Vincent Racaniello

Vincent R. Racaniello
MIT (Post-doctoral)
Known for	CD155 (poliovirus receptor, PVR)
Scientific career
Fields	Microbiology Immunology Virology
Institutions	Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons

Vincent R. Racaniello (born January 2, 1953) is a Higgins Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons.^[1] He is a co-author of a textbook on virology, Principles of Virology.^[2][3]

Racaniello has received the Irma T. Hirschl,

He also served as the 2015 president of the American Society for Virology.

Racaniello is the host of various podcasts, including This Week in Virology.

Early life and education

Racaniello was born in

.

Research

Racaniello established his own research laboratory at Columbia University in the fall of 1982.[10] The aim of his laboratory is to understand replication and pathogenesis of small RNA animal viruses,

. The reproductive cycle of a virus begins with its attachment to and entry into the cytoplasm of a cell. His laboratory identified CD155 (poliovirus receptor, PVR); a cell surface protein, and member of the immunoglobin superfamily as the protein that mediates this process.^[11][12] Understanding how the interaction between virus and cell alters the viral particle and how virus entry is facilitated by the interaction has helped understand the means by which poliovirus infection is initiated.^[13][14]

Humans are the only known natural host for poliovirus. The study of viral disease is therefore only feasible with the generation of a small animal model. Though not susceptible to poliovirus infection, murine cells do allow for efficient replication of poliovirus RNA introduced into the cytoplasm. Taking advantage of this observation, Racaniello's laboratory constructed the first small animal model of

. Mice producing the human CD155 protein were generated and infected with poliovirus.^[15] These mice exhibited all symptoms and pathology of poliomyelitis observed in humans, including flaccid paralysis and spinal cord lesions. These mice today are used not only to continue to understand poliovirus pathogenesis but as a means to test the safety of stocks of the polio vaccine.

Poliomyelitis is a disease of the central nervous system; however, it is believed that CD155 is present on the surface of most if not all cells of the body. An element present within the virus RNA was hypothesized to govern viral tropism which tissues the virus infected. Newborn mice producing PVR were infected with wild-type poliovirus and a chimeric poliovirus in which this element was replaced with the same region from hepatitis C virus, a liver specific virus, or coxsackievirus B3, a virus that infects the heart or meninges. Mice infected with any of these viruses exhibited symptoms of poliomyelitis. Therefore, this region of poliovirus does not determine tissue tropism of the virus.^[16]

Secretion of interferon is one means the body uses to ward off pathogens, including viral diseases. However, poliovirus is able to replicate when interferon is added to medium used to culture mammalian cells. Racaniello's laboratory believes that this resistance is dictated by the 2A protein of poliovirus.^[17][18] Racaniello's laboratory continues to investigate how poliovirus circumvents the immune response of the host, enhancing our understanding of its pathogenesis and why it is a disease of the central nervous system.

Research after poliovirus

Even though global eradication of poliovirus was initiated in 1988, and poliovirus infection continues throughout the world today, Racaniello's laboratory has begun to investigate the reproductive cycle and pathogenesis of other picornaviruses similar to poliovirus. These viruses include

, coxsackievirus A21 and echovirus 1. Infectious clones of EV70 and several serotypes of rhinoviruses were generated.^[19][20][21] These reagents have been used to understand how host range of a virus can be altered and to identify cellular proteins necessary for replication of the viral RNA. Racaniello has also begun to study how these viruses evade the host innate In addition a small animal model of virus echovirus 1 pathogenesis has been established.[23]

Racaniello is also interested in picornavirus evolution and movement. To this means, he intends to isolate and identify picornaviruses found in the wild throughout the Northeastern United States.

Racaniello's laboratory continues to pursue the fundamental principles of virus biology.^[24] Together with a long-term collaborator, Racaniello's lab has determined that neurotropism of Zika virus and enterovirus D 68 are not a recently acquired phenotypes. Results from their studies examining Zika virus infection of the neonatal mouse brain revealed that cortical developmental pathologies associated with virus infection may result from architecture defects of the developing brain. Data from their research understanding the mechanism of enterovirus D68 associated acute flaccid myelitis suggests multiple means by which paralysis may result from virus infection.^[25][26]

In collaboration with members of the Center for Infection and Immunology at Columbia, Rosenfeld and Racaniello described a cross-reactive anti-enterovirus antibody response.^[27] These results challenge the idea that enterovirus infections are modulated solely by a homotypic humoral immune response.

Science beyond the laboratory

Understanding that the World Wide Web is a primary scientific tool, Racaniello is one of the co-creators of BioCrowd,

Patents

Racaniello is listed as inventor on at least 12 patents.[43]

References

External links

• Vincent Racaniello's blog