User:Rbrtwjohnson/CrossFire Fusion Reactor

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CrossFire Fusion Reactor - Core Assembly
Patent Pending PCT/IB2008/054254

The Magnetic and Electrostatic Nuclear Fusion Reactor, or simply CrossFire Fusion Reactor, is a

nuclear fusion reactor

whose fundamental idea was conceived in 2008 by "Douglas" F. Palte, in order to overcome inherent limits of previous fusion approaches in producing fusion energy at significant rates.
The CrossFire Fusion Reactor uses six

fusion reactions to escape.^[1]

Comparison to previous concepts

CrossFire Fusion Reactor - Superconducting Magnet

The CrossFire Fusion Reactor combines features of many other fusion concepts such as

Penning Trap, but it differs significantly from all of them. It is most closely related to Farnsworth–Hirsch Fusor and Bussard Polywell,^[5]^[6]

but it diverges from Farnsworth–Hirsch Fusor because it does not have an inner grid. It is also unlike the Bussard Polywell as it does not have recirculation of electrons while it has a well-defined voltage setup and an escape mechanism. The Polywell accelerates and confines positive ions through their attraction to negatively charged electrons, whilst the CrossFire Fusion Reactor does this using a negative voltage applied at the core region.
The initial design was originally based on a

Penning Trap on the distal ends, and to act as a magnetic mirror at the core region, confining efficiently the plasma

while allowing surrounding ion injection, and controlled escaping.

Apparatus and Operation

In terms of apparatus, the CrossFire Fusion Reactor consists of a cluster of

electric insulators on the distal end of each magnet, and an armature to sustain the assembly. A negative voltage

is applied at the cusp region and a positive voltage is applied at the armature. Each magnet has a set of independent flat pancake coils grouped together to be adjusted for controlling the level of confinement and escaping.
In terms of operation, the set of

electricity production and propulsion

.

Power Generation

current versus the positive voltage is the electric power (P=V×I).^[9]^[10]

Furthermore, the fusion products, after being neutralized, can thrust a spacecraft directly, providing an ISP of over 1 million seconds.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

Advantages

Possibility of using advanced fusion fuels^[15] like hydrogen-boron and Helium-3^[16] producing low neutron hazards.
No inner grid,^{electrostatic acceleration
with low energy consumption.}

CrossFire Nuclear Fusion Reactor

Escape mechanism suitable for electricity generation and propulsion.
Moderate energy consumption, continuous operation, which implies in a possibility of net gain, i.e., chance to have come close to the break-even point at which the device releases as much energy as is required to sustain a fusion reaction.

Requirements

The magnetic fields necessary to confine the
fusion reaction
.
In case of
Bremsstrahlung radiation, mostly in X-ray range, back to plasma
.

The armature must be robust to hold the magnets, because the opposite

magnetic fields

to bottle the ions are very strong, tending to force the magnets apart.

The fuel should be ionized with a predefined
charge-to-mass ratio, and basic calculations must be done for dimensioning magnetic flux and electric voltages.^[22]

The
charge-to-mass ratio should be as low as possible, keeping the plasma in a quasi-neutral
state, which requires stronger magnetic and electric fields.

The fuel injection must be well-dosed in small quantity, in order to prevent uncontrolled magnetic reconnection that could damage the magnets.^[23]

