User:JerryFriedman/toolbox

runner - AmE only. This is called an r-colored schwa. This is a single sound, not a sequence of schwa and r.
- IPA [ɚ]
- SAMPA [@`]
button - AmE only. This is called syllabic n.
- IPA [n̩]

bottom - AmE only. This is called syllabic m.
- IPA [m̩]

R-colored vowels

These are plain vowels that are followed by r.

her
- IPA AmE [ɝ] BrE [ɜ]

near
- IPA AmE [iɹ] BrE [ɪə]

marry - AmE only *
- IPA [æɹ]

merry - AmE only *
- IPA [ɛɹ]

bare
- IPA AmE [eɹ] BrE [ɛə]

car
- IPA AmE [aɹ] BrE [aː]

core
- IPA AmE [ɔɹ] BrE [ɔə]

pure
- IPA AmE [ʊɹ] BrE [ʊə]

fire
- IPA AmE [aɪɚ] BrE [aɪə]

hour
- IPA AmE [aʊɚ] BrE[aʊə]

* For many speakers of American English, all or some of [æ], [ɛ], and [e] are merged before [r]. That is, merry, marry, and/or Mary are homophones. The vowel is pronounced as [eɹ]. For speakers of British English, these sequences are just the plain vowel, with [ɹ] beginning the next syllable;

Diphthongs

Diphthongs are vowel sounds that smoothly glide from one vowel to another.

/aI/

- IPA [aɪ]

/OI/

- IPA [ɔɪ]

/aU/

- IPA [aʊ]

/ju/

- IPA [ju]

Consonants

Stops

/p/ - voiceless bilabial plosive

- IPA [p]

/b/ voiced bilabial plosive

- IPA [b]

/t/

voiceless alveolar plosive

- IPA [t]

/d/

voiced alveolar plosive

- IPA [d]

/k/ voiceless velar plosive

- IPA [k]

/g/ voiced velar plosive

- IPA [g]

[?] glottal stop (not usually considered a separate phoneme of English.)

- IPA [ʔ]

The voiceless stops, [p], [t], and [k] are

aspirated

when they occur at the beginning of stressed syllables. Aspiration is marked in IPA with a superscript h. These symbols are thus [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ].

Nasals

/n/

alveolar nasal

- IPA [n]

/m/

bilabial nasal

- IPA [m]

emphasis -
labiodental nasal - this is not a separate phoneme, but an allophone
of m
- IPA [ɱ]

/N/ - This sound is called engma, eng or agma

- SAMPA [N]

Fricatives

/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative

- IPA [f]

/v/ voiced labiodental fricative

- IPA [v]

/T/

voiceless interdental fricative

- IPA [θ]

/D/

voiced interdental fricative

- IPA [ð]

/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative

- IPA [s]

/z/ voiced alveolar fricative

- IPA [z]

/S/ voiceless postalveolar fricative - This symbol is called esh

- IPA [ʃ]

/Z/ voiced postalveolar fricative - This symbol is called ezh or yogh

- IPA [ʒ]

/h/ voiceless glottal fricative

- IPA [h]

Affricates

/tS/

- IPA [tʃ]

/dZ/

- IPA [dʒ]

A distinction is made in English between affricates and a series of a stop and fricative, because a syllable boundary never separates an affricate, but it might separate a stop/fricative sequence.

Approximants

Approximants, also called liquids, are smooth sounds that are almost like vowels. /l/

lateral alveolar approximant

- IPA [l]
- SAMPA [l]
coal -
velarized lateral alveolar approximant - this sound is sometimes called dark l (not a separate phoneme of English, but an allophone
of [l])
- IPA [ɫ]

/r/

alveolar approximant