Giant anteater

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Giant anteater
Ma
↓
A specimen at Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark, 2005
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Pilosa
Family: Myrmecophagidae
Genus: Myrmecophaga
Linnaeus, 1758[4]
Species:
M. tridactyla
Binomial name
Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Range
  extant
  possibly extinct
Synonyms
  • Myrmecophaga jubata Linnaeus,  1766
  • Falcifer Rehn, 1900[5]

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is an

arboreal or semiarboreal. The giant anteater is 182 to 217 cm (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in to 7 ft 1+1⁄2 in) in length, with weights of 33 to 50 kg (73 to 110 lb) for males and 27 to 47 kg (60 to 104 lb) for females. It is recognizable by its elongated snout, bushy tail, long fore claws, and distinctively colored pelage
.

The giant anteater is found in multiple habitats, including grassland and rainforest. It forages in open areas and rests in more forested habitats. It feeds primarily on ants and termites, using its fore claws to dig them up and its long, sticky tongue to collect them. Though giant anteaters live in overlapping home ranges, they are mostly solitary except during mother-offspring relationships, aggressive interactions between males, and when mating. Mother anteaters carry their offspring on their backs until weaning them.

The giant anteater is listed as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It has been extirpated from many parts of its former range. Threats to its survival include habitat destruction, fire, and poaching for fur and bushmeat, although some anteaters inhabit protected areas. With its distinctive appearance and habits, the anteater has been featured in pre-Columbian myths and folktales, as well as modern popular culture.

Taxonomy

The giant anteater got its

Vermilingua.[7]

Anteaters and

last common ancestor of Myrmecophaga and Tamandua existed 10 Mya in the Late Miocene subepoch.[8] Though most of their evolutionary history, anteaters were confined to South America, which was formerly an island continent. Following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 3 Mya, anteaters of all three extant genera invaded Central America as part of the Great American Interchange.[9]

The fossil record for anteaters is generally sparse.

prehensile tail. Neotamandua, though, is unlikely to have had a prehensile tail and its feet were similar in form to both the tamanduas and the giant anteater.[10] The species Neotamandua borealis was suggested to be an ancestor of the latter.[12] Another member of the genus Myrmecophaga has been recovered from the Montehermosan Monte Hermoso Formation in Argentina and was described by Kraglievitch in 1934 as Nunezia caroloameghinoi.[13] The species was reclassified as Myrmecophaga caroloameghinoi by S. E. Hirschfeld in 1976.[12]

The giant anteater is the most terrestrial of the living anteater species; specialization for life on the ground appears to be a new trait in anteater evolution. The transition to life on the ground could have been aided by the expansion of open habitats such as savanna in South America and the abundance of native colonial insects, such as termites, that provided a larger potential food source. Both the giant anteater and the southern tamandua are well represented in the fossil record of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.[10]

Characteristics

Side view
Mounted skeleton
Skull of a giant anteater

The giant anteater can be identified by its large size, long, narrow muzzle, and long bushy tail.[14] It has a total body length of 182 to 217 cm (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in to 7 ft 1+1⁄2 in). Males weigh 33 to 50 kg (73 to 110 lb) and females weigh 27 to 47 kg (60 to 104 lb),[6][15][16] making the giant anteater the biggest extant species in its suborder. The head of the giant anteater, at 30 cm (12 in) long,[17] is particularly elongated, even when compared to other anteaters.[18] Its cylindrical snout takes up most of its head. Its eyes, ears and mouth are relatively small.[6] It has poor eyesight,[14] but has a powerful sense of smell; 40 times that of a human.[19] While there is some difference in size and shape between the sexes, males being larger and more robust, telling them apart from a distance can be difficult. The male's genitals are located within its body and upon closer examination, its urogenital opening is smaller and farther from the anus.[20][21] The female's two mammary glands are located between the front legs.[20]

Even for an anteater, the neck is especially thick compared to the back of the head,[18] and a small hump protrudes behind the neck. The coat is mostly greyish, brown or black with mottled white. They have white front legs with black ringed wrists and hands, and dark hind legs. From the throat to the shoulders is a thick black mark with white outlines and sharp tips. The body ends in a brown tail. The coat hairs are long, especially on the tail, which makes the appendage look larger than it actually is. An erect mane stretches along the back.[6][22] The bold pattern was thought to be disruptive camouflage, but a 2009 study suggests it is warning coloration.[23]