References

^ Hank Mills, Pure Energy Systems News. "Ferreira's Fast Fusion Frigate". Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ US 3,386,883 (1968-06-04) P.T. Farnsworth, Method and apparatus for producing nuclear-fusion reactions.
^ US patent 4,826,646, Robert W. Bussard, "Method and apparatus for controlling charged particles", issued 1989-05-02
^ US patent 4,233,537, Rudolf Limpaecher, "Multicusp plasma containment apparatus", issued 1980-11-11
^ Todd H. Rider (1994-04-15). "A general critique of inertial-electrostatic confinement fusion systems".
^ Fundamental limitations on fusion systems not in equilibrium p161
^ Atzeni S., Meyer-ter-Vehn J (2004). "The Physics of Inertial Fusion: Beam Plasma Interaction, Hydrodynamics, Hot Dense Matter" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ S. Son , N.J. Fisch (2004-06-12). "Aneutronic fusion in a degenerate plasma" (PDF).
^ Ralph W. Moir (1997). "Direct Energy Conversion in Fusion Reactors" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Electricity Conversion by Neutralization Process" (Flash video). 2008-12-16.
^ "Spacecraft Propulsion" (Flash video). 2008-12-16.
^ "Electrodynamic Space Thruster - Innovative Propulsion System" (Flash video). 2010-10-11.
^ "Fast Interstellar Travel using Phase-shifted Electrodynamic Propulsion" (Flash video). 2010-10-28.
^ "Phase Displacement Space Drive - Interstellar Propulsion" (Flash video). 2011-04-17.
^ G. L. Kulcinski (2000-10-15). "Advanced Fusion Fuels Presentation" (PDF).
^ E. N. Slyuta (2007). "The estimation of helium-3 probable reserves in lunar regolith" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Andrew Seltzman (2008-05-30). "Design Of An Actively Cooled Grid System To Improve Efficiency In Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Reactors" (PDF). www.rtftechnologies.org. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
^ "Bremsstrahlung Radiation Losses in Polywell Systems", R.W. Bussard and K.E. King, EMC2, Technical Report EMC2-0891-04, July, 1991
^ James H. Underwood (2001-01-31). "X-Ray Data Booklet - Multilayers and Crystals" (PDF).
^ A.F. Jankowski; et al. (2004-10-22). "Boron–carbide barrier layers in scandium–silicon multilayers" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ David L. Windt; et al. (2009-10-10). "Performance optimization of Si/Gd extreme ultraviolet multilayers" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ "Nuclear Fusion Reactor - Calculations". Retrieved 2009-12-15.
^ Dr. Tony Phillips, Science@NASA. "Honey, I Blew up the Tokamak". Retrieved 2009-12-18.

External links

Official website

[1] Hank Mills, Pure Energy Systems News. "Ferreira's Fast Fusion Frigate". Retrieved 2011-05-23.

[2] US 3,386,883 (1968-06-04) P.T. Farnsworth, Method and apparatus for producing nuclear-fusion reactions.

[3] US patent 4,826,646, Robert W. Bussard, "Method and apparatus for controlling charged particles", issued 1989-05-02

[4] US patent 4,233,537, Rudolf Limpaecher, "Multicusp plasma containment apparatus", issued 1980-11-11

[5] Todd H. Rider (1994-04-15). "A general critique of inertial-electrostatic confinement fusion systems".

[6] Fundamental limitations on fusion systems not in equilibrium p161

[7] Atzeni S., Meyer-ter-Vehn J (2004). "The Physics of Inertial Fusion: Beam Plasma Interaction, Hydrodynamics, Hot Dense Matter" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[8] S. Son , N.J. Fisch (2004-06-12). "Aneutronic fusion in a degenerate plasma" (PDF).

[9] Ralph W. Moir (1997). "Direct Energy Conversion in Fusion Reactors" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[10] "Electricity Conversion by Neutralization Process" (Flash video). 2008-12-16.

[11] "Spacecraft Propulsion" (Flash video). 2008-12-16.

[12] "Electrodynamic Space Thruster - Innovative Propulsion System" (Flash video). 2010-10-11.

[13] "Fast Interstellar Travel using Phase-shifted Electrodynamic Propulsion" (Flash video). 2010-10-28.

[14] "Phase Displacement Space Drive - Interstellar Propulsion" (Flash video). 2011-04-17.

[15] G. L. Kulcinski (2000-10-15). "Advanced Fusion Fuels Presentation" (PDF).

[16] E. N. Slyuta (2007). "The estimation of helium-3 probable reserves in lunar regolith" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[17] Andrew Seltzman (2008-05-30). "Design Of An Actively Cooled Grid System To Improve Efficiency In Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Reactors" (PDF). www.rtftechnologies.org. Retrieved 2009-08-14.

[18] "Bremsstrahlung Radiation Losses in Polywell Systems", R.W. Bussard and K.E. King, EMC2, Technical Report EMC2-0891-04, July, 1991

[19] James H. Underwood (2001-01-31). "X-Ray Data Booklet - Multilayers and Crystals" (PDF).

[20] A.F. Jankowski; et al. (2004-10-22). "Boron–carbide barrier layers in scandium–silicon multilayers" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

[21] David L. Windt; et al. (2009-10-10). "Performance optimization of Si/Gd extreme ultraviolet multilayers" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

[22] "Nuclear Fusion Reactor - Calculations". Retrieved 2009-12-15.

[23] Dr. Tony Phillips, Science@NASA. "Honey, I Blew up the Tokamak". Retrieved 2009-12-18.

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