Walashma dynasty
The Walashma dynasty was a medieval
Genealogical traditions
The Walashma princes of Ifat and
However, most historians, including
Walasma dynasty of Ifat initiated a series of marriage alliances with the leaders of Adal, according to the chronicle "Conquest of Abyssinia" by
The title Walasma was still used in Ifat province as late as the nineteenth century with governors of that region claiming descent from the old dynasty.[31] In 1993 Mohammed Saleh who professed his ancestors were the Argobba Walasma of Ifat revealed that his progenitors were traders of the Shewa-Harar route for centuries.[32]
Language
According to Ferry Robert and Harbeson John the language spoken by the people of Adal as well as its rulers the Imams and Sultans would closely resemble contemporary Harari language.[33][34] The 19th-century Ethiopian historian Asma Giyorgis suggests that the Walashma themselves spoke Arabic.[35][36]
Sultanate of Ifat
During the end of the 13th century, northern Hararghe was seat of a Muslim sultanate named under the rule of Makhzumi dynasty.[37] A contemporary source describes the sultanate being torn apart by internal strafe and weakened by struggles with neighboring Muslim states. In 1278 one of these neighboring states, named Ifat in eastern Shewa, led by the Walashma invaded the Sultanate of Shewa. After a few years of struggle the sultanate was annexed into Ifat. This annexation is usually attributed to ʿUmar, but he had been dead for 50 years by the time Shewa was