suggesting that it may never have happened in the first place.
* In {{abbr|AP|accent paradigm}} ''a'', the accented syllable always had the acute tone, and therefore was always long, because short syllables did not have tonal distinctions. Thus, single-syllable words with an originally short vowel (*''e'', *''o'', *''ь'', *''ъ'') in the stem could not belong to accent AP ''a''. If the stem was multisyllabic, the accent could potentially fall on any stem syllable (e.g. {{wt|sla-pro|językъ|*ję̄zū́k-}} "tongue"). These restrictions were caused by Dybo's law, which moved the accent one syllable to the right, but only in originally barytonic (stem-accented) nominals that did not have acute accent in the stem. AP ''a'' thus consists of the "leftover" words that Dybo's law did not affect.
Some nouns (especially ''jā''-stem nouns) fit into the AP ''a'' pattern but have neoacute accent on the stem, which can have either a short or a long syllable. A standard example is {{wt|sla-pro|volja|*võľa}} "will", with neoacute accent on a short syllable. These nouns earlier belonged to AP ''b''; as a result, grammars may treat them as belonging either to AP ''a'' or ''b''.
| {{wt|sla-pro|xlě̀bъ}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|lě̀to}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|plàčь}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|ràna}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|buřa|bùřā}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|zę̀tь}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|nìtь}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|jìlъ}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|tỳky}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|màti}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|kàmy}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|sě̀mę}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|čùdo}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|àgnę}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|bỹkъ}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|vīnò}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|nõžь}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|ložè}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|ženà}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|pǫ̃tь}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|dvь̃rь}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|võlъ}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|želỳ}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|elỳ}}<ref group="lower-alpha">This word is reconstructed as *olỳ in Verweij. The initial e-, however, is what is found in Derksen (2008) and other sources.</ref>
| {{wt|sla-pro|plemę̀}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|zvě̄rę̀}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|vȏzъ}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|břȗxo}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|mǫ̑žь}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|pȍľe}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|nogà}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|dušà}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|zvě̑rь}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|kȏstь}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|sy̑nъ}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|brỳ}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|dъ̏ťi}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|kȍry}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|jь̏mę}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|kȍlo}}
| {{wt|sla-pro|pȏrsę}}
Proto-Slavic had developed a distinction between "indefinite" and "definite" adjective inflection, much like Germanic strong and weak inflection. The definite inflection was used to refer to specific or known entities, similar to the use of the definite article "the" in English, while the indefinite inflection was unspecific or referred to unknown or arbitrary entities, like the English indefinite article "a". The indefinite inflection was identical to the inflection of o- and a-stem nouns, while the definite inflection was formed by suffixing the relative/anaphoric pronoun {{wt|sla-pro|*jь}} to the end of the normal inflectional endings. Both the adjective and the suffixed pronoun were presumably declined as separate words originally, but already within Proto-Slavic they had become contracted and fused to some extent.
The PIE mediopassive voice disappeared entirely except for the isolated form ''vědě'' "I know" in Old Church Slavonic (< Late PIE *woid-ai, a perfect mediopassive formation). However, a new analytic mediopassive was formed using the reflexive particle {{wt|sla-pro|*sę}}, much as in the [[Romance languages]]. The imperative and subjunctive moods disappeared, while the old optative came to be used as the imperative instead.
In terms of PIE tense/aspect forms, the PIE imperfect was lost or merged with the PIE thematic aorist, and the PIE perfect was lost other than in the stem of the irregular verb {{wt|sla-pro|*věděti}} "to know" (from PIE *woyd-). The aorist was retained, preserving the PIE thematic and sigmatic aorist types (the former is generally termed the ''root aorist'' in Slavic studies), and a new ''productive aorist'' arose from the sigmatic aorist by various analogical changes, e.g. replacing some of the original endings with thematic endings. (A similar development is observed in Greek and Sanskrit. In all three cases, the likely trigger was the phonological reduction of clusters like *-ss-, *-st- that arose when the original athematic endings were attached to the sigmatic *-s- affix.) A new synthetic imperfect was created by attaching a combination of the root and productive aorist endings to a stem suffix *-ěa- or *-aa-, of disputed origin. Various compound tenses were created, e.g. to express the future, conditional, perfect and pluperfect.
The three numbers (singular, dual and plural) were all maintained, as were the different athematic and thematic endings. Only five athematic verbs exist: {{wt|sla-pro|*věděti}} "to know", {{wt|sla-pro|*byti}} "to be", {{wt|sla-pro|*dati}} "to give", {{wt|sla-pro|*ěsti}} "to eat" and {{wt|sla-pro|*jьměti}} "to have". (*dati has a finite stem *dad-, suggesting derivation by some sort of reduplication.) A new set of "semi-thematic" endings were formed by analogy (corresponding to modern conjugation class II), combining the thematic first singular ending with otherwise athematic endings. Proto-Slavic also maintained a large number of non-finite formations, including the infinitive, the supine, a verbal noun, and five participles (present active, present passive, past active, past passive and resultative). In large measure these directly continue PIE formations.
| {{wt|sla-pro|nesti|*nestì, *nesȅtь}} "carry"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|męti|*mę̀ti, *mьnetь}} "crumple"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|greti|*gretì, *grebetь}}<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|peťi|*peťì, *pečetь}} "bake"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|žiti|*žìti, *živetь}} "live"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|bьrati|*bьrati, *beretь}} "take"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|zъvati|*zъvati, *zovetь}} "call"
| {{wt|sla-pro|leťi|*leťi, *lęžeti}} "lie down"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|stati|*stati, *stanetь}} "stand (up)"
| {{wt|sla-pro|rinǫti|*rìnǫti, *rìnetь}} "push, shove"
| {{wt|sla-pro|biti|*bìti, *bь̏jetь}} "beat"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|myti|*myti, *myjetь}} "wash"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|duti|*duti, *dujetь}} "blow"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|dajati|*dajati, *dajetь}} "give"
| {{wt|sla-pro|sъlati|*sъlàti, *sъljȅtь}} "send"
| {{wt|sla-pro|dělati|*dělati, *dělajetь}} "do"
| {{wt|sla-pro|uměti|*uměti, *umějetь}} "know, be able"
| {{wt|sla-pro|cělovati|*cělovàti, *cělùjetь}} "kiss"
| {{wt|sla-pro|prositi|*prosìti, *prõsitь}} "ask, make a request"
| {{wt|sla-pro|mьněti|*mьněti, *mьnitь}} "think"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|slyšati|*slỳšati, *slỳšitь}} "hear"
| A relatively small class of stative verbs. The infinitive in ''-ati'' was a result of iotation, which triggered the change *jě > *ja. In the present tense, the first-person singular shows consonant alternation (caused by *j): {{wt|sla-pro|xoditi|*xoditi}} "to walk" : *xoďǫ, {{wt|sla-pro|letěti|*letěti}} "to fly" : *leťǫ, {{wt|sla-pro|sъpati|*sъpati}} "to sleep" : *sъpľǫ (with epenthetic *l). The stem of the infinitives in *-ati (except for *sъpati) ends in *j or the so-called "hushing sound".
| {{wt|sla-pro|byti|*bỳti, *ȅstь}} "be"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|dati|*dàti, *dãstь}} "give"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|ěsti|*ě̀sti, *ě̃stь}} "eat"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|jьměti|*jьměti, *jьmatь}} "have"<br/>{{wt|sla-pro|věděti|*věděti, *věstь}} "know"
- Rhododendron dauricum
'''''Rhododendron dauricum''''' ({{lang-zh|s={{wt|zh|兴安}}{{wt|zh|杜鹃}}|p=Xīng'ān dùjuān}})<ref name = FoC>{{eFloras|2|200016392|Rhododendron mucronulatum |last1=Fang |first1=Ruizheng |first2=David F. |last2=Chamberlain |volume=14 | accessdate = 7 October 2018}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the heath family Ericaceae [[native species|native]] to forests and forest margins in Eastern [[Siberia]], Mongolia, North China and [[Hokkaido]], Japan. The Latin [[binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] ''dauricum'' means “from Siberia”.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book | last=Harrison |first=Lorraine | title=RHS Latin for Gardeners | year=2012 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley | location=United Kingdom | isbn=184533731X }}</ref>
- Naishadha Charita
On knowing Nala's identity, bashfulness took full control of her. She would put the garland around Nala's neck but her fingers did not move even a little to do so, restraint and bashfulness forbidding her. She whispered into the ears of Saraswati uttering the letter {{wt|en|न#Sanskrit|''na''}} (lit. no) and stopped. She touched the fingers of Saraswati who laughed at this. The bridesmaid took the princess before Nala and addressed the gods that Damayanti, a chaste woman, would not choose any of them and requested them to shower their favour on the princess. The gods gave their assent through the movement of their eyebrows and returned to their regions. The marriage celebrations followed on a grand scale.<ref name="KMGeorge1997"/>
- Pokkén Tournament
{{nihongo|''Pokkén''|ポッ拳|Pokken|lead=yes}} is a [[portmanteau]] of {{Nihongo foot|''Pokémon''|ポケモン|Pokemon|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} and {{nihongo foot|''Tekken''|鉄拳|Tekken|extra={{literal translation}}: "Iron Fist"|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}}. The Japanese characters {{nihongo2|ポッ拳}} appear in the game's logo in both the Japanese version and the localized versions released in North America and Europe. The official [[German language|German]]-language title of the game is ''Pokémon Tekken''.<ref name="GermanOffical">{{cite web | url=http://www.pokemon.com/de/pokemon-videospiele/pokemon-tekken/ | title=Pokémon Tekken - Produktseite | website=Pokemon.com | access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> The title change may be due to the similarity between ''Pokkén'' and the German word for [[smallpox]], ''{{wt|de|Pocken}}''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shoryuken.com/2016/01/18/pokken-tournament-is-pokemon-tekken-in-germany/|website=SRK (Shoryuken)|title=Pokkén Tournament is Pokémon Tekken in Germany|author=Ian "iantothemax" Walker|date=18 January 2016|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>
- User talk:Batternut
Just to give you the explanation that I think is due, I had a {{wt|en|brain fart}}. There was a [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2017 September 23#Template:Most populous cities in the Republic of India|recent discussion]] and I misread the first part "duplicates Million-plus agglomerations in India" as related, hence referring to [[WP:TFD]]. I somehow didn't read the second part, "not suitable as navbar", which I totally agree with. Anyway, apologies for the extra work. --[[User:Muhandes|Muhandes]] ([[User talk:Muhandes|talk]]) 16:14, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
- Shy Glizzy
On June 6, 2012, Shy released his third mixtape titled ''Law''. He was also featured by ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' on its list of "10 New [[Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area|DMV]] Rappers To Watch Out For."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/06/10-new-dmv-rappers-to-watch-out-for/shy-glizzy |last1=Kimble|first1=Julian |title=10 New DMV Rappers To Watch Out For |website=Complex |date=June 6, 2012 |accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> The ''[[Washington City Paper]]'''s Ramon Ramirez referred to it as "a well-connected tape [which] sometimes feels like it wants to be a major-label-debut", featuring guest appearances from [[Project Pat]] and [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] and production from [[Beat Billionaire]], but described Shy as being "less polished, and more {{wt|en|frenetic}}, while his hooks are repetitive and droning but also hungry and catchy."<ref name="WCP">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/arts/music/blog/13077782/shy-glizzys-law-reviewed |title=Shy Glizzy's ''Law'' Reviewed |newspaper=[[Washington City Paper]] |date=June 15, 2012 |accessdate=March 12, 2019}}</ref>
