V. V. Giri
V. V. Giri | |
---|---|
Minister of Labour and Industry for Madras Presidency | |
In office 30 April 1946 – 23 March 1947 | |
Chief Minister | Tanguturi Prakasam |
Personal details | |
Born | Varahagiri Venkata Giri 10 August 1894 Heart attack |
Political party | Independent |
Spouse |
Saraswati Bai
(m. 1926; died 1978) |
Children | 14 |
Relatives | Activist |
Awards | Bharat Ratna (1975) |
Signature | |
Varahagiri Venkata Giri (
Early life and family
V. V. Giri was born in
Giri was married to Saraswati Bai and the couple had 14 children.[8]
Giri completed his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur and higher education at the
V.V. Giri was also elected to the student union of Khallikote College for three consecutive times and highly active in freedom movement during his student days in Berhampur.In 1913, he went to Ireland to study law which he did at University College Dublin and the Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between 1913 and 1916.[10] Giri was one among the first crop of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year long course at UCD in 1914–15. This was a requirement for being called to the Irish Bar through study at the King's Inns. In total, 50 Indian students studied at UCD between 1914 and 1917.[11]
Giri and a fellow law student also enrolled to study on the full bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was lectured by Thomas MacDonagh, and Political Economy. His lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Thomas A. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]
During the First World War, Giri travelled from Dublin to London and met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Gandhi wanted for Giri to join the Imperial war effort as a Red Cross Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but later regretted his decision. According to one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity relieved Giri of the obligation to join the Red Cross and did not breathe a word about it to anyone.”[12]
Giri was active in both Indian and Irish politics during his studies. Along with fellow Indian students he produced a pamphlet documenting the abuse of Indians in South Africa. The pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Political Intelligence and resulted in increased police scrutiny of Giri and his fellow students in Dublin.[11] Meanwhile, anonymous articles were written by Indian students for the newspaper of the Irish Volunteers and in The National Student, a UCD student magazine.[13]
He was suspected of association with prominent ring leaders in the 1916 Rising including James Connolly, Pádraig H. Pearse and the young Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was called to the Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did not complete his studies for BA in UCD.[13] Indian students were subjected to police raids following the 1916 Rising and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice to leave Ireland on 1 June 1916.[16][17]
Career
Upon returning to India in 1916 Giri enrolled at the
Role in the labour movement
Giri was closely associated with the labour and trade union movement in India throughout his career.
Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Indian delegation at the
Electoral career in British India
Giri became a member of the
In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Raja of Bobbili to become a member of the
Following the launch of the Quit India Movement, Giri was imprisoned again by the colonial government in 1942.[34] He remained in prison when the AITUC met in Nagpur in 1943 where he was the president elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence in the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three years, his longest sentence, until his release in 1945.[30]
In the
Career in independent India
From 1947 to 1951, Giri served as India's first High Commissioner to
Union Minister for Labour (1952–1954)
On being elected to Parliament, Giri was appointed Minister of Labour in 1952.[40] His policy initiatives as minister gave rise to the Giri Approach in industrial dispute resolution.[41] The Giri approach emphasizes negotiations between the management and workers as the means for resolving industrial disputes. It holds that the failure of such negotiations should lead not to compulsory adjudication but to further negotiations through conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences with the government over patronage to trade unions, trade union and government opposition to the Giri Approach and the government's decision to reduce the wages of bank employees led him to resign from government in August 1954.[44][45][46]
In the General Elections of 1957, Giri lost from the
Gubernatorial tenures (1957–1967)
Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served as governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Karnataka (1965–1967).[52]
Governor of Kerala (1960–1965)
Giri was sworn in as the
Vice president (1967–1969) and acting president of India (1969)
Giri was elected the third
Following the death in office of President Zakir Husain on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day.[59] Giri resigned from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.[60] Immediately before resigning, Giri, in his capacity as acting president, promulgated an ordinance that nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.[61] He was succeeded as acting president by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Justice of India.[c][63]
Presidential election of 1969
The election of a new president became a contest between the Prime Minister
Following Giri's election, an election petition was filed in the Supreme Court of India contesting its validity on the grounds of having used corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an incumbent president of India, chose to appear in person before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Court ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.[70]
President of India
Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 August 1969 and held office until 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On his election, Giri became the only president to have also been an acting president and the only person to be elected president as an independent candidate.[62]
As president, Giri unquestioningly accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's decision to sack the Charan Singh ministry in Uttar Pradesh and advised her to go in for early elections in 1971.[72] The ordinance abolishing privy purses and privileges of the erstwhile rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in the Rajya Sabha.[73] His advice to Prime Minister Gandhi against the appointment of A. N. Ray as the Chief Justice of India superseding three judges senior to him was ignored by her as was his warning that a crackdown on striking railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As president, Giri made 14 state visits to 22 countries in south and southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.[76][77]
Giri is regarded as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister and has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a loyalist president and a rubber stamp president under whom the independence of the office eroded.[79][80][81] When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the presidential election of 1974.[82]
Awards
Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian award, the
Death
V.V. Giri died of a
He was given a state funeral the next day and a week-long mourning period was declared by the Government of India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had been ex-officio chairman as Vice President of India, adjourned for two days as a mark of respect to him.[92]
Commemoration
A
Giri authored Industrial Relations and Labour Problems in Indian Industry, two popular books on issues of labour in India.[97] His memoirs, published in 1976, are titled My Life and Times.[16]
- Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14 October 1971).[98]
- King Jigme Singye Investiture Medal (Kingdom of Bhutan, 2 June 1974)[99]
State honours
Decoration | Country | Date | Note | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bharat Ratna | India | 1975 | The highest civilian honour of India. | [52] |
Explanatory notes
- ^ Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting
- Scheduled Tribes was established. The general candidates including Giri received fewer votes than the Scheduled Caste candidates in Parvatipuram resulting in both the Scheduled Caste candidates being declared elected. Giri unsuccessfully challenged the verdict in court. By the Two Member Constituency (Abolition) Act, 1961 this system of double member constituencies was abolished.[47][48]
- ^ Following Giri's resignation, the offices of president and vice president became vacant, with the Constitution of India requiring the Chief Justice of India to act as president. Justice Hidayatullah served as acting president during July – August 1969. Elected vice president in 1979, he again served as acting president in October 1982. He is the only person in India to have served twice as acting president.[62]
See also
References
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External links
- V. V. Giri at Encyclopædia Britannica