Vellore
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Vellore
Velur | ||
---|---|---|
District Vellore | | |
Zones | Vellore North (Katpadi)
Vellore East (Sathuvachari) Vellore South (Vellore Fort) Vellore West (Konavattam) | |
Smart City Ranking India | Tenth | |
Metropolitan Area | • Vellore
• Ratnagiri keelminnal • Melvisharam • Ranipettai • Arcot • Walajapettai • Vellore Airport • Pallikonda • Virinjipuram • Latteri • Tiruvalam • Kaniyambadi • Balamathi • Usoor • Serkadu | |
Founded by | Unknown | |
UTC+5:30 (IST) | ||
PIN | 632 ××× | |
Telephone code | 91-416 | |
Vehicle registration | TN 23 | |
Distance from Chennai City limits | 135 kilometres (84 mi) | |
Planning agency | Vellore Municipal Corporation | |
Website | www |
Vellore (English:
Vellore is the home to
The Vellore region is the largest exporter of finished leather goods in the country. Leather exports from Vellore account for more than 37% of India's leather exports and leather-related products.[6]
Vellore is one of 27 cities chosen by the Government of India to take part in the country's Smart Cities Mission.[7]
Etymology
According to a legend, many babul trees (known locally as velan trees) surrounded this region, which led to the name 'Vellore'.[8]
Vellore is also known as the Second Madras because of its importance and location relative to Chennai (Madras).
History
The recorded history of Vellore dates back to the ninth century, as seen from a
Vellore is strategically located and well-connected by rail and bus routes to major towns in the neighbouring states of
Vellore Fort is important to Vellore's history. Due to a lack of historical records, it is not known exactly when the fort was constructed, but estimates based on stone inscriptions suggests that the fort was most likely built during the rule of Chinna Bommi Nayak between 1526 and 1595. The fort is a good example of Tamil Nadu military architecture, while the Jalakandeswarar Temple within the fort represents Vijayanagara architecture.
The central prison in Vellore, established in 1830, had imprisoned notable figures like
Vellore Fort
The fort of Vellore was built around 1566 CE by the chieftains of Sadashiv Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire. In the mid-17th century the fort was owned by various parties. The Aravidus, the last dynasty that ruled Vijayanagara lost Vellore to the Bijapur Sultan before being captured by the Marathas after a siege that lasted four and a half months in 1676. The fort came under the charge of Dost Ali, the Nawab of Carnatic, before passing on to the British in 1760. Vellore Fort withstood Hyder Ali's siege from 1780 to 1782, and would later become the base for Lord Cornwallis’ march on Bangalore to defeat Tipu Sultan.
When Tipu Sultan was killed at Sringapatam during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798-79 CE), his kingdom was handed back to the Hindu Wodeyar kings of Mysore and the British exiled Tipu's surviving sons, daughters, their families, and their entire entourage to Vellore Fort. They stayed in the palaces in the fort and participated in the Mutiny of 1806.
Vellore mutiny
In 1805, the new Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army of the British East India Company, General Sir John Cradock, began an ambitious reform of the army's disciplinary system. New, standardized regulations were approved for the Madras Army, which dictated how sepoys should wear their uniforms and appear on duty. Under these regulations, Hindus were prohibited from wearing religious marks on their foreheads while on duty, and Muslims were required to shave their beards and trim their moustaches. One change that was especially problematic was a new headdress associated with Indian converts to Christianity, which included a leather cockade. This caused an uproar, as leather was a cultural taboo for the upper caste sepoys of the Madras Army. As a result, many sepoys believed that their British officers were conspiring to convert them to Christianity.[citation needed]
In May 1806, a few soldiers protested against these changes and were sent to Fort St. George in Chennai, where they were publicly lashed and discharged from the army. With the levels of resentment towards the British already high, the sons of the deceased Tipu Sultan exacerbated the conflict by assisting the mutineers who revolted on 10 July. Under the pretense of attending the wedding of one of Tipu Sultan's daughters, mutineers gathered in Vellore Fort where the wedding was held and revolted. Raising the flag of the Kingdom of Mysore, they declared Tipu Sultan's son Fateh Hyder king. The mutineers inflicted about 200 casualties before their revolt was put down by reinforcements under the command of Sir Hugh Robert Rollo Gillespie; many of the mutineers were captured and summarily executed or court-martialed.[citation needed]
As a result of the uprising, the dress codes were retracted, and Cradock was dismissed. Although the mutiny took place before larger revolts in the 1850s, it was indicative of the simmering dissent in the Indian soldiery. The Vellore mutiny is considered to be the first large-scale Indian mutiny against the British, and a prelude to the much larger Sepoy Mutiny in 1857.[citation needed]
Economic, social and cultural changes in the 20th century
The economic condition of the district in the earlier stages was not sound with the absence of major industries. Industries like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Ranipet, Tamil Nadu Explosives Ltd., and Vellore Katpadi were established as the result of governmental policy. There has been notable growth of small scale industries and tanneries in the district, which not only generated employment opportunities, but also contributed economic growth to farmers. Uzhavar Sandhai helped the rural poor improve the economy. Women-driven self help groups played an important role in building rural economy and teaching rural women to be self-reliant. Vellore also changed socially as time went by. Increased social awareness and upward social growth marked the successful foundation of its districts. Literacy improved in part of the Arivoli Movement.