- User talk:Steel1943/Archive 8
{{wt|deprecate}}{{wt|depreciate}}
- Takashina no Takako
By her husband [[Fujiwara no Michitaka]], she was the mother of [[Fujiwara no Takaie|Takaie]],<!-- Takaie isn't mentioned in either of the sources for this sentence, but he is listed as one of her children in both 朝日日本歴史人物事典 and 世界大百科事典 第２版, which can both be accessed via the Kotobank link at the bottom of the page. Hopefully a better source can be found than a Kotobank link and it can be added inline. ~Hijiri88, August 2015. --> [[Fujiwara no Teishi|Empress Teishi]] and [[Fujiwara no Korechika|Korechika]], who was known as the {{nihongo|Honorary Grand Minister|{{wt|ja|儀同三司}}|Gidōsanshi}}.<ref name="McMillan 141">McMillan 2010:141 (note 54).</ref><ref name=Daijisen>''Digital Daijisen'' entry "Gidōsanshi no haha". Shogakukan.</ref> She is accordingly frequently referred to as the '''mother of the Honorary Grand Minister'''.<!-- This fact isn't explicitly stated in any of the sources (except 朝日日本歴史人物事典), but if someone is known as "Mother of X" and our sources describe her as having been "the mother of X", in their articles on her under the name "Mother of X", do we really need an explicit source? ~Hijiri88, August 2015. -->
Her other nickname, '''Kō no Naishi''', is a combination of the first character of her patronymic family name — {{wt|ja|高|''taka'' or ''kō''}} — and her position serving [[Emperor En'yū]], ''{{wt|ja|内侍|naishi}}''.<ref name=Daijisen/><!-- Her being a 内侍 under 円融天皇 and her also being known as 高内侍 are both directly stated in the source, but this connection is not directly made. I'll verify later. ~Hijiri88, August 2015. -->
- Saionji Kintsune
In the ''[[Ogura Hyakunin Isshu]]'', he is called the {{nihongo|'''Lay Buddhist Novice and former [[Daijō-daijin|Chancellor of the Realm]]'''|{{wt|ja|入道前太政大臣}}|''Nyudō Saki no Daijō-daijin''}}. The ninety-sixth poem reads:
- Talk:St. Giles' Church (Prague)
Why is it ''Kostel svatého Jiljí'', not ''svatého [[cs:wikt:Jiljí|Jiljího]]''? Did this name originally belong to the soft feminine adjective declension (i.e. had the ''-í'' ending throughout the singular), or perhaps long neuter declension (like ''{{wt|cs|braní}}'')? [[Special:Contributions/46.186.32.6|46.186.32.6]] ([[User talk:46.186.32.6|talk]]) 20:02, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
- User:Pppery/noinclude list
- Template:Wt/doc
| <code>{{wt|fr|langue}}</code> || → || {{wt|fr|langue}}
- User:Eurodog/sandbox87
The [[Cotton Club]] first opened in 1923 in Harlem on the 2nd floor of a building at 142nd Street and [[Lenox Avenue]], [[Harlem]], [[Manhattan]] — not far from [[Sugar Hill, Manhattan|Sugar Hill]]. The space had been formerly leased and operated by [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], the boxer, as the Club Delux, an intimate supper club. [[Owney Madden]], a [[rum-runner|bootlegger]] and [[gangster]], had taken over the the lease in 1923 after serving time in [[Sing Sing]]. He was the head of the syndicate owners that included beer baron Bill Duffy, boxer Tony Panica ''(né'' John Francis Panica), known in the boxing world as Tommy Wilson, and Harry Block.<ref name="Bradley 2005" /> [[Owney Madden|Madden]] redecorated the space and changed the name to the [[Cotton Club]]. The Cotton Club sold liquor during the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], which lasted until 1933. [[Owney Madden|Madden]] ran it as a whites-only club. When it opened, George "Big Frenchy" Demange (1896–1939) was the manager. Walter Brooks (1884–1968)<ref name="NYTs 1968 Nov 23" />, who had brought ''[[Shuffle Along]]'' to Broadway in 1921, served as {{wt|en|front}} (slang for "nominal owner").<ref name="Wintz-Finkelman 2004" />
- Cotton Club Boys (chorus line)
The Cotton Club first opened in 1923 in Harlem on the 2nd floor of a building at 142nd Street and [[Lenox Avenue]], close to [[Sugar Hill, Manhattan|Sugar Hill]]. The space had been formerly leased and operated by the boxer [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]] as the Club Delux, an intimate [[supper club]]. [[Owney Madden]], a [[rum-runner|bootlegger]] and [[gangster]], took over the lease in 1923 after his release from [[Sing Sing]]. He was one among the syndicate owners that included beer baron Bill Duffy, boxer Tony Panica ''(''John Francis Panica, known in the boxing world as Tommy Wilson), and Harry Block.<ref name="Bradley 2005" /> Madden redecorated the space and changed the name to the Cotton Club. The Cotton Club sold liquor during [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], which lasted until 1933. When the club opened, George "Big Frenchy" Demange was the manager. Walter Brooks,<ref name="NYTs 1968 Nov 23" /> who brought ''[[Shuffle Along]]'' to Broadway in 1921, was the {{wt|en|front}}, or nominal owner.<ref name="Wintz-Finkelman 2004" />
- User talk:Tom (LT)/Archive 6
:Always great to have another editor around, {{U|Whispyhistory}}. It's my view that it's better to use a commonly understood word if possible, particularly when most readers will understand the meaning of directions in anatomy (eg above, below, in front of, behind). Most of our readers are either lay readers or those studying the content, and so I think speaking the same language as our readers (instead of using Latin equivalents) is best if possible, so that they can understand the content. I wrote an essay with some ways to do that here: [[WP:ANATSIMPLIFY]]. If I was writing and I worried there might be some ambiguity I may write something like "X is behind ({{wt|en|posterior}}) to Y". That said there's no absolutes. Let me know if there's anything I can do to help you out while you're around these parts. --[[User:Tom (LT)|Tom (LT)]] ([[User talk:Tom (LT)#top|talk]]) 07:22, 25 March 2018 (UTC)
- Vergüenza
''''Chismes'''', or {{wt|en|gossip}}, typically holds a negative connotation, but across transnational communities it can be seen as something positive; gossip is often used, as direct communication between families and communities is scarce, as a means to bring a community together and share information with one another.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dreby|first1=Joanna|title=Gender and Transnational Gossip|journal=Qualitative Sociology|date=2009|volume=32|issue=1|page=38|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bx7dFWXNGLJFSHYxcVptSkpBNEE/view|accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> Gossip is also a negative and oppressive force within communities; it can be used to target, criticize and ostracize those who do not follow a community's standards or expectations. Gossip not only serves as a way to bring people together, but also as a reference to teach oneself how to act appropriately in a given community in order to save face from criticism—hearing how others are ostracized for differing from a community sets an example of what is not acceptable and should be avoided.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dreby|first1=Joanna|title=Gender and Transnational Gossip|journal=Qualitative Sociology|date=2009|volume=32|issue=1|page=37|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bx7dFWXNGLJFSHYxcVptSkpBNEE/view|accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref>
The traditional idea that motherhood is an inherently sacred and essential role of a woman traditionally Catholic beliefs, and the depiction of ''La'' ''Virgen''. ''La Virgen'' has been represented as an ideal repressed passive womanhooda—suffering, pure, and patient female, all traits traditionally expected of woman, especially when they enter motherhood.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barrigas|first1=Miguel Diaz|title=Vergüenza and Changing ''Chicano'' and ''Chicana'' Narratives|journal=Men and Masculinities|date=2001|volume=3|issue=1|page=293|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bx7dFWXNGLJFZW16dHVXQ2FaMU0/view?usp=sharing}}</ref> In contrast to the depiction of ''La Virgen'', there is ''la Puta'', {{wt|en|La Llorona}}, or {{wt|en|Malinche}}. These women all serve to as examples of what positive and negative femininity, and motherhood, are made up of—''La Virgen'' being positive and idealized and the others negative and should be avoided.The depiction and idealization of ''La Virgen'' is especially significant to ''Latinas'' through the idea of {{wt|en|marianismo}}: "when women become mothers then, and only then, do they attain the status of Madonna".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=González-López|first1=Gloria|title=Confesiones de Mujer’: The Catholic Church and Sacred Morality in the Sex Lives of Mexican Immigrant Women|journal=Sexual Inequalities and Social Justice|date=2007|page=151|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bx7dFWXNGLJFVW1TR0JrWHJSUms/view}}</ref> This not only encourages women to have children to achieve status in society, but also serves to punish those who do not fit this expectation or social mold.
- Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Language/2017 May 8
: Note that Wiktionary entries are case sensitive. The word you were looking for is at {{wt|mul|Pan}}. [[User:DTLHS|DTLHS]] ([[User talk:DTLHS|talk]]) 00:45, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
- Irises screen
The screens are among the first works of [[Ogata Kōrin]] after he attained the rank of {{nihongo|''Hokkyō''|{{wt|ja|法橋}}||“Bridge of the Dharma”}}, the third highest rank awarded to artists. It depicts bunches of abstracted blue Japanese irises in bloom, and their green foliage, creating a rhythmically repeating but varying pattern across the panels. The similarities of some blooms indicate that a stencil was used. The work shows influence of [[Tawaraya Sōtatsu]]. It is typical of a new artistic school, {{Nihongo|[[Rinpa school|Rin-pa]]|琳派}}, which takes its name from the last syllable of his given name.
Kōrin adopts a very restrained palette, limited to the [[ultramarine]] blue of the flowers, the green of their foliage, and the gold background. The work was painted with ink and colour on paper, with squares of [[gold leaf]] applied around the painted areas to create a shimmering reflective background reminiscent of water. The deep blue was made from powdered {{nihongo|[[azurite]]|{{wt|ja|群青}}|gunjō}}.
Both pairs of screens are inspired by an episode in ''[[The Tales of Ise]]'', where the unnamed protagonist of the story (most likely [[Ariwara no Narihira]]) encounters the flowers near a rustic eight-plank bridge over a river. He was inspired to compose a romantic poem, a form of [[acrostic]] where the first syllable of each line spells out the Japanese word for iris, {{nihongo|{{wt|ja|かきつばた}}||kakitsubata}}:
|{{wt|ja|唐衣|から衣}}きつつなれにし妻しあれば|はるばる来ぬる旅をしぞおもふ
- Wikipedia talk:Red link/Archive 6
:: {{wt|en|cursory}} reading of guidelines would cause you to miss the entire lead section that states "In general, a red link should be allowed to remain in an article if it links to a term that could plausibly sustain an article, but for which there is no existing candidate article, or article section, under any name. Do not remove red links unless you are certain that Wikipedia should not have an article on the subject, or if the red link could be replaced with a link to an article section where the subject is covered as part of a broader topic" . Also please don't attack me again. Implying that I am someone who is wiki-lawyering is derogatory.[[User:Speednat|speednat]] ([[User talk:Speednat|talk]]) 19:34, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
- User:CorporalKobold/sandbox
Most determiners have been traditionally classed along with either [[adjective]]s or [[pronoun]]s, and this still occurs in classical grammars: for example, demonstrative and possessive determiners are sometimes described as ''demonstrative adjectives'' and ''possessive adjectives'' or as ''(adjectival) demonstrative pronouns'' and ''(adjectival) possessive pronouns'' respectively.{{Citation needed}} These classical interpretations of determiners map to some of the linguistic properties related to determiners in modern syntax theories, such as [[Demonstrative|deictic information]], [[definiteness]] and [[Genitive case|genitivity]]. However, modern theorists<ref>According to the ''[[OED]]'' (Second Edition), the word ''determiner'' was first used in its grammatical sense by [[Leonard Bloomfield]] in 1933.</ref> of [[grammar]] prefer to distinguish determiners as a separate [[part of speech]] from adjectives, which are [[grammatical modifier|modifiers]] of nouns, expressing attributes of the modified noun. This distinction applies particularly in languages like English that use definite and indefinite articles, frequently as a necessary component of noun phrases – the determiners may then be taken to be a class of words that includes the articles as well as other words that function in the place of articles. (The composition of this class may depend on the particular language's rules of [[syntax]]; for example, in English the [[possessive]]s ''my'', ''your'' etc. are used without articles and so can be regarded as determiners, whereas their [[Italian language|Italian]] equivalents ''{{wt|it|mio}}'' etc. are used together with articles and so may be better classed as adjectives.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Progovac|first1=Ljiljana|title=Determiner Phrase in a Language without Determiners|journal=Journal of Linguistics|date=Mar 1998|volume=34|issue=1|page=166|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4176455|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>) Not all languages can be said to have a lexically distinct class of determiners.