The giant anteater has broad ribs. It has five toes on each foot.

triceps muscle helps control the thickened middle digit.[25]

The giant anteater has a low body temperature for a mammal, about 33 °C (91 °F), a few degrees lower than a typical mammalian temperature of 36 to 38 °C (97 to 100 °F).[19] Xenarthrans in general tend to have lower metabolic rates than most other mammals, a trend thought to correlate with their dietary specializations and low mobility.[26]

Feeding anatomy

Anteater with tongue extended

The giant anteater has no teeth and is capable of very limited jaw movement. It relies on the rotation of the two halves of its lower jaw, held together by a ligament connecting the rami, to open and close its mouth. This is accomplished by its chewing muscles, which are relatively underdeveloped. Jaw depression creates an oral opening large enough for the slender tongue to flick out.[18][27] It has a length of around 60 cm (24 in)[6] and is more triangular in the back but becomes more rounded towards the front and ends in a rounded tip.[18][28] The tongue has backward-curving papillae and is extremely moist due to the large salivary glands.[17]

The tongue can only move forwards and backwards due to the tiny mouth and shape of the snout. During feeding, the animal relies on the direction of its head for aim. When fully extended, the tongue reaches 45 cm (18 in), and can move in and out around 160 times per minute (nearly three times per second).

oropharynx, preventing it from blocking respiration.[18]

The anteater rubs its tongue against its palate to smash the insects for swallowing.[17] Unlike other mammals, giant anteaters swallow almost constantly when feeding.[18] The giant anteater's stomach, similar to a bird's gizzard, has hardened folds to crush food, assisted by some sand and soil.[20] The giant anteater cannot produce stomach acid of its own, but digests using the formic acid of its prey.[17]

Distribution and status

In the grasslands of Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil

The giant anteater is native to Central and South America; its known range stretches from Honduras to Bolivia and northern Argentina,[22] and fossil remains have been found as far north as northwestern Sonora, Mexico.[9] It is largely absent from the Andes[6] and has been fully extirpated in Uruguay, Belize, El Salvador, and Guatemala, as well as in parts of Costa Rica, Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay.[2] The species can live in both tropical rainforests and arid shrublands,[14] provided enough prey is present to sustain it.[32]

The species is listed as

wildfires at Emas National Park in Brazil.[33] The animal is particularly vulnerable to fires as its coat can easily catch ablaze and it is too slow to escape.[6]

Human-induced threats include collision with vehicles, attacks by dogs and destruction of habitat.[32] One study of anteater mortality along roads found that they are likely to be struck on linear roads near native plants.[34] A 2018 study in Brazil found that: (1) roads were more likely to be detrimental to anteaters because of habitat fragmentation rather than vehicle accidents, (2) 18–20% of satisfactory anteater habitat did not reach minimum patch size (3) 0.1–1% of its range had dangerously high road density, (4) 32–36% of the anteater's distribution represented critical areas for its survival and (5) more conservation opportunities existed in the north of the country.[35] A 2020 study in the Brazilian cerrado found that road mortality can cut population growth by 50 percent at the local level.[36]

The giant anteater is commonly hunted in Bolivia, both as a trophy and food. The animal's thick, leathery hide is used to make horse-riding equipment in the Chaco. In Venezuela, it is slain for its claws. Giant anteaters are also killed for their perceived danger, particularly during threat displays. The biggest ecological strengths of the species is its wide range and adaptability. The Amazon, Pantanal and the cerrado have various protected areas where the anteater finds refuge.[32] In Argentina, some local governments list it as national heritage species, affording it official protection.[2]

Behaviour and ecology

Sleeping under its tail

Despite its iconic status, the giant anteater is little studied in the wild and research has been limited to certain areas.