During the first half of the 19th century, the town came under
Geography and climate
Vellore is at 12°55′N 79°08′E / 12.92°N 79.13°E, 220m above sea level. The city has a tropical savanna climate. It is in the Vellore district of the South Indian state, Tamil Nadu, 135 km (84 mi) west of the state capital Chennai and 30 km (19 mi) kms South of its twin city Chittoor, across the Andhra Pradesh border.Vellore lies in the Eastern Ghats region and Palar river basin. The topography is almost flat with slope from west to east.[10]
Vellore is in a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The temperature ranges from 13 °C (55 °F) to 39.4 °C (102.9 °F). Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the mildest. Vellore receives 1,034.1 mm (40.71 in) of rainfall every year. The southwestern monsoon from June to September brings 517.1 millimetres or 20.36 inches of rainfall, with September being the rainiest month. The northeastern monsoon which lasts from October to December brings 388.4 millimetres or 15.29 inches of rainfall. The humidity ranges from 40%–63% during summer and 67%–86% during winter.[11]
Climate data for Vellore (1981-2010, extremes 1901-2012) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.3 (95.5) |
39.8 (103.6) |
42.8 (109.0) |
44.4 (111.9) |
45.0 (113.0) |
44.3 (111.7) |
40.9 (105.6) |
39.4 (102.9) |
39.6 (103.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
35.8 (96.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.8 (85.6) |
32.8 (91.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.1 (102.4) |
36.6 (97.9) |
35.1 (95.2) |
34.3 (93.7) |
34.0 (93.2) |
32.3 (90.1) |
29.8 (85.6) |
28.7 (83.7) |
33.9 (93.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
24.6 (76.3) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.4 (74.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.1 (64.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
11.0 (51.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 11.5 (0.45) |
1.7 (0.07) |
16.7 (0.66) |
28.2 (1.11) |
69.7 (2.74) |
78.2 (3.08) |
110.4 (4.35) |
134.1 (5.28) |
195.2 (7.69) |
158.1 (6.22) |
156.3 (6.15) |
74.0 (2.91) |
1,034.3 (40.72) |
Average rainy days | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 3.6 | 55.6 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
54 | 47 | 41 | 41 | 45 | 51 | 54 | 58 | 63 | 69 | 70 | 64 | 55 |
Source: India Meteorological Department[12][13] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1961 | 113,742 | — |
1971 | 139,082 | +22.3% |
1981 | 174,257 | +25.3% |
1991 | 175,061 | +0.5% |
2001 | 177,413 | +1.3% |
2011 | 504,079 | +184.1% |
Sources: |
According to 2011 census, Vellore had a population of 504,079[16] of which 247,002 are males and 257,077 are females. The sex-ratio of Vellore is 1,009 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 926. A total of 48,547 were under the age of six, constituting 24,692 males and 23,855 females. The literacy rate of Vellore is 87.09% which is higher than National Urban average of 85%. Literacy rate for male and female for Vellore stood at 92.03% and 82.23% respectively. Total literates in Vellore were 379,849 of which males were 199,247 and remaining 180,602 were females. The city had a total of 112,486 households, with 70,257 workers, including 297 cultivators, 395 main agricultural labourers, 4,387 in household industries, 59,281 other workers, 5,897 marginal workers, 59 marginal cultivators, 74 marginal agricultural labourers, 667 marginal workers in household industries, and 5,097 other marginal workers.[15]
According to the religious census of 2011, Vellore's population was 80.09%
As of 2001, 69.88% of the city's land area was developed.[18] Out of the developed area, 55.76% was used for residential purposes, 8.34% for commerce, 1.58% for industry, 3.3% for education, 16.46% for public and semi-public use, and 10.12% for transport and communication.[19] Although population density varies between different areas, the average density of the city of Vellore is 241 persons per hectare.[18]
Administration and politics
Municipal Corporation officials | |
Mayor | |
Commissioner | P. Janaki Raveendran[20] |