In some languages, the role of certain determiners can be played by [[affix]]es (prefixes or suffixes) attached to a noun or by other types of [[inflection]]. For example, definite articles are represented by suffixes in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. (For example, in Swedish, ''{{wt|sv|bok}}'' ("book"), when definite, becomes ''{{wt|sv|boken}}'' ("the book"), while the Romanian ''{{wt|ro|caiet}}'' ("notebook") similarly becomes ''caietul'' ("the notebook").) Some languages, such as [[Finnish language|Finnish]], have [[possessive affix]]es, which play the role of possessive determiners like ''my'' and ''his''.{{Citation needed}}
- Anatomical terms of microanatomy
The hollow inner part of a body organ (such as the [[gastrointestinal tract]]) or tube (such as an [[artery]]) is called the ''[[lumen (anatomy)|lumen]]''. The side of a cell facing the lumen is called the ''{{wt|en|apex|apical}}'' surface; the opposite side, facing away from the lumen is the ''[[Epithelial polarity#Basolateral membranes|basolateral]]'' surface, which faces instead towards the ''[[interstitium]]'', and away from the lumen.
- User:Julia/sandbox/English words of African origin
* [[argan]] – from [[Central Atlas Tamazight]] {{wt|tzm|ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ}} ({{transl|tzm|targan}}), from [[Tashelhit]]. A tree endemic to Morocco.
* [[findi|acha]] – from [[ISO_639:ha|Hausa]] ''{{wt|ha|acca}}''. A grass species cultivated in West Africa.
* [[ammonia]] – from ''{{wt|egy|jmn}}'' <hiero>i-mn:n-A40</hiero> ("[[Amun]]"). A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen. Named a such because it was first found near a temple of Amun.
* [[anise]] – from ''{{wt|egy|jnst}}'' <hiero>i-K1:n-s-t-Hn:Z2</hiero> (probably "anise"). A flowering plant whose seeds are often used as a spice.
* [[barge]] – from ''{{wt|egy|bꜣjr}}'' <hiero>b-bA-A-y:r*Z1-P1</hiero> ("transport ship"). A flat-bottomed boat.
* [[ebony]] – from ''{{wt|egy|hbnj}}'' <hiero>hb:n-y:M3</hiero> ("ebony wood; ebony tree"). A dense black hardwood.
* [[ibis]] – from ''{{wt|egy|hbj}}'' <hiero>h-b-y-G26</hiero> ("ibis"). A long-legged wading bird.
* [[ivory]] – from ''{{wt|egy|ꜣbw}}'' <hiero>Ab-b-w-qs</hiero> ("elephant; ivory"). Hard, white material from the tusks of elephants and other animals.
* [[lily]] – from ''{{wt|egy|ḥrrt}}'' <hiero>Hr:r-r:*t-Hn</hiero> ("flower; blossom"). A common flower.
* [[oasis]] – from ''{{wt|egy|wḥꜣt}}'' <hiero>w-H-A-t:N25</hiero> ("cauldron"). A spring of fresh water in a desert.
* [[pharaoh]] – from ''{{wt|egy|pr ꜥꜣ}}'' <hiero>pr:aA</hiero> ("palace; pharaoh"). A supreme ruler of Ancient Egypt.
* [[phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] – from ''{{wt|egy|bnw}}'' <hiero>b-n:nw*w-G31</hiero> ("[[grey heron]]"). A mythological bird that is born again after death.
* [[halloumi]] – from {{wt|cop|ϩⲁⲗⲱⲙ}} ({{transl|cop|halōm}}, "cheese"). A semi-hard Cypriot cheese made of goat's and sheep's milk.
* [[gelada]] – from [[Amharic]] {{wt|am|ጭላዳ}} ({{transl|am|č̣əlada}}). A species of Old World monkey.
* [[banana]] – from [[ISO_639:wo|Wolof]] ''{{wt|wo|banaana}}'' ("banana") via [[ISO_639:es|Spanish]] or [[ISO_639:pt|Portuguese]]. An elongated curved tropical fruit that grows in bunches and has a creamy flesh and a smooth skin.
* [[chigger]] – from earlier ''{{wt|en|chigoe}}'', possibly from Wolof or [[ISO_639:yo|Yoruba]] ''jiga'' ("insect"). A small tropical flea.<ref name="chigger">{{cite encyclopedia|title=chigger (n.)|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/chigger|year=2019|publisher=Douglas Harper|encyclopedia=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref>
:* [[amasi]], [[amasi|maas]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|amasi}}'' ("curdled or soured milk"). Fermented milk that tastes like cottage cheese or plain yogurt.
:* [[askari]] – from [[ISO 639:sw|Swahili]] ''{{wt|sw|askari}}'' ("soldier"). A member of a local African military or police unit, usually one serving in a European colonial force.
:* [[bao]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|bao}}'' ("board; goal; board game"). A mancala board game played in East Africa.
:* [[boda boda]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|bodaboda}}'', itself from [[ISO_639:en|English]] ''{{wt|en|border}}''. A bicycle or motorcycle used as a taxi.
:* [[bongo drum|bongo]] – probably from [[ISO_639:khy|Lokele]] {{lang|khy|boungu}}, via American Spanish ''{{wt|es|bongó}}''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=bongo (n.) |encyclopedia=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |year= 2019|publisher= Douglas Harper|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/bongo}}</ref> A pair of small drums.
:* [[boma (enclosure)|boma]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|boma}}''. An enclosure usually made of thorn bushes, and latterly of steel fencing, for protection from marauders.
:* {{wt|en|bwana}} – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|bwana}}'' ("master"), from [[Arabic]]. A big boss, important person.
:* [[chama (investment)|chama]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|chama}}'' ("organization; society"). An informal cooperative society, usually for pooling and investing savings.
:* [[peanut|goober]] – from [[ISO_639:kg|Kongo]] ''{{wt|ko|nguba}}'' ("peanut"). A peanut.
:* [[hakuna matata]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|hakuna matata}}'' ("there are no worries"). A phrase meaning "no worries; take it easy". Popularized by Disney's ''The Lion King''.
:* [[harambee]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|harambee}}'' ("let's pull together!"). A traditional Kenyan community self-help event or organization.
:* [[impala]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|impala}}''. An African antelope, ''Aepyceros melampus'', noted for its leaping ability; the male has ridged, curved horns.
:* [[impi]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|impi}}'' ("war, battle, army"). A group of Zulu (or other Bantu) warriors; a detachment of armed men.
:* [[indaba]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|indaba}}'' ("matter, issue, affair") A tribal conference held by Nguni leaders.
:* [[inDuna]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|induna}}'' ("male animal; headman"). A South African tribal councillor or headman (under the king); someone in authority, a boss.
:* [[inyanga]] – from Zulu] ''{{wt|zu|inyanga}}'' ("moon; month"). A traditional Zulu doctor or healer.
:* [[isibongo]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|isibongo}}'' ("surname; clan name"). A complimentary metonym used to describe members of a Zulu clan.
:* [[jenga]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|jenga}}'' ("to build, construct"). A game where players try to remove a block from a tower of wooden blocks without toppling the tower.
:* [[jumbo]] – from the name of [[Jumbo]], a large elephant, from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|jambo}}'' ("hello") and ''{{wt|sw|jumbe}}'' ("chief"). Very large or powerful.
:* [[kadogos|kadogo]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|kadogo}}'' ("little one"). A child soldier, especially in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
:* [[kanga (African garment)|kanga]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|kanga}}'' ("kanga; guinea fowl"). A colourful printed cotton garment worn by women in East Africa.
:* [[kanzu]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|kanzu}}''. A white or cream-coloured robe worn by men in the African Great Lakes region.
:* [[kikoi]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|kikoi}}''. A traditional rectangle of woven cloth originating from eastern Africa.
:* [[kgosi]] – from [[ISO_639:tn|Tswana]] ''{{wt|tn|kgosi}}''. A tribal chief among the Tswana people of southern Africa.
:* [[kgotla]] – from Tswana ''{{wt|tn|kgotla}}''. Any of several types of public meetings in a Botswana village, especially involving a gathering of tribal elders; also the place where such a meeting is held.
:* [[kongoni]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|kongoni}}'' ("gnu; hartebeest; topi") A type of hartebeest from East Africa.
:* [[kwacha]] – from [[Chichewa]] ''{{wt|ny|kwacha}}'' ("it has dawned"). The name of the currency of Malawi and Zambia.
:* [[lobola]] – from Xhosa, Zulu ''{{wt|zu|lobola}}''. The bride price among certain Bantu peoples of South Africa.
:* [[mandazi]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|mandaazi}}''. A form of fried bread from eastern Africa.
:* [[makoro]] – from Tswana ''{{wt|tn|makoro}}''. A dugout canoe, especially as used in the Okavango Swamps of Botswana.
:* [[mamba]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|imamba}}''. Any of various venomous snakes of the genus ''Dendroaspis'', native to Africa, that live in trees.
:* [[matatu]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|matutu}}'' ("three"), based on the original price of three shillings. A privately-owned minibus serving as share taxis.
:* [[mbube (genre)|mbube]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|umbube}}'' ("lion"). A style of a cappella choral music originating among the Zulus of South Africa.
:* [[mganga]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|mganga}}''. An African witch doctor.
:* [[miraa]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|miraa}}''. Khat.
:* [[mopane]] – from Tswana ''{{wt|tn|mopane}}''. A tree, ''Colophospermum mopane'', native to southern Africa.
:* [[Dalbergia melanoxylon|mpingo]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|mpingo}}'' ("ebony tree"}. A small African tree in the family Fabaceae.
:* [[muti]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|umuthi}}''. ("tree, wood, medicine"). Traditional Southern African medicine.
:* [[mwenge bigere|mwenge]] – from Luganda ''{{wt|lu|omwenge}}''. An alcoholic drink of Uganda, made with fermented bananas and sorghum.
:* [[mvule]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|mvule}}''. A tropical African tree yielding iroko wood.
:* [[mzee]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|mzee}}''. An honorific for elders.
:* [[mzungu]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|mzungu}}'' ("wanderer"). A white person in East Africa.
:* [[pombe beer|pombe]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|pombe}}''. Millet beer.
:* [[posho]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|posho}}'' ("rations"), itself from English ''{{wt|en|portion}}''. A food product made of cornmeal.
:* [[Botswana pula|pula]] – from Tswana, [[Sepedi|Northern Sotho]], Sotho ''{{wt|st|pula}}''. Rain. Also: the currency of Botswana.
:* [[rungu (weapon)|rungu]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|rungu}}''. A wooden throwing club or baton used in certain East African tribal cultures.
:* [[sangoma]] – from Zulu ''{{wt|zu|isangoma}}''. A South African witch doctor, traditional herbalist, or traditional healer.
:* [[safari]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|safari}}'' ("journey"), from Arabic. A trip into any undeveloped area to see, photograph or hunt wild animals in their own environment.
:* [[shetani]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|shetani}}''. An evil spirit from East African mythology, often the subject of artwork.
:* [[shifta]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|shifta}}''. An outlaw, especially in Eastern Africa.
:* [[shilingi]] – from Swahili ''{{wt|sw|shilingi}}'', itself from English ''{{wt|en|shilling}}''.
:* [[tilapia]] – a latinization of Tswana ''{{wt|tn|tlhapi}}'' ("fish"). Any of various edible fish, of the genus ''Tilapia'', native to Africa and the Middle East but naturalized worldwide.
:* [[Botswana thebe|thebe]] – from Tswana ''{{wt|tn|thebe}}'' ("shield"). 1/100 of a [[Botswana pula]], the currency of Botswana.
:* [[tsetse]] – from Tswana ''{{wt|tn|tsêtsê}}''. Any fly of the genus ''Glossina'', native to Africa, that feeds on human and animal blood; known primarily as a carrier of parasitic trypanosomes.
:* [[ubuntu]] – from Xhosa, Zulu ''{{wt|zu|ubuntu}}''. A South African ideology focusing on people's allegiances and relations with each other.
:* [[chigger]] – from earlier ''{{wt|en|chigoe}}'', possibly from Yoruba or Wolof {{lang|wo|jiga}} ("insect"). A small tropical flea.<ref name="chigger"/>
* [[oyinbo]] – from Nigerian Pidgin ''{{wt|pcm|oyinbo}}'', from a Yoruba word literally meaning "peeled-off skin". A white person.
- Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2018 April 12
*'''Keep''' per {{u|Headbomb}}, and necessary because of the archaic use of {{wt|en|brachium}}. --[[User:Tom (LT)|Tom (LT)]] ([[User talk:Tom (LT)|talk]]) 11:15, 19 April 2018 (UTC)
- Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2018 May 7
- Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bo (surname)
::*{{Small|''{{wt|it|boh|Boh}}'', so three more added. '''[[User:Sam Sailor|Sam]] [[User talk:Sam Sailor|Sailor]]''' 14:13, 11 May 2018 (UTC)}}
- Template:Infobox tract
- Template:Infobox tract/doc
| The point at which this tract or pathway {{wt|en|decussates}}.