nocturnal. A 2006 study in the Pantanal found them to be mostly nocturnal when it is warm, but became more active in daylight hours as the temperature dropped.[40] Diurnal giant anteaters have been observed at Serra da Canastra.[41] Nocturnality in anteaters may be a response to human disturbances.[42]

Giant anteaters prefer dense brush to sleep in, but when it gets cooler, they may use tall grass. When they need to rest, they carve a shallow cavity in the ground. The animal sleeps curled up with its bushy tail over its body; both to keep it warm and camouflage it from predators. One anteater was recorded sleeping flat on its side with the tail unfolded on a 17 °C (63 °F) morning; possibly to allow its body to absorb the sun's rays for warmth.[43] Giant anteaters sometimes enter water to bathe[44] and even swim across wide rivers.[6] They are also able to climb and have been recorded ascending both termite mounds and trees while foraging. One individual was observed attempting to climb a tree by rearing up and grabbing onto a branch above it.[45]

Spacing

Two captive anteaters. The species is generally solitary in the wild.

Giant anteater

keep in contact with secretions from their anal glands and tree markings.[38][46] They appear to be able to recognize each other's saliva by scent.[19]

Females are more tolerant of each other than males are, and thus are more likely to be found closer together. Males are more likely to engage in

agonistic behaviors,[41] which start with the combatants approaching and circling each other while uttering a "harrr" noise. This can escalate into chasing and actual fighting. Combat includes wrestling and slashing with the claws.[6][19] Fighting anteaters may emit roars or bellows.[41] Males are possibly territorial.[19]

Foraging

Foraging

This animal is an insectivore, feeding mostly on ants or termites. In areas that experience regular flooding, like the Pantanal and the Venezuelan-Colombian Llanos, anteaters mainly feed on ants because termites are less available.[19] Conversely, anteaters at Emas National Park eat mainly termites, which are numerous in the grassland habitat. At Serra da Canastra, during the wet season (October to March) anteaters eat mainly ants, while during the dry season (May to September) they switch to termites.[19]

Anteaters track prey by their scent.

mounds for protection or use underground or wide spreading tunnels to escape.[47]

Other prey include the larvae of

mealworms and ground beef.[42] To drink, an anteater may dig for water when none at the surface is available, creating waterholes for other animals.[44]

Reproduction and parenting

Mother with offspring clinging to her back

Giant anteaters mate all year.

delayed implantation.[48] Females give birth standing upright.[19]

Pups are born weighing 1–2 kg (2.2–4.4 lb) with eyes closed for the first six days. The mother carries its dependent young on its back.[42] The pup camouflages against its mother by aligning its black and white band with hers.[20] The mother grooms and nurses her young, which communicates with her using sharp whistles. After three months, grooming declines and the young starts to eat more solid food. Both grooming and nursing bouts end at 10 months, which is also when the young leaves its mother.[6] They are sexually mature in 2.5–4 years.[42]

Mortality

Giant anteaters may live around 15 years in the wild, but can live twice that in captivity.

Moniliformis monoechinus.[52]

Interactions with humans

Attacks

Although they are usually not a threat to humans, giant anteaters can inflict severe wounds with their front claws. Between 2010 and 2012, two hunters were killed by giant anteaters in Brazil; in both cases, the attacks appeared to be defensive behaviors.[53] In April 2007, an anteater at the Florencio Varela Zoo slashed and killed a zookeeper with its front claws.[54]

In culture

Kayapo
boys in their ceremonies

In the

Kayapo people wear masks of various animals and spirits, including the anteater, during naming and initiation ceremonies. They believe women who touched anteater masks or men who fall while wearing them would die or be disabled.[56]

During the

bookplate for André Breton, who compared the temptations a man experiences in life to what "the tongue of the anteater must offer to the ant."[58]

The 1940 Max Fleischer cartoon Ants in the Plants features a colony of ants fighting off a villainous anteater. It may have been a commentary on France's Maginot Line during the Phoney War.[59] An anteater is also a character in the comic strip B.C. This character was the inspiration for Peter the Anteater, the University of California, Irvine team mascot.[60] In the Stephen King miniseries Kingdom Hospital, the character Antubis appears in the form of an anteater-like creature with razor-sharp teeth.[61]

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