Deputy Mayor | |
Elected members | |
---|---|
Member of Legislative Assembly | P.Karthikeyan[21] |
Member of Parliament | Kathir Anand[22] |
Vellore is the municipal headquarters of Vellore district. The town was first recognized as a third-grade municipality in 1866, promoted to first-grade in 1947, to selection-grade in 1970, and to a municipal corporation on 1 August 2008. The functions of the Vellore Municipal Corporation are divided into six departments: General Administration/Personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Planning, and Information Technology (IT). These departments are under the executive control of a municipal commissioner.[23] Legislative powers are held by a body of 60 members, with each councilor being elected from one of the city's wards.[24][25] The legislative body is headed by an elected mayor who is assisted by a deputy mayor.[26]
Vellore is a part of the
Vellore is a part of the
Since 1951, the Vellore parliament seat was won by the Indian National Congress four times in the 1957,[30] 1962,[31] 1989 and 1991 elections;[32][33] AIADMK twice during the 1984 and 2014 elections;[22][34] CWL once during 1951 elections; independent once during the 1980 elections;[35] Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam five times during the 1967,[36] 1971,[37] 1996,[38] 2004 and 2009 elections;[39] once each by NCO during the 1977 elections;[40] and twice by Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) during the 1998 and 1999 elections.[41][42] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Kathir Anand from the DMK party.[22]
Law enforcement in Vellore is organized by the Vellore subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a deputy superintendent. There are four police stations in the city, one of them being an all-women station. Different special task forces focus on prohibition enforcement, district crime, and social justice and human rights. Administrative duties are performed by a branch that operates at the district level and is headed by a superintendent.[43]
Economy
According to the Indian Census of 2001, the urban workforce employment rate of Vellore is 43.64%. Vellore, being the headquarters of the district, has registered growth in its tertiary sector activities with a corresponding decrease in the primary sector. Most employment is provided by the leather industry, tobacco industry, agricultural trading, and industries in and around the city. Approximately 83.35% of the workforce is employed in tertiary sector comprising transport, services and commerce. The secondary sector activities like manufacturing and household industries employs 13.52% of the workforce. Male worker employment (43.64%) is higher than female work employment (24.39%).[44]
Vellore is known as the leather hub of India.
'Naruvi Hospitals' is being built at a cost of 3300 million INR, a joint venture between vellore based 'Pearl Human Care' and
Other rural industries than agriculture include weaving and beedi and matchstick rolling. The Indian Army has a number of recruits from the Vellore district (especially from Kammavanpet known as "the military village") and military spending is a major source of income.[55]
Education
Vellore is considered a prominent destination for medical and technological education in India.[56][57] It has a state-government university, a private technological university, one government and one private medical school and several engineering and arts and science colleges.
Notable Islamic and Arabic college in Vellore is Bakqiyat Salihat Arabic College.
The country's first stem-cell translational research centre was established in Vellore in December 2005.
Christian Medical College & Hospital (CMCH), one of the largest hospitals in India and Asia, is based out of Vellore. It is a major health care provider for the surrounding districts.[64][65]
Auxilium Women's College (founded in 1954) is the first women's college in Vellore district;
The
Schieffelin Institute of Health – Research and Leprosy Centre (SIH-R & LC) is located near Vellore and was established in 1955 to care for leprosy patients.