- CD28 family receptor
Some cancer cells evade destruction by the immune system through an {{wt|en|overexpression}} of B7 ligands that bind to inhibitory CD28 family member receptors on immune cells.<ref name="Leung_2014" /> [[Antibodies]] directed against CD28 family members [[CTLA-4]], [[PD-1]], or their B7 ligands function as [[checkpoint inhibitor]]s to overcome tumor [[immune tolerance]] and are clinically used in [[cancer immunotherapy]].<ref name="Leung_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leung J, Suh WK | title = The CD28-B7 Family in Anti-Tumor Immunity: Emerging Concepts in Cancer Immunotherapy | journal = Immune Network | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 265–76 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25550693 | pmc = 4275384 | doi = 10.4110/in.2014.14.6.265 }}</ref>
- User:Arixatos/sandbox
The concepts and vocabulary from which ''vulgare latinum'' descend were known in the classical period and are to be found amply represented in the unabridged Latin dictionary, starting in the late Roman republic. [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]], a prolific writer, whose works have survived in large quantity, and who serves as a standard of Latin, and his contemporaries in addition to recognizing the ''lingua Latina'' also knew varieties of "speech" under the name ''{{wt|la|sermo}}''. Latin could be ''sermo Latinus'', but in addition was a variety known as ''sermo vulgaris'', ''sermo vulgi'', ''sermo plebeius'' and ''sermo quotidianus''. These modifiers inform post-classical readers that a conversational Latin existed, which was used by the masses (''{{wt|la|vulgus}}'') in daily speaking (''{{wt|la|quotidianus}}'') and was perceived as lower-class (''{{wt|la|plebeius}}'').
These vocabulary items manifest no opposition to the written language. There was an opposition to higher-class, or family Latin (good family) in ''sermo familiaris'' and very rarely literature might be termed ''sermo nobilis''. The supposed "sermo classicus" is a scholarly fiction unattested in the dictionary. All kinds of ''sermo'' were spoken only, not written. If one wanted to refer to what in post-classical times was called classical Latin one resorted to the concept of ''{{wt|la|latinitas}}'' ("latinity") or ''{{wt|la|latine}}'' (adverb).
If one spoke in the ''lingua'' or ''sermo Latinus'' one merely spoke Latin, but if one spoke ''{{wt|la|latine}}'' or ''{{wt|la|latinius}}'' ("more Latinish") one spoke good Latin, and formal Latin had ''{{wt|la|Latinitas|latinitas}}'', the quality of good Latin, about it. After the fall of the empire and the transformation of spoken Latin into the early Romance languages the only representative of the Latin language was written Latin, which became known as ''classicus'', "classy" Latin. The original opposition was between formal or implied good Latin and informal or 俗ラテン語. The spoken/written dichotomy is entirely philological.
Definite articles evolved from demonstrative [[pronoun]]s or [[adjective]]s (an analogous development is found in many Indo-European languages, including [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] and [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]); compare the fate of the Latin [[demonstrative adjective]] ''{{wt|la|ille}}, {{wt|la|illa}}, {{wt|la|illud}}'' "that", in the [[Romance languages]], becoming French ''{{wt|fr|le}}'' and ''{{wt|fr|la}}'' (古フランス語 ''li'', ''lo'', ''la''), Catalan and Spanish ''{{wt|es|el}}'', ''{{wt|es|la}}'' and ''{{wt|es|lo}}'', Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|o}}'' and ''{{wt|pt|a}}'' (elision of -l- is a common feature of Portuguese), and Italian ''{{wt|it|il}}'', ''{{wt|it|lo}}'' and ''{{wt|it|la}}''. Sardinian went its own way here also, forming its article from ''{{wt|la|ipse}}, {{wt|la|ipsa}}'' "this" (''su, sa''); some Catalan and Occitan dialects have articles from the same source. While most of the Romance languages put the article before the noun, Romanian has its own way, by putting the article after the noun, e.g. ''lupul'' ("the wolf" – from *''lupum illum'') and ''omul'' ("the man" – ''*homo illum''),<ref name="Vincent" /> possibly a result of its membership in the [[Balkan sprachbund]].
Another indication of the weakening of the demonstratives can be inferred from the fact that at this time, legal and similar texts begin to swarm with ''{{wt|la|praedictus}}'', ''{{wt|la|supradictus}}'', and so forth (all meaning, essentially, "aforesaid"), which seem to mean little more than "this" or "that". Gregory of Tours writes, ''Erat autem... beatissimus Anianus in supradicta civitate episcopus'' ("Blessed Anianus was bishop in that city.") The original Latin demonstrative adjectives were no longer felt to be strong or specific enough.<ref name="Harrington" />
In less formal speech, reconstructed forms suggest that the inherited Latin demonstratives were made more forceful by being compounded with ''{{wt|la|ecce}}'' (originally an [[interjection]]: "behold!"), which also spawned Italian ''{{wt|it|ecco}}'' through ''{{wt|la|eccum}}'', a contracted form of ''ecce eum''. This is the origin of 古フランス語 ''{{wt|fro|cil}}'' (*''ecce ille''), ''{{wt|fro|cist}}'' (*''ecce iste'') and ''{{wt|fro|ici}}'' (*''ecce hic''); Italian ''{{wt|it|questo}}'' (*''eccum istum''), ''{{wt|it|quello}}'' (*''eccum illum'') and (now mainly Tuscan) ''{{wt|it|codesto}}'' (*''eccum tibi istum''), as well as ''{{wt|it|qui}}'' (*''eccu hic''), ''{{wt|it|qua}}'' (*''eccum hac''); Spanish ''{{wt|es|aquel}}'' and Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|aquele}}'' (*''eccum ille''); Spanish ''{{wt|es|acá}}'' and Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|cá}}'' (*''eccum hac''); Spanish ''{{wt|es|aquí}}'' and Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|aqui}}'' (*''eccum hic''); Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|acolá}}'' (*''eccum illac'') and ''{{wt|pt|aquém}}'' (*''eccum inde''); Romanian ''{{wt|ro|acest}}'' (*''ecce iste'') and ''{{wt|ro|acela}}'' (*''ecce ille''), and many other forms.
The numeral ''{{wt|la|unus}}, una'' (one) supplies the [[indefinite article]] in all cases (again, this is a common semantic development across Europe). This is anticipated in Classical Latin; [[Cicero]] writes ''cum uno gladiatore nequissimo'' ("with a most immoral gladiator"). This suggests that ''unus'' was beginning to supplant ''{{wt|la|quidam}}'' in the meaning of "a certain" or "some" by the 1st century BC.{{Dubious|date=May 2009}}
| {{wt|la|altus}} || altum || alta || altī || alta || altae
In [[Petronius]]' work, one can find ''balneus'' for {{wt|la|balneum}} ("bath"), ''fatus'' for ''{{wt|la|fatum}}'' ("fate"), ''caelus'' for ''{{wt|la|caelum}}'' ("heaven"), ''amphitheater'' for ''{{wt|la|amphitheatrum}}'' ("amphitheatre"), ''vinus'' for ''{{wt|la|vinum}}'' ("wine"), and conversely, ''thesaurum'' for ''{{wt|la|thesaurus}}'' ("treasure"). Most of these forms occur in the speech of one man: Trimalchion, an uneducated, Greek (i.e., foreign) [[freedman]].
In modern Romance languages, the 主格 ''s''-ending has been largely abandoned, and all substantives of the ''o''-declension have an ending derived from ''-um'': ''-u'', ''-o'', or ''-Ø''. E.g., 男性 ''{{wt|la|murum}}'' ("wall"), and 中性 ''{{wt|la|caelum}}'' ("sky") have evolved to: Italian ''{{wt|it|muro}}'', ''{{wt|it|cielo}}''; Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|muro}}'', ''{{wt|pt|céu}}''; Spanish ''{{wt|es|muro}}'', ''{{wt|es|cielo}}'', Catalan ''{{wt|ca|mur}}'', ''{{wt|ca|cel}}''; Romanian ''{{wt|ro|mur}}'', ''cieru>{{wt|ro|cer}}''; French ''{{wt|fr|mur}}'', ''{{wt|fr|ciel}}''. However, 古フランス語 still had ''-s'' in the 主格 and ''-Ø'' in the 対格 in both words: ''murs'', ''ciels'' [主格] – ''mur'', ''ciel'' [oblique].<ref>In a few isolated 男性 nouns, the ''s'' has been either preserved or reinstated in the modern languages, for example FILIUS ("son") > French ''{{wt|fr|fils}}'', [[deus|DEUS]] ("god") > Spanish ''{{wt|es|dios}}'' and Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|deus}}'', and particularly in proper names: Spanish ''Carlos'', ''Marcos'', in the conservative orthography of French ''Jacques'', ''Charles'', ''Jules'', etc. (Menéndez Pidal 1968, p. 208; [http://monsu.desiderio.free.fr/curiosites/cassujet.html Survivances du cas sujet])</ref>
For some 中性 nouns of the third declension, the oblique stem became the productive; for others, the 主格/対格 form, which was identical in Classical Latin. Evidence suggests that the 中性 gender was under pressure well back into the imperial period. French ''(le) {{wt|fr|lait}}'', Catalan ''(la) {{wt|ca|llet}}'', Spanish ''(la) {{wt|es|leche}}'', Portuguese ''(o) {{wt|pt|leite}}'', Italian language ''(il) {{wt|it|latte}}'', [[Leonese language|Leonese]] ''(el) lleche'' and Romanian ''{{wt|ro|lapte}}(le)'' ("milk"), all derive from the non-standard but attested Latin 主格/対格 中性 ''{{wt|la|lacte}}'' or 対格 男性 ''{{wt|la|lactem}}''.
Note also that in Spanish the word became 女性, while in French, Portuguese and Italian it became 男性 (in Romanian it remained 中性, ''{{wt|ro|lapte}}/lăpturi''). Other 中性 forms, however, were preserved in Romance; Catalan and French ''{{wt|fr|nom}}'', Leonese, Portuguese and Italian ''{{wt|it|nome}}'', Romanian ''{{wt|ro|nume}}'' ("name") all preserve the Latin 主格/対格 ''nomen'', rather than the oblique stem form *''nominem'' (which nevertheless produced Spanish ''{{wt|es|nombre}}'').<ref name="Vincent" />
| ''{{wt|it|giardino|giardin<u>o</u>}}'' || ''giardin<u>i</u>'' || ''{{wt|it|buono|buon<u>o</u>}}'' || ''buon<u>i</u>''
| ''{{wt|it|donna|donn<u>a</u>}}'' || ''donn<u>e</u>'' || ''{{wt|it|buona|buon<u>a</u>}}'' || ''buon<u>e</u>''
| ''{{wt|it|uovo|uov<u>o</u>}}'' || ''uov<u>a</u>'' || ''{{wt|it|buono|buon<u>o</u>}}'' || ''buon<u>e</u>''
Most 中性 nouns had 複数 forms ending in <small>-A</small> or <small>-IA</small>; some of these were reanalysed as 女性 singulars, such as ''{{wt|la|gaudium}}'' ("joy"), 複数 ''gaudia''; the 複数 form lies at the root of the French 女性 単数 ''(la) {{wt|fr|joie}}'', as well as of Catalan and Occitan ''(la) {{wt|oc|joia}}'' (Italian ''la {{wt|it|gioia}}'' is a borrowing from French); the same for ''{{wt|la|lignum}}'' ("wood stick"), 複数 ''ligna'', that originated the Catalan 女性 単数 noun ''(la) {{wt|ca|llenya}}'', and Spanish ''(la) {{wt|es|leña}}''. Some Romance languages still have a special form derived from the ancient 中性 複数 which is treated grammatically as 女性: e.g., <small>{{wt|la|bracchium|BRACCHIUM}} : BRACCHIA</small> "arm(s)" → Italian ''(il) {{wt|it|braccio}}'' : ''(le) braccia'', Romanian ''{{wt|ro|braț|braț(ul)}}'' : ''brațe(le)''. Cf. also [[Merovingian]] Latin ''ipsa animalia aliquas mortas fuerant''.
