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Mattximus/sandbox10 | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Acanthocephala |
Class: | Archiacanthocephala |
Order: | Gigantorhynchida
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Family: | Gigantorhynchidae
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Genus: | Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892[1] |
Gigantorhynchus is a
Taxonomy
The name Gigantorhynchus[a] was chosen based on the large size and characteristic proboscis in this genus of Acanthocephala.[1] Phylogenetic analysis has been conducted on only one species in the genus, G. echinodiscus, using the gene for 28S ribosomal RNA and confirms that these morphological distinctions form a well-supported monophyletic group with the related Mediorhynchus genus in the Gigantorhynchidae family.[2] The type species is G. echinodiscus.[3]
Archiacanthocephala | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Phylogenetic reconstruction for select species in the class Archiacanthocephala[2][4] |
Description
The genus Gigantorhynchus is characterized by the presence of a cylindrical
Scientific name Author |
Number of proboscis hooks (arrangement) | Length of proboscis in mm (female/male) | Width of proboscis in mm (female/male) | Length of trunk in mm (female/male) | Width of trunk in mm (female/male) | Length of lemnisci in mm |
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G. echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851) |
18 (6+12) | 0.55 0.50 |
0.48 0.30–0.52 |
75.45 31.53 |
0.85 0.78 |
14.87 |
G. lopezneyrai Diaz-ungria, 1958 |
12 | |||||
G. lutzi Machado, 1941 |
12 (6+6) | |||||
G. ortizi Sarmiento, 1954 |
12 (6+6) | unknown 1.45–1.72 |
unknown 0.435–0.555 |
130–242 46–75 |
1.5–2.0 1.4–1.92 |
5.48–6.80 |
G. pasteri Tadros, 1966 |
4 | unknown 0.35 |
unknown 0.1 |
15–18 unknown |
0.8–0.9 unknown |
3.6–4 |
G. ungriai Antonio, 1958 |
18 (6+12) | unknown 0.189–1.0 |
unknown 0.237–0.7 |
129–136 22–36 |
1–1.6 0.78–1.58 |
1.75–3.27 |
Species
There are six valid species in the genus Gigantorhynchus,[3][7] although one species, G. pasteri, appears to be incorrectly assigned.[2]
G. echinodiscus is a tropical parasite of anteaters including the
Morphological traits used to distinguish the species include a cylindrical
Males have a body length between 14.80 and 45.29 mm and a width between 0.53 and 0.99 mm and the proboscis and neck are 0.45 to 0.65 mm long and 0.30 to 0.55 mm wide. The female is larger, with a body length of 52.92 to 102.79 mm long and 0.79 to 1.13 mm wide and the proboscis and neck are between 0.49 and 0.71 mm long and 0.46 and 0.53 mm wide. The proboscis receptacle is between 0.48 and 0.64 mm long and between 0.21 and 0.32 mm wide in the male and between 0.63 and 0.74 mm long and between 0.23 and 0.31 mm wide in the female. The male has two ellipsoid testes that are narrow and in tandem with the anterior testis being between 1.63 and 2.71 mm long and 0.26 and 0.32 mm wide and the posterior testis being between 1.61 and 2.66 mm long and 0.26 and 0.39 mm wide. The posterior end after the anterior testes without a segmentation region measures between 5.45 and 8.53 mm. In the female, the gonopore is subterminal and vagina has a sinuous lateral region in a “guitar” format. The genital pore including the vagina, uterus, and uterine bell is between 0.69 and 0.97 mm long. The eggs are ellipsoid being between 0.059 and 0.069 mm long and between 0.04 and 0.03 mm wide and contain three membranes.[2]
- Gigantorhynchus lopezneyrai Diaz-ungria, 1958[9]
G. lopezneyrai has been found parasitizing the Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla) in Venezuela.[2] The male trunk is slightly segmented and between 16 and 58 mm long and 1 to 1.7 mm wide and no female trunk measurements are known. The proboscis is between 1.131 and 1.5 mm long and 0.66 mm wide. There are 12 hooks on the proboscis (4 in the first circle each around 0.235 mm long, and 8 in the second circle each around 0.106 mm long). The lemnici are 8 mm and the worms have eight cement glands organized in pairs. The anterior testes measure 0.7 by 0.190 mm.[2] There are doubts about the validity of this species raised by Amato (2014) who suggests that the hook number and arrangement is an incorrect observation that needs to be revisited as no drawings of the proboscis showing the hook formation was published.[12] This species is named in honour of Carlos Rodríguez López-Neyra de Gorgot, a Spanish parasitologist.[9]
- Gigantorhynchus lutzi Machado, 1941[13]
G. lutzi has been found parasitising a
- Gigantorhynchus ortizi Sarmiento, 1954[14]
G. ortizi has been found infesting the intestines of the
- Gigantorhynchus pasteri Tadros, 1966[17]