Tourism
Vellore Fort is the most prominent landmark in the city. During British rule, Tipu Sultan's family and the last king of Sri Lanka, Vikrama Rajasinha, were held as royal prisoners in the fort. The fort houses a church, a mosque and a Hindu temple, the latter known for its carvings. The first rebellion against British rule erupted at this fort in 1806, and it witnessed the massacre of the Vijayanagara royal family of Emperor Sriranga Raya.[70] The fortifications consist of a main rampart, broken at irregular intervals by round towers and rectangular projections. The main walls are built of massive granite stones, surrounded by a broad moat fed with water by subterranean pipes from the Suryagunta reservoir.
Within the fort is the similarly aged Jalakanteswara Temple. The fort houses the Tipu Mahal where Tipu Sultan is believed to have stayed with his family during the war with the British; the graves of Tipu's sons are found at Vellore.[71] It is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India. Vellore Fort has been declared a Monument of National Importance and is a famous tourist attraction.[72]
The State Government Museum is inside the fort and opened to the public in 1985. It consists of art, archaeology, prehistory, weapons, sculptures, bronzes, wood carvings, handicrafts, numismatics, philately, botany, geology, and zoology exhibits. Historical monuments of the North Arcot District are contained in the gallery.[73] Special exhibits include a double bronze sword from Vellore Taluk dating to 400 BCE, stone sculptures from the late Pallava to Vijayanagar periods, ivory chess boards and coins used by the last Kandian King of Sri Lanka, Vikrama Raja Singha. Educational activities at the museum include an art camp for school students and the study of inscriptions and iconography for college students.[74]
Transport
Road
The Vellore municipal corporation maintains 104.332 km (64.829 mi) of roads. It has 50.259 km (31.229 mi) of concrete road, 6.243 km (3.879 mi) of kutcha road and 47.88 km (29.75 mi) of bituminous road.[75] The National Highways passing through or terminating at Vellore as per new numbering are:[76]
Highway Number | Destination | Via |
---|---|---|
48 | Chennai |
Kanchipuram, Sriperumbudur, |
Delhi | ||
38 | Thoothukudi | Tiruvannamalai, Tiruchirappalli, Madurai |
40 | Hyderabad | Chittoor, Kadapa, Kurnool |
75 | Mangaluru |
Sakleshpura
|
Vellore is connected with major cities in the states of Tamil Nadu,
Rail
Vellore has three main railway stations:
Air
The
Sports
Vellore is known for producing number of national and international weightlifters,
Sathish Sivalingam, a gold medal winner at the 2014,2018 Commonwealth games. Vellore has the States first center of excellence for weightlifting. Built at an expense of 24 million INR, the centre has facilities for conducting international weightlifting events, latest training equipment and a multi-purpose training hall.[88]
Vellore was among the two districts in Tamil Nadu which didn't have a sports complex. In 2018, the Government of Tamil Nadu announced a sports complex would be set up with facilities for 400 metre athletics track, gallery, administrative office besides grounds for hockey, basketball, kabaddi, badminton and tennis. It would also have a swimming pool and gymnasium.[89]
Urban area
Utility services
Electricity supply to Vellore is regulated and distributed by the
According to the municipal data for 2011, about 83 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Vellore every day by door-to-door collection. The source segregation and dumping are carried out by the sanitary department of the Vellore municipal corporation. The municipal corporation covered 16 wards for waste collection as of 2001.[93][94] There is no underground drainage system and the sewage system for sullage disposal is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.[95][96] The municipal corporation maintained 145 km (90 mi) of storm water drains in 2011.[97] As of 2011, 24 government and private hospitals and one veterinary hospital take care of the citizens' health care needs.[98] As of 2011, the municipal corporation maintained 5,241 street lamps: 735 sodium lamps, 73 mercury vapour lamps, 4,432 tube lights and one high mast beam lamp.[99][100] The municipal corporation operates the Netaji Daily Market that caters to the needs of the city and the rural areas around it.[101]
See also
Notes
- ^ Vellore is the British English spelling, and Vēlūr ((Tamil: [ʋeːluːɾ])) is the romanized spelling from Tamil script.
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