Alternations in Italian [[heteroclitic]] nouns such as ''l'uovo fresco'' ("the fresh egg") / ''le uova fresche'' ("the fresh eggs") are usually analysed as 男性 in the 単数 and 女性 in the 複数, with an irregular 複数 in ''-a''. However, it is also consistent with their historical development to say that ''{{wt|it|uovo}}'' is simply a regular 中性 noun (''{{wt|la|ovum}}'', 複数 ''ova'') and that the characteristic ending for words agreeing with these nouns is ''-o'' in the 単数 and ''-e'' in the 複数. The same alternation in gender exists in certain Romanian nouns, but is considered regular as it is more common than in Italian. Thus, a relict 中性 gender can arguably be said to persist in Italian and Romanian.
In Portuguese, traces of the 中性 複数 can be found in collective formations and words meant to inform a bigger size or sturdiness. Thus, one can use ''{{wt|pt|ovo}}/ovos'' ("egg/eggs") and ''{{wt|pt|ova}}/ovas'' ("roe", "a collection of eggs"), ''{{wt|pt|bordo}}/bordos'' ("section(s) of an edge") and ''{{wt|pt|borda}}/bordas'' ("edge/edges"), ''{{wt|pt|saco}}/sacos'' ("bag/bags") and ''{{wt|pt|saca}}/sacas'' ("sack/sacks"), ''{{wt|pt|manto}}/mantos'' ("cloak/cloaks") and ''{{wt|pt|manta}}/mantas'' ("blanket/blankets"). Other times, it resulted in words whose gender may be changed more or less arbitrarily, like ''{{wt|pt|fruto}}/{{wt|pt|fruta}}'' ("fruit"), ''{{wt|pt|caldo}}/{{wt|pt|calda}}'' (broth"), etc.
These formations were especially common when they could be used to avoid irregular forms. In Latin, the names of trees were usually 女性, but many were declined in the second declension paradigm, which was dominated by 男性 or 中性 nouns. Latin ''{{wt|la|pirus}}'' ("[[pear]] tree"), a 女性 noun with a 男性-looking ending, became 男性 in Italian ''(il) {{wt|it|pero}}'' and Romanian ''{{wt|ro|păr|păr(ul)}}''; in French and Spanish it was replaced by the 男性 derivations ''(le) {{wt|fr|poirier}}'', ''(el) {{wt|es|peral}}''; and in Portuguese and Catalan by the 女性 derivations ''(a) {{wt|pt|pereira}}'', ''(la) {{wt|ca|perera}}''.
As usual, irregularities persisted longest in frequently used forms. From the fourth declension noun ''manus'' ("hand"), another 女性 noun with the ending ''-us'', Italian and Spanish derived ''(la) {{wt|es|mano}}'', Romanian ''mânu>{{wt|ro|mâna}}'' pl (reg.)''mânule/{{wt|ro|mânuri}}'', Catalan ''(la) {{wt|ca|mà}}'', and Portuguese ''(a) {{wt|pt|mão}}'', which preserve the 女性 gender along with the 男性 appearance.
Except for the Italian and Romanian heteroclitic nouns, other major Romance languages have no trace of 中性 nouns, but still have 中性 pronouns. French ''{{wt|fr|celui-ci}} / {{wt|fr|celle-ci}} / {{wt|fr|ceci}}'' ("this"), Spanish ''{{wt|es|éste}} / {{wt|es|ésta}} / {{wt|es|esto}}'' ("this"), Italian: ''{{wt|it|gli}} / {{wt|it|le}} / {{wt|it|ci}}'' ("to him" /"to her" / "to it"), Catalan: ''{{wt|ca|ho}}'', ''{{wt|ca|açò}}'', ''{{wt|ca|això}}'', ''{{wt|ca|allò}}'' ("it" / ''this'' / ''this-that'' / ''that over there''); Portuguese: ''{{wt|pt|todo}} / {{wt|pt|toda}} / {{wt|pt|tudo}}'' ("all of him" / "all of her" / "all of it").
In Spanish, a three-way contrast is also made with the definite articles ''{{wt|es|el}}'', ''{{wt|es|la}}'', and ''{{wt|es|lo}}''. The last is used with nouns denoting abstract categories: ''lo bueno'', literally "that which is good", from ''{{wt|es|bueno}}'': good.
The '''[[属格 case]]''' died out around the 3rd century AD, according to [[Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke|Meyer-Lübke]], and began to be replaced by {{smallcaps|de}} + noun as early as the 2nd century BC{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}. Exceptions of remaining 属格 forms are some pronouns, many fossilized combinations like sayings, some proper names, and certain terms related to the church. For example, French ''{{wt|fr|jeudi}}'' ("Thursday") < 古フランス語 ''juesdi'' < 俗ラテン語 {{smallcaps|{{wt|la|diēs Iovis|jovis diēs}}}}; Spanish ''es {{wt|es|menester}}'' ("it is necessary") < {{smallcaps|est {{wt|la|ministeri}}}}; terms like {{smallcaps|angelorum}}, {{smallcaps|paganorum}}; and Italian ''{{wt|it|terremoto}}'' ("earthquake") < {{smallcaps|{{wt|la|terraemotus|terrae motu}}}} as well as names like ''Paoli'', ''Pieri''.{{sfn|Grandgent|Moll|1991|p=82}}
Loss of a productive noun case system meant that the [[syntax|syntactic]] purposes it formerly served now had to be performed by [[preposition]]s and other paraphrases. These particles increased in number, and many new ones were formed by compounding old ones. The descendant Romance languages are full of grammatical particles such as Spanish ''{{wt|es|donde}}'', "where", from Latin ''{{wt|la|de}}'' + ''{{wt|la|unde}}'', or French ''{{wt|fr|dès}}'', "since", from ''{{wt|la|de}}'' + ''{{wt|la|ex}}'', while the equivalent Spanish and Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|desde}}'' is ''de'' + ''ex'' + ''de''. Spanish ''{{wt|es|después}}'' and Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|depois}}'', "after", represent ''de'' + ''ex'' + ''{{wt|la|post}}''.
Some of these new compounds appear in literary texts during the late empire; French ''{{wt|fr|dehors}}'', Spanish ''de {{wt|es|fuera}}'' and Portuguese ''de {{wt|pt|fora}}'' ("outside") all represent ''de'' + ''{{wt|la|foris}}'' (Romanian ''{{wt|ro|afară}}'' – ''ad'' + ''foris''), and we find [[Jerome]] writing ''stulti, nonne qui fecit, quod de foris est, etiam id, quod de intus est fecit?'' (Luke 11.40: "ye fools, did not he, that made which is without, make that which is within also?"). In some cases, compounds were created by combining a large number of particles, such as the Romanian ''{{wt|ro|adineauri}}'' ("just recently") from ''ad'' + ''de'' + ''in'' + ''illa'' + ''hora''.<ref>Romanian Explanatory Dictionary ([http://dexonline.ro/definitie/adineauri DEXOnline.ro])</ref>
Classical Latin had a number of different suffixes that made [[adverb]]s from [[adjective]]s: ''{{wt|la|cārus}}'', "dear", formed ''{{wt|la|cārē}}'', "dearly"; ''{{wt|la|ācriter}}'', "fiercely", from ''{{wt|la|ācer}}''; ''{{wt|la|crēbrō}}'', "often", from ''{{wt|la|crēber}}''. All of these derivational suffixes were lost in 俗ラテン語, where adverbs were invariably formed by a feminine [[奪格 case|奪格]] form modifying ''{{wt|la|mente}}'', which was originally the 奪格 of ''mēns'', and so meant "with a ... mind". So ''{{wt|la|vēlōx}}'' ("quick") instead of ''{{wt|la|vēlōciter}}'' ("quickly") gave ''veloci mente'' (originally "with a quick mind", "quick-mindedly")
This explains the widespread rule for forming adverbs in many Romance languages: add the suffix -''ment(e)'' to the feminine form of the adjective. The development illustrates a textbook case of [[grammaticalization]] in which an autonomous form, the noun meaning 'mind', while still in free lexical use in e.g. Italian ''venire in mente'' 'come to mind', becomes a productive suffix for forming adverbs in Romance such as Italian ''{{wt|it|chiaramente}}'', Spanish ''{{wt|es|claramente}}'' 'clearly', with both its source and its meaning opaque in that usage other than as adverb formant.
Another major systemic change was to the [[future tense]], remodelled in 俗ラテン語 with [[auxiliary verbs]]. A new future was originally formed with the auxiliary verb ''{{wt|la|habere}}'', *''amare habeo'', literally "to love I have" (cf. English "I have to love", which has shades of a future meaning). This was contracted into a new future suffix in Western Romance forms, which can be seen in the following modern examples of "I will love":
Apart from the grammatical and phonetic developments there were many cases of verbs merging as complex subtleties in Latin were reduced to simplified verbs in Romance. A classic example of this are the verbs expressing the concept "to go". Consider three particular verbs in Classical Latin expressing concepts of "going": ''{{wt|la|ire}}'', ''{{wt|la|vadere}}'', and *''ambitare''. In Spanish and Portuguese ''ire'' and ''vadere'' merged into the verb ''ir'', which derives some conjugated forms from ''ire'' and some from ''vadere''. ''andar'' was maintained as a separate verb derived from ''ambitare''.
Italian instead merged ''vadere'' and ''ambitare'' into the verb ''{{wt|it|andare}}''. At the extreme French merged three Latin verbs with, for example, the present tense deriving from ''vadere'' and another verb ''ambulare'' (or something like it) and the future tense deriving from ''ire''.
Similarly the Romance distinction between the Romance verbs for "to be", ''{{wt|la|essere}}'' and ''{{wt|la|stare}}'', was lost in French as these merged into the verb ''{{wt|fr|être}}''. In Italian, the verb ''{{wt|it|essere}}'' inherited both Romance meanings of "being essentially" and "being temporarily of the quality of", while ''{{wt|it|stare}}'' specialized into a verb denoting location or dwelling, or state of health.
The [[copula (linguistics)|copula]] (that is, the verb signifying "to be") of Classical Latin was ''{{wt|la|esse}}''. This evolved to *''essere'' in 俗ラテン語 by attaching the common infinitive suffix ''-re'' to the classical infinitive; this produced Italian ''{{wt|it|essere}}'' and French ''{{wt|fr|être}}'' through Proto-Gallo-Romance *''essre'' and 古フランス語 ''{{wt|fro|estre}}'' as well as Spanish and Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|ser}}'' (Romanian ''a {{wt|ro|fi}}'' derives from ''fieri'', which means "to become").
In 俗ラテン語 a second copula developed utilizing the verb ''{{wt|la|stare}}'', which originally meant (and is cognate with) "to stand", to denote a more temporary meaning. That is, *''essere'' signified the ''esse''nce, while ''stare'' signified the ''state.'' ''Stare'' evolved to Spanish and Portuguese ''{{wt|pt|estar}}'' and 古フランス語 ''{{wt|fro|ester}}'' (both through *''estare''), while Italian and Romanian retained the original form.
- Talk:BMW/Archive 3
***You will find many editors who either reject dictionaries entirely, or consider them less reliable than other types of sources, due to [[WP:NOTDICTIONARY]]. To give one example, see Evergreen's comment at [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard#Tranny]].<P>More importantly, and I can't emphasize this enough: this is not about whether bimmer or beemer is "correct". The answer to that question is not encyclopedic, per [[WP:NOTDICT]], and is of vanishingly small relevance, per [[WP:WEIGHT]]. This about the weight sources give to ''the fact that BMW fans care'' about which is "correct". The point of this is to inform readers that this is a signifier of BMW subculture. Just like Air Force people care about whether you say "flight deck" or "cockpit" or Navy people care about whether you call an "aviator" a "pilot". Army sergeants don't like being called "sir", Air Force sergeants expect to be called "sir". Which is correct? We don't care. The fact that ''they'' care is what we are writing about. Over at {{wt|en|beemer}} and {{wt|en|bimmer}} you can has out that debate, but the encyclopedic question is "what does this say about BMW culture?". You won't find much cultural information in any dictionary, because ditionaries aren't long-form treatises on culture. The sources we have for that are books, journals, magazines, feature articles in newspapers, and similar long-form media. --[[User:Dennis Bratland|Dennis Bratland]] ([[User talk:Dennis Bratland|talk]]) 23:15, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
- EETAA 722
| nickname = {{wt|en|arpète}}
Students are aged from 16 to 18 and are nicknamed "{{wt|En|arpète}}s”. They follow a rigorous training program for either the [[Baccalauréat|Baccalaureate]] or the certificate of professional aptitude ([[National Classification of Levels of Training|CAP]], level V in National classification of levels of training (1969)).