G. pasteri was recorded from an unknown baboon species in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).[12][17] Gomes (2019) considers this species to be incorrectly assigned due to a lack of information including missing registration number and deposit of specimen in a collection, missing type host species, and the description being based on only two immature females.[2] Of the two immature female specimens: the trunk was between 15 to 18 mm long and 0.8 to 0.9 mm wide. The proboscis was 0.35 mm long and 0.1 mm wide with 4 hooks 0.03 mm long. The small rootless spines were 0.015 mm long and the proboscis receptacle was 0.75 mm by between 0.18 and 0.2 mm in size. The lemnisci are between 3.6 and 4 mm long.[17]
- Gigantorhynchus ungriai Antonio, 1958[18]
G. ungriai has been found parasitizing a Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla) in Guayo, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela. The body is ringed and has a cylindrical shape with a complete segmentation consisting of a union in dorsal and ventral regions. The male trunk is between 22 and 36 mm long and 0.78 and 1.58 mm wide whereas the female is much larger with a trunk length of 129 to 136 mm and a width of 1 to 1.6 mm. The anterior end without segmentation measures 2 to 2.6 mm long. The retractable proboscis is 0.189 to 1.0 mm long and 0.237 to 0.7 mm wide with 18 hooks arranged in two circular rows. The first row has six hooks that are 0.140 to 0.2 mm long and the second row has 12 hooks that are 0.104 to 0.180 mm long. The small rootless spines were 0.02 to 0.06 mm long and the lemnicsi were 1.75 to 3.27 mm long in the male. There are eight cement glands occupying a space of 0.869 by 0.1896 mm. The eggs measure 0.04 to 0.06 mm by 0.04 mm.[2][18] The female genital tract made of an ovary-uterus extends throughout the length of the body. The male genitals occupies one quarter of the length of the body and contains elliptical testicles with the anterior testes measuring between 2.0 and 5.6 by 0.395 and 0.474 mm and eight peripheral prostate glands.[2][18] The species name was named after Carlos Díaz Ungría.[18]
Hosts
Gigantorhynchus species infest
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The Silky anteater is a host for G. echinodiscus
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The common opossum is a host for G. lutzi
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The Southern tamandua is one of the hosts of G. echinodiscus, G. lopezneyrai and G. ungriai
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The Bare-tailed woolly opossum is one of the hosts of G. lutzi
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The Brown four-eyed opossum is one of the hosts of G. ortizi
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The Giant anteater is a host for G. echinodiscus
Notes
- ^ The name derives from the size ("Wie der Name besagt, sind es große Formen, die hierher gehören.")[1] and Ancient Greek word rhúnkhos, which means snout, nose, or beak.
- ^ A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Gigantorhynchus. This species was originally named Echinorhynchus echinodiscus by Karl Moritz Diesing in 1851 but moved to Gigantorhynchus by Hamann in 1892.[3]
References
- ^ a b c Hamann, O. (1892). "Das system der Acanthocephalen". Zoologischer Anzeiger (in German). 15: 195–197. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- ^ .
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
- PMID 32114988.
- ^ Bhattacharya, S. B. (2007). Handbook on Indian Acanthocephala (PDF). Kolkata, Kinda: Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata. pp. 14–15.
- OCLC 44131774.
- ^ "Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892". www.itis.gov. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 1 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
- .
- ^ a b c Diaz Ungría, C. D. (1958). "Sobre algunos Acantocefalos de Mammiferos venezolanos". Reviews in Veterinary Medicine and Parasitology. 17: 191–204.
- JSTOR 3272464.
- .
- ^ CiteSeerX 10.1.1.676.5918.
- ^ Machado Filho, D. A. (1941). "Sobre alguns acantocéfalos provenientes do estado de Mato Grosso". Revista Brasileira de Biologia (in Portuguese). 1 (1): 57–61.
- ^ JSTOR 3273894. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ Tantaleán, Manuel; Díaz, Mónica; Sánchez, Nofre; Portocarrero, Harold (2010). "Endoparásitos de micromamíferos del noroeste de Perú. 1: helmintos de marsupiales". Revista peruana de biología (in Spanish). 17 (2): 207–213.
- ^ Thatcher, V. E.; Nickol, B. B. (1972). "Some acanthocephalans from Panama and Colombia" (PDF). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 39: 245–248. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ PMID 6006728.
- ^ a b c d Antonio, H (1958). "Descripción de una nueva especie del género Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892 (Acanthocephala)". Acta Biologica Venezuelica (in Spanish). 2 (24): 291–298.
- ^ Tantaleán, Manuel; Sánchez, Lidia; Gómez, Luis; Huiza, Alina (2005). "Acanthocephalan from Peru". Revista peruana de biología (in Spanish). 12 (1): 83–92. Retrieved 25 January 2020.