- Cumsingmoon
|t={{wt|zh|金星}}{{wt|zh|門}}{{wt|zh|港}}
- Rhododendron orbiculare
'''''Rhododendron orbiculare''''', the '''round-leaved rhododendron'''<ref name = RHSPF/> ({{lang-zh|s={{wt|zh|团叶}}{{wt|zh|杜鹃}}|p=tuányè dùjuān<!-- tones added based on Wiktionary -->}}),<ref name=FoC>{{eFloras|2|200016510|Rhododendron orbiculare |volume=14 |first1=Fang |last1=Mingyuan |first2=David F. |last2=Chamberlain |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the heath family Ericaceae that is native to forests and slopes at an elevation of {{convert|1400-3500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in northeastern [[Guangxi]] and southwestern [[Sichuan]], China. It is a compact [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] growing to {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and broad, with matt-textured round leaves and trusses of deep pink flowers in spring.<ref name = RHSPF/>
- Rhododendron pachysanthum
'''''Rhododendron pachysanthum''''' ({{lang-zh|s={{wt|zh|台湾}}{{wt|zh|山地}}{{wt|zh|杜鹃}}|p=Táiwān shāndì dùjuān}}),<ref name=FoC>{{eFloras|2|242344269|Rhododendron pachysanthum|volume=14|first1=Fang|last1=Mingyuan|first2=David F.|last2=Chamberlain|accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref> the '''thick-flowered rhododendron''',<ref name = RHSPF/> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Ericaceae|heath family]] that is native to Taiwan. It is an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] growing to {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and broad. This species is particularly noted for its {{convert|9 |cm|in|abbr=on}} leaves, which may be heavily felted on both surfaces, red above and brown beneath. In early spring, trusses of pale pink flowers appear, spotted crimson on the inner surface.<ref name = RHSPF/>
- Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum
'''''Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum''''' ({{lang-zh|s={{wt|zh|阿里山}}{{wt|zh|杜鹃}}|p=Ālǐshān dùjuān|l=[[Alishan, Chiayi|Alishan]] azalea}}),<ref name=FoC>{{eFloras|2|242344350|Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum |volume=14 |first1=Fang |last1=Mingyuan |first2=David F. |last2=Chamberlain |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref> the '''false-gold-flower rhododendron''',<ref name = RHSPF/> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Ericaceae|heath family]], native to Taiwan. It is a low-growing [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] growing to {{convert|2.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and broad. In spring, trusses of pink buds appear, opening to pale pink flowers spotted with deeper pink on the inner surface.<ref name = RHSPF/>
- Rhododendron racemosum
'''''Rhododendron racemosum''''', the '''racemose rhododendron'''<ref name = RHSPF/> ({{lang-zh|s={{wt|zh|腋}}{{wt|zh|花}}{{wt|zh|杜鹃}}|p=yèhuā dùjuān}}),<ref name=FoC>{{eFloras|2|200016538|Rhododendron racemosum|volume=14 |last1=Fang |first1=Ruizheng |first2=David F. |last2=Chamberlain |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Ericaceae|heath family]], native to forest and grassland at {{cvt|1500-3500|m|ft}} in northwestern [[Guizhou]], southwestern [[Sichuan]], and [[Yunnan]], China.<ref name = FoC/>
- Rhododendron williamsianum
'''''Rhododendron williamsianum''''' ({{lang-zh|s={{wt|zh|圆}}{{wt|zh|叶}}{{wt|zh|杜鹃}}|p=yuányè dùjuān}}),<ref name=FoC>{{eFloras|2|200016612|Rhododendron williamsianum|volume=14 |last1=Fang |first1=Mingyuan |first2=David F. |last2=Chamberlain |accessdate=7 October 2018}}</ref> the '''Williams rhododendron''',<ref name = RHSPF/> is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the heath family Ericaceae. It is native to forested slopes at {{convert| 1800-2800|m|ft|abbr=on}} in western [[Guizhou]], southwestern [[Sichuan]], southeastern [[Xizang]] and northeastern [[Yunnan]] in southern and western China.
- User talk:Fish and karate/Archive 32
:::"Okay for inclusion" does ''not'' mean "must be included". As well as a policy/guideline bar, there's also an 'encyclopedic value' bar. See [[Wikipedia:Relevance of content]] or [[Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information]]. If there's no strong policy or guideline advocating one way or the other, then yes it does boil down to voting ({{wt|en|head counting}} means the same thing). <u style="text-decoration:none;font:1.1em/1em Arial Black;letter-spacing:-0.09em">[[User:Fish and karate|<u style="text-decoration:none;color:#38a">Fish</u>]]+[[User_talk:Fish and karate|<u style="text-decoration:none;color:#B44">Karate</u>]]</u> 11:03, 15 June 2018 (UTC)
- Help talk:IPA/Turkish
:It seems that what you're referring to by {{angbr IPA|ʎ}} is what this guide and most sources transcribe as {{angbr IPA|l}}, and your {{angbr IPA|l}} is our {{angbr IPA|ɫ}}. As [[Turkish phonology]] describes, /l/ is palatalized postalveolar (= [[alveolo-palatal]]) and /ɫ/ is velarized dental. Wiktionary's transcriptions of ''{{wt|tr|alkol}}, {{wt|tr|gol}}, {{wt|tr|yol}}'' confirm this. While {{angbr IPA|ʎ}} may indeed be preferable to {{angbr IPA|l}} from a cross-linguistic point of view, literature as far as I've looked prefers {{angbr IPA|l}}, so I would be circumspect about using {{angbr IPA|ʎ}} unless there are sources that use it. [[User:Nardog|Nardog]] ([[User talk:Nardog|talk]]) 15:19, 21 April 2020 (UTC)
- Moral progress
Moral progress in societies leads to moral progress in individual beliefs throughout said society.{{clarify|date=December 2019}}<ref name="mmma" /> Understanding morality is also not required, once governments decide to implement moral progress notions, and do so through various incentives.<ref name="mmma" /> This can lead to the faster progress in moral progress in practices than in the moral progress in beliefs; in other words, with external pressures, individuals and organizations may behave better not because of their inherent beliefs, but because of considerations of social {{wt|en|expediency}} and [[enlightened self-interest]].<ref name="mmma" /> Buchanan differentiates between improvements from a moral point of view, which are caused by external factors, some possibly independent of human motivation and agency, and genuine moral progress. However, he notes that the former generally leads to the later anyway.<ref name="Buchanan2018-472">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ExYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=The Evolution of Moral Progress: A Biocultural Theory |first=Allen E. |last=Buchanan |authorlink=Allen Buchanan |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-086841-3|page=51}}</ref>
- User:TypographyFixer/sandbox
The use of contractions is not allowed in any form of standard [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] spelling; however, it is fairly common to shorten or contract words in spoken language. Yet, the commonness varies from dialect to dialect and from sociolect to sociolect—it depends on the formality etc. of the setting. Some common, and quite drastic, contractions found in Norwegian speech are "jakke" for "jeg har ikke", meaning "I do not have" and "dække" for "det er ikke", meaning "there is not". The most frequently used of these contractions—usually consisting of two or three words contracted into one word, contain short, common and often [[Syllable|monosyllabic]] words like {{wt|nb|jeg}}, {{wt|nb|du}}, {{wt|nb|deg}}, {{wt|nb|det}}, {{wt|nb|har}} or {{wt|nb|ikke}}. The use of the apostrophe (') is much less common than in English, but is sometimes used in contractions to show where letters have been dropped.
In extreme cases, long, entire sentences may be written as one word. An example of this is "Det ordner seg av seg selv" in standard written [[Bokmål]], meaning "It will sort itself out" could become "dånesæsæsjæl" (note the letters [[Å]] and [[Æ]], and the word "sjæl", as an [[eye dialect]] spelling of {{wt|nb|selv}}). [[R-dropping]], being present in the example, is especially common in speech in many areas of Norway {{which|date=March 2018}}, but plays out in different ways, as does elision of word-final phonemes like {{IPA|/ə/}}.
The use of contractions is not allowed in any form of standard [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] spelling; however, it is fairly common to shorten or contract words in spoken language. Yet, the commonness varies from dialect to dialect and from sociolect to sociolect—it depends on the formality etc. of the setting. Some common, and quite drastic, contractions found in Norwegian speech are "jakke" for "jeg har ikke", meaning "I do not have" and "dække" for "det er ikke", meaning "there is not". The most frequently used of these contractions—usually consisting of two or three words contracted into one word, contain short, common and often [[Syllable|monosyllabic]] words like {{wt|nb|jeg}}, {{wt|nb|du}}, {{wt|nb|deg}}, {{wt|nb|det}}, {{wt|nb|har}} or {{wt|nb|ikke}}. The use of the apostrophe (') is much less common than in English, but is sometimes used in contractions to show where letters have been dropped.
In extreme cases, long, entire sentences may be written as one word. An example of this is "Det ordner seg av seg selv" in standard written [[Bokmål]], meaning "It will sort itself out" could become "dånesæsæsjæl" (note the letters [[Å]] and [[Æ]], and the word "sjæl", as an [[eye dialect]] spelling of {{wt|nb|selv}}). [[R-dropping]], being present in the example, is especially common in speech in many areas of Norway {{which|date=March 2018}}, but plays out in different ways, as does elision of word-final phonemes like {{IPA|/ə/}}.
- Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Formula One/Archive 52
Is there any particular consensus on whether to use {{wt|en|debut}} or {{wt|en|début}}? This doesn't seem consistent across the project.<br>'''[[User:5225C|5225<sub>C</sub>]]''' ([[User_talk:5225C|talk]]) 11:30, 17 February 2020 (UTC)
User:Julia/sandbox/English words of Asian origin
* [[camel]] – ultimately from ''{{wt|sem-pro|*gamal-}}'' ("camel") via [[Ancient Greek]] via [[Latin]] via [[Old French]]. A beast of burden, much used in desert areas, of the genus ''Camelus''.
* {{wt|en|argaman}} – from {{wt|akk|𒅈𒂵𒌋𒌋𒉡}} ({{transl|ak|argamannu}}, "red purple") via [[Hebrew]]. A purple dye.
* {{anchor|canal}} [[canal]] – from {{wt|akk|𒄀}} ({{transl|akk|qanû}}, "reed") from Sumerian, via Ancient Greek via Latin via Old French. An artificial waterway or artificially improved river used for travel, shipping, or irrigation.
* [[chameleon]] – from an Ancient Greek calque of {{wt|en|akk|𒌨𒈤}}{{wt|akk|𒊭}}{{wt|akk|𒆠}} ({{transl|akk|nēšu ša qaqqari}}, literally "lion of the ground", via Latin via Old French. A small to mid-size reptile, of the family Chamaeleonidae.
* {{wt|en|heykel}} – from {{wt|akk|𒂍𒃲}} ({{transl|akk|ekallu}}, "temple, palace") from Sumerian, via Arabic via [[ISO 639:fa|Persian]]. The chancel or sanctuary of a Coptic church.
* {{wt|en|lamussu}} – from {{wt|akk|𒀭𒆗}} ({{transl|akk|lamassu}}, "lamassu"). An Assyrian protective deity, often depicted as having the head of a human, the body of an ox or lion, and the wings of a bird.
* [[kamuy]] – from {{wt|ain|カムィ}} ({{transl|ain|kamuy}}, "deity"). A spiritual or divine being in Ainu mythology.
* [[Cambodian kak|kak]] – from {{wt|km|កាក់}} ({{transl|km|kak}}) from [[Min Nan]]. A former currency unit of Cambodia, one hundredth of a riel.
* [[kouprey]] – from {{wt|km|គោព្រៃ}} ({{transl|km|kooprɨy}}). A forest-dwelling, wild bovine species from Southeast Asia.
* [[krama]] – from {{wt|km|ក្រមា}} ({{transl|km|krɑmiə}}). A traditional Cambodian garment with many uses, including as a scarf or bandana or to carry children.
* [[kroeung]] – from {{wt|km|គ្រឿង}} ({{transl|km|krɨəng}}, "spice, seasoning"). Any of various pastes of herbs and spices used as a base for many Khmer dishes.
* [[Cambodian riel|riel]] – from {{wt|km|រៀល}} ({{transl|km|riəl}}), likely from [[ISO 639:pt|Portuguese]]. The currency of Cambodia.
* [[roneat thung]] – from {{wt|km|រនាតធុង}} ({{transl|km|rɔɔniətthung}}). A low-pitched xylophone used in the Khmer classical music of Cambodia.
* [[ao dai]] – from ''{{wt|vi|áo dài}}'' (literally, "long outfit"). A two panelled dress, worn by Vietnamese women as a national costume.
* [[banh mi]] – from ''{{wt|vi|bánh mì}}'' ("bread; sandwich"). A type of baguette which is often split lengthwise and filled with various savory ingredients as a sandwich and served as a meal.
* [[banh xeo]] – from ''{{wt|vi|bánh xèo}}'' (literally, "sizzling cake"). A Vietnamese savory fried pancake made of rice flour, water, and turmeric powder.
* [[chu nom]] – from ''{{wt|vi|chữ Nôm}}'' (literally, "southern characters"). A logographic writing system formerly used to write the Vietnamese language.
* [[dan bau]] – from ''{{wt|vi|đàn bầu}}'' (literally, "gourd stringed instrument"). A type of monochord zither.
* [[dan day]] – from ''{{wt|vi|đàn đáy}}'' (literally, "back stringed instrument"). A type of lute with three strings.
* [[dan nguyet]] – from ''{{wt|vi|đàn nguyệt}}'' (literally, "moon stringed instrument"). A type lute with two strings.
* [[dan nhi]] – from ''{{wt|vi|đàn nhị}}'' (literally, "two stringed instrument"). A vertical bowed fiddle-like instrument with two strings.
* [[dan tranh]] – from ''{{wt|vi|đàn tranh}}'' (literally, "zither stringed instrument"). A small plucked zither with movable bridges.
* [[dan ty ba]] – from ''{{wt|vi|đàn tỳ bà|đàn tì bà}}'' (literally, "pipa stringed instrument"). A plucked four-stringed chordophone.
* {{wt|en|di di mau}} – from ''{{wt|vi|đi}} đi {{wt|vi|mau}}'' ("get lost!"). American military slang from the Vientam War. To leave quickly, hurry away.
* [[doi moi]] – from ''{{wt|vi|đổi mới}}'' ("reform"). A program of political and economic reforms initiated in Vietnam in 1986.
* [[Vietnamese đồng|dong]] – from ''{{wt|vi|đồng}}'' ("copper; currency; dong") from [[ISO 639:zh|Chinese]]. The currency of Vietnam.
* [[gac]] – from ''{{wt|vi|gấc}}''. A type of perennial melon grown throughout Southeast Asia and Queensland, Australia.
* [[Vietnamese hào|hao]] – from ''{{wt|vi|hào}}'', from Chinese. A former currency unit of Vietnam, one tenth of a dong.
* [[lolot]] – from ''{{wt|vi|lá lốt}}''. A leaf which is used in Lao and Vietnamese cuisine as a flavoring wrap for grilling meats.
* [[nuoc mam]] – from ''{{wt|vi|nước mắm}}'' ("salted fish sauce"). A fish sauce used in Vietnamese cookery.
* [[pho]] – from ''{{wt|vi|phở}}'', from Chinese. A Vietnamese soup with a beef base, typically served with rice noodles and beef or chicken.
* [[quoc ngu]] – from ''{{wt|vi|quốc ngữ}}'' (literally, "national language"), from Chinese. The romanized writing system used to write Vietnamese.
* [[saola]] – from ''{{wt|vi|sao la}}'', probably from [[ISO 639:lo|Lao]]. A forest-dwelling bovine found only in the Annamite Range of Vietnam and Laos.
* [[xu (currency)|xu]] – from ''{{wt|vi|xu}}'', from French. A former currency unit of Vietnam, one hundredth of a dong.
* [[yếm|yem]] – from ''{{wt|vi|yếm}}''. A Vietnamese form of underbodice.
* [[abaca]] – from [[ISO 639:tl|Tagalog]] ''{{wt|tl|abaká}}'' via Spanish. A species of banana native to the Philippines.
* {{wt|en|abilo}} – from Tagalog {{lang|tl|abilo}}. A Philippine fruit tree of the ''Garuga'' genus.
* [[adlay]] – from [[ISO 639:ceb|Cebuano]] ''{{wt|ceb|adlay}}''. A tall grain-bearing perennial tropical plant native to Southeast Asia.
* [[albularyo]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|albularyo}}'', from Spanish ''{{wt|es|herbolario}}'' ("herbalist"). A Filipino faith healer or witch doctor.
* {{wt|en|amatong}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|amatong}}''. A type of fish trap made by piling rocks underwater.
* [[ampalaya]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|ampalaya}}''. Bitter melon.
* [[anting-anting]] – from [[ISO 639:hil|Hiligaynon]] ''{{wt|hil|antíng-ánting}}''. A Filipino amulet or talisman.
* [[arnis]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|arnis}}'', from Spanish ''{{wt|es|arnés}}'' ("set of weapons or armor"). The national martial art of the Philippines.
* [[Azkal]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|askal}}'' ("street dog"). A member of the Philippines national football team.
* {{wt|en|baclad}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|baklad}}''. A fish corral.
* {{wt|en|bakwit}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|bakwit}}'', itself from English ''evacuate''. An evacuee.
* [[balikbayan]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|balikbayan}}''. A Filipino returning to the Philippines after spending time in another country.
* {{wt|en|balimbing}} – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|balimbing}}'' ("carambola; sideburns; traitor"). A turncoat.
* [[balinghoy]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|balinghoy}}''. Cassava.
* [[balisong knife|balisong]] – popularly believed to be from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|baling}} {{wt|tl|sungay}}'' ("broken horn"), for the original material. A butterfly knife.
* {{wt|en|baon}} – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|baon}}''. Money, food, or other provisions taken to school, work, or on a journey.
* [[barangay]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|barangay}}''. The smallest local government unit in the Philippines, a subdivision of a city or municipality.
* {{wt|en|barkada}} – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|barkada}}'', from Spanish {{wt|es|barcada}} ("boatload"). A group of friends.
* [[batchoy]] – from Hiligaynon ''{{wt|hil|batsoy}}'', from Hokkien. A noodle soup made with pork offal.
* [[bauno]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|bayuno}}''. A wild mango found in the Philippines.
* {{wt|en|bayag-kambing}} – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|bayag-kambing}}''. [[Nickernut]]s; the seeds of ''Caesalpinia crista''.
* [[bayanihan]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|bayanihan}}''. Mutual cooperation for the public good.
* [[bibingka]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|bibingka}}''. A rice cake made using rice flour, sugar and coconut milk and wrapped in banana leaves.
* [[Antidesma bunius|bignay]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|bignay}}''. A tree from the Philippines, which bears small, edible fruit in clusters.
* [[binagoongan]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|binagoongan}}''. A sautéed pork dish of the Philippines, flavoured with shrimp paste.
* [[bisrock]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|bisrock}}'', a blend of {{wt|ceb|Bisaya}} ("Cebuano language") + English ''rock''. Rock and pop music with lyrics primarily in Cebuano.
* [[bitaog]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|bitaog}}''. A large evergreen plant native to tropical Asia and Wallacea.
* {{wt|en|bringhouse}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|bringhouse}}'', a pseudo-Anglicization. Take-home leftover food.
* [[boondocks]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|bundok}}'' ("mountain"). A brushy rural area or location.
* [[bukayo]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|bukayo}}''. A Filipino dessert made from sweetened coconut strips.
* [[buko pie|buko]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|buko}}''. A coconut.
* [[budbod]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|budbod}}''. A dish made of glutinous rice rolled in banana leaves.
* {{wt|en|buyo}} – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|buyo}}''. Betel.
* [[calachuchi]] – from Tagalog ''{{wt|tl|kalatsutsi}}
* [[camagon]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|kamagong}}'' via Spanish. A type of persimmon tree native to the Philippines.
* [[camia]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|camia}}''. A perennial flowering plant in the ginger family native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeastern Asia.
* [[capiz shell|capiz]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|kapis}}''. The shell of the windowpane oyster, used in window panes and jewelry.
* [[caycay]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|caycay}}''. A layered biscuit rolled in toasted peanuts and honey or sugar syrup.
* [[cogon]] – from Tagalog and Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|kugon}}''. A species of perennial rhizomatous grass native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Micronesia, Melanesia, Australia, Africa, and southern Europe.
* {{wt|en|computer shop}} – from a mistranslation of Tagalog and Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|komyuteran}}'' ("internet café", literally "computer place"). An internet café.
* [[Dracontomelon dao|dao]] – from Tagalog and Cebuano ''{{wt|tl|dao}}''. A large tropical canopy tree native to tropical Asia.
* [[Erythrina_variegata|dapdap]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|dapdap}}''. A tree native to the tropical and subtropical regions of eastern Africa, the Indian subcontinent, northern Australia, and the islands of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean east to Fiji.
* [[dugong]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|dugong}}''. A plant-eating aquatic marine mammal found in tropical regions.
* [[fresh lumpia]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|fresh lumpia}}''. A type Filipino of spring roll.
* [[taro|gabi]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|gabi}}''. Taro, or food made from it.
* [[ganta (unit)|ganta]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|gantang}}'' via Spanish. A historical unit of volume, equal to eight chupas.
* {{wt|en|girl rented overnight}} – a backronym of ''{{wt|en|GRO}}''; ''rented'' is a translation of Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|abang}}'' ("to rent; to hire a prostitute"). A bargirl.
* {{wt|en|gunner#Etymology_3|gunner}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|gunner}}'', a play on words from English ''shot'' (measure of alcohol): a person doing a shot is a ''shooter'', or "''gunner''". The person designated to pour drinks in a drinking session.
* [[habal-habal]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|habalhabal}}''. A motorcycle taxi.
* [[hilot]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|hilot}}''. A traditional healing practice involving chiropractic manipulation and massage.
* [[ipil (plant)|ipil]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|ipil}}''. A species of flowering tree in the pea family native to the Indo-Pacific.
* [[kagwang]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|kagwang}}''. The Philippine flying lemur.
* [[katmon]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|katmon}}''. A tree endemic to the Philippines often used in gardens and urban green spaces.
* [[kinilaw]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|kinilaw}}''. A Filipino ceviche dish.
* [[kudyapi]] – from Hiligaynon and Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|kudyapi}}''. A boat-shaped lute.
* [[Anamirta cocculus|lagtay]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|lagtang}}''. A Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant.
* [[Heritiera javanica|lumbayao]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|lumbayaw}}''. A Philippine timber tree; also, its wood, sold as "Philippine mahogany".
* [[macapuno]] – from Tagalog and Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|makapuno}}''. A naturally occurring coconut cultivar.
* [[marang (plant)|marang]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|marang}}''. An evergreen tree bearing a strong smelling fruit with a creamy pulp.
* {{wt|en|marjoret}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|mardyoret}}'', itself from English ''majorette''. A majorette.
* [[jackfruit|nangka]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|nangka}}''. Jackfruit.
* [[paltik]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|paltik}}''. A homemade gun, often made of scrap metal.
* [[Caryota|patican]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|patikan}}''. Philippine fishtail palm (''Caryota cumingii'').
* {{wt|en|payao}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|payaw}}''. A raft used to attract and catch fish in Southeast Asia.
* [[pechay]] – from Tagalog and Cebuano ''{{wt|tl|pechay}}'', from [[Hokkien]]. Chinese cabbage.
* {{wt|en|piyag}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|payag}}''. A small crude shelter.
* [[puso]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|puso}}''. A Filipino rice cake.
* {{wt|en|rugby#Etymology_2|rugby}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|rugby}}'', from English ''Rugby'', a brand of rubber cement. Rubber cement.
* {{wt|en|rugby boy}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|rugby boy}}''. A boy who is addicted to the inhalation of rubber cement.
* [[saba banana|saba]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|saba}}''. A banana cultivar from the Philippines.
* {{wt|en|sacayan}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|sakayan}}''. A small wooden trimaran used as a transport and fishing boat in the Philippines.
* [[salacot]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|salakot}}''. A pith helmet.
* {{wt|en|santilmo}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|santilmo}}'', from Spanish ''{{wt|es|fuego de San Telmo}}'' ("[[St. Elmo's fire]]"). In Filipino folklore, a floating flame or fire ball, similar to a will o' the wisp, that stalk or chase people at night, believed to be the ignited blood of a person who met a tragic death.
* [[sigbin]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|sigbin}}''. A creature of Filipino mythology, resembling a hornless goat, said to come out at night to suck the blood of victims from their shadows.
* {{wt|en|skylab}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|skylab}}'', from ''Skylab'', because the resemblance to the space station. A motorcycle taxi with extension seats on the sides, configured by placing a wooden beam across the pillion.
* [[tablea]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|tabliya}}'', from Spanish ''{{wt|es|tablilla}}'' ("tablet"). Ground cocoa shaped into a disc; used mainly for making sikwate.
* [[Tabon Scrubfowl|tabon]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|tabon}}''. The Philippine megapode, a bird.
* [[tabon-tabon]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|tabontabon}}''. A fruit used to make kinilaw.
* [[tartanilla]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|tartanilya}}'', from Spanish ''{{wt|es|tartana}}'', from [[ISO 639:oc|Occitan]]. A two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage used in the Philippines.
* {{wt|en|trainor}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|trainor}}'', itself from English ''trainer''. A coach or trainer.
* [[tubâ|tuba]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|tuba}}''. A Filipino palm wine.
* [[Ficus nota|tubog]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|tubog}}''. A species of fig tree found near water in low altitudes, native to the Philippines.
* {{wt|en|tuhon}} – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|tuon}}'' ("to study"). A Filipino martial arts instructor.
* [[waling-waling]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|walingwaling}}''. A species of orchids endemic to Mindanao, Philippines.
* [[Shorea astylosa|yakal]] – from Cebuano ''{{wt|ceb|yakal}}''. A tree endemic to the Philippines, or its wood.
* [[yo-yo]] – probably from [[ISO 639:ilo|Ilocano]] ''{{wt|ilo|yoyo}}''. A toy resembling a spool.
- Wikipedia:Articles for creation/Redirects and categories/2020-01
*Source (if applicable): {{wt|en|Classical Azerbaijani}}
- Draft:Lily Laverock
- User:Nhochfelder/Shamanic music
From a musical perspective shamanic ritual performances have the distinctive feature of {{wt|en|discontinuity}}. Breaks may happen because a spirit is proving difficult to communicate with, or the shaman needs to call a different spirit. Typically, phases of the performance are broken off abruptly, perhaps to be restarted after a gap, perhaps not.<ref>Carole Pegg, ''Mongolian Music, Dance and Oral Narrative'', University of Washington Press, 2001, p135-6</ref><ref>Ronald Hutton, ''The Shamans of Siberia'', Isle of Avalon Press, 1993, p29 and p31</ref><ref>Caroline Humphrey, ''Shamans and elders''. Oxford, OUP1996, p 235-7</ref> The rhythmic dimension of the music of shamans' rituals has been connected to the idea of both incorporating the rhythms of nature and magically re-articulating them.<ref>Carlo Serra, (in Italian)''Ritmo e ciclità nella cultura sciamanica'', in Antonello Colimberti (ed) ''Musiche e sciamani'', Textus, Milan 2000, p67</ref>
- Sainthill Eardley-Wilmot
| occupation = {{hlist |[[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Civil servant]] |[[Forestry in India|forestry]] officer |{{wt|en|conservationist}} }}
- User talk:Flix11/2020
::::{{ping|Flix11}}That's besides the point: Portsmouth finished lower than Everton, yet are listed first that season because they are higher in the access list due to winning the domestic cup. '''Arsenal still have to be listed under Leicester in last season's article.''' I think you're misunderstanding me here (this is a {{wt|en|lost in translation}} moment, which is fine). I'm not saying to list them by the stage they're entering, then by league finish if the stage is the same. I'm saying list them by the order they appear in the Europa League access list which is established by UEFA regulations (i.e. in the order that they appear here [[2020–21 UEFA Europa League#Teams]]). That is Arsenal, then Leicester, then Tottenham. This is also the reason you need to quit flip-flopping Everton and Portsmouth [[2007–08 Premier League|here]]. [[User:Bmf 051|Bmf 051]] ([[User talk:Bmf 051|talk]]) 10:20, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
- User:Philoserf/infobox
| books = {{wt|en|eccentric}}
| music = {{wt|en|eclectic}}, with a preference for [[Chill-out music|Downtempo]]
- Talk:Complete blood count/GA1
** 'Automated' - "In the white blood cell channel, a reagent lyses the red cells so that white blood cells can be analyzed more easily". Suggest like other sections, add some other terms to explain what a reagent and lyses is. Such as "a substance added to the sample (a [[reagent]]) destroys ({{wt|en|lyses}}) the red blood cells..."
- Librarians' Registration Council of Nigeria
The '''Librarians' Registration Council of Nigeria''' ('''LRCN''') was established as a {{wt|en|parastatal}} under the [[Federal Ministry of Education (Nigeria)|Federal Ministry of Education]] by Act 12/Decree 12 of 1995 (CAP L.13, LFN 2004) by the Nigerian government.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Shehu|first=Allahde|last2=Kasa|first2=Mathias|date=|title=Repositioning Librarian's Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN) to integrate paraprofessionals: A sine qua non to professionalism|url=http://credencepressltd.com/?val=publication_details&manuscript=201915589461690995258440|journal=Journal of Library Service and Technologies|volume=1(1)|pages=38-47|via=}}</ref> The council is responsible for providing leadership in the field of [[Library science|librarianship]] by regulating education for library and information science and its practice in [[Nigeria]].
- Talk:Complete blood count/Archive 1
- Men Going Their Own Way
Men in the MGTOW movement use [[Manosphere#Manosphere jargon|jargon shared by the manosphere communities]], including the [[Red pill and blue pill|red and blue pill]] metaphor borrowed from the film ''[[The Matrix]].'' Those in the manosphere who have been awakened from feminist "delusion" to the supposed reality that society is fundamentally [[Misandry|misandrist]] and dominated by feminist values are said to be "redpilled" or have "taken the red pill"; those who do not accept that ideology are referred to as "bluepilled".{{sfnp|Winter|2019|pp=51–54}}{{sfnp|Lumsden|2019|p=99}}{{sfnp|Ging|2019|p=640}}{{sfnp|Zuckerberg|2018|pp=1–2, 12–13}}{{sfnp|Nagle|2017|pp=93–94}} MGTOW communities also share other terminology with other manosphere communities, including [[pejorative|slurs]] against other men such as "{{wt|en|soy boy}}", "beta [[Cuck (slang)|cuck]]", and "{{wt|en|white knight}}".{{sfnp|Wright|Trott|Jones|2020|p=13}}
- Thalassic
The album's title "{{wt|en|thalassic}}" (which is derived from both [[French language|French]] and [[Ancient Greek]]) means "of or relating to seas", which pertains to the theme of the album's lyrics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/ensiferum-to-release-thalassic-album-in-july/|title=ENSIFERUM To Release 'Thalassic' Album In July|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|accessdate=August 3, 2020|date=May 6, 2020}}</ref>
- Friedrich Salomon Hall
Hall carried out a follow-up expedition to Ethiopia in June 1915, acting as a courier to deliver correspondence with the German legation in [[Addis Ababa]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes |date=2009 |publisher=A. Hölder |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VcLAQAAMAAJ |language=de}}</ref> Italy had entered the war in May 1915 by attacking [[Military history of Italy during World War I#Opening shots|Germany's ally Austria-Hungary]], though they remained neutral with Germany until August 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last1=US Department of State |title=Declarations of War - Severances of Diplomatic Relations 1914-1918 |date=1919 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington |url=https://archive.org/details/declarationswar00statgoog |language=en}}</ref> Hall, again travelling disguised as an Arab, had roused the suspicions of an Italian policeman by the [[Corn (medicine)|corns]] on his feet, which showed that he normally wore European shoes, rather than Arab sandals.<ref name=holtz112/> He was arrested after he used the German exclamation "{{wt|en|hoppla}}!" when he tripped over, though he managed to destroy the secret correspondence before his capture.<ref name=holtz112/><ref name=smidt>{{cite book |last1=Smidt |first1=Wolbert G. C. |title=Photos as Historical Witnesses: The First Ethiopians in Germany and the First Germans in Ethiopia, the History of a Complex Relationship |date=2015 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-10195-2 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vi4CgAAQBAJ |language=de}}</ref> Hall spent the remainder of the war in Italian custody and through this period the German legation remained out of communication with the government in Berlin.<ref name=smidt/>
- Template:Did you know nominations/Friedrich Salomon Hall
* ... that German agent '''[[Friedrich Salomon Hall]]'''{{`s}} cover was blown after he tripped and exclaimed "{{wt|en|hoppla}}!"? <small>"when, after a mishap, he loudly exclaimed "Hop-la" in German, they arrested him" from: {{cite book |last1=Smidt |first1=Wolbert G. C. |title=Photos as Historical Witnesses: The First Ethiopians in Germany and the First Germans in Ethiopia, the History of a Complex Relationship |date=2015 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-10195-2 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0vi4CgAAQBAJ |language=de}}and "Friedrich Hall tripped and exclaimed a decidedly European, non-Arab 'Hoppla!' " from: {{cite journal |last1=Holtz |first1=Toby Berger |title=The Hall Family and Ethiopia: A Century of Involvement |journal=Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies |date=2009 |page=112|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2d78/9945aa70181529d55df5717936d8a6e7f016.pdf}}</small>
- Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Language/2020 July 23
:I don't think it's a coincidence, {{U|Duomillia}}. According to Wiktionary {{wt|ja|そうして}} is an alternative form of そして. --[[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 09:05, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
- Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2020 October 12
* '''Keep''' when it is surrounded by a HTML tag with a lang attribute, as when it's used within {{tlx|lang}}. That was my intention when I created the current version of the template. An example of correct usage is in [[Special:Permalink/977145843|Syncope (phonology)]]: <code>{{lang-grc|{{wt|grc|συγκοπή}}|{{grc-tr|συγκοπή}}|cutting up}}</code>. {{tlx|lang-grc}} already language-tags the first parameter and using <code>{{lang-grc|{{wikt-lang|grc|συγκοπή}}|{{grc-tr|συγκοπή}}|cutting up}}</code> would create nested HTML tags, both with <code>lang="grc"</code>. '''Replace with {{tlx|wikt-lang}}''' where there is not an enclosing tag with a lang attribute. Apparently some people figured it was a shortcut version of {{tlx|wikt-lang}}, as in [[Special:Permalink/982289082|Contraction (grammar)]]: <code>short, common and often [[Syllable|monosyllabic]] words like {{wt|nb|jeg}}, {{wt|nb|du}}, {{wt|nb|deg}}, {{wt|nb|det}}, {{wt|nb|har}} or {{wt|nb|ikke}}</code>. That should be <code>{{wikt-lang|nb|jeg}}</code>, etc. Maybe it should be renamed to something extremely clear like {{tlx|wikt-inside-lang-template}} or {{tlx|wikt-without-lang-attr}} so people are less likely to misuse it. — [[User:Erutuon|Eru]]·[[User talk:Erutuon|tuon]] 05:24, 23 October 2020 (UTC)
**::<code>{{lang-grc|{{wt|grc|συγκοπή}}|{{grc-tr|συγκοπή}}|cutting up}}</code>
**::::{{lang-grc|{{wt|grc|συγκοπή}}|{{grc-tr|συγκοπή}}|cutting up}}
- User:Nosliw654/sandbox
Men in the MGTOW movement use [[Manosphere#Manosphere jargon|jargon shared by the manosphere communities]], including the [[Red pill and blue pill|red and blue pill]] metaphor borrowed from the film ''[[The Matrix]].'' Those in the manosphere who have been awakened from feminist "delusion" to the supposed reality that society is fundamentally [[Misandry|misandrist]] and dominated by feminist values are said to be "redpilled" or have "taken the red pill"; those who do not accept that ideology are referred to as "bluepilled".{{sfnp|Winter|2019|pp=51–54}}{{sfnp|Lumsden|2019|p=99}}{{sfnp|Ging|2019|p=640}}{{sfnp|Zuckerberg|2018|pp=1–2, 12–13}}{{sfnp|Nagle|2017|pp=93–94}} MGTOW communities also share other terminology with other manosphere communities, including [[Pejorative|slurs]] against other men such as "{{wt|en|soy boy}}", "beta [[Cuck (slang)|cuck]]", and "{{wt|en|white knight}}".{{sfnp|Wright|Trott|Jones|2020|p=13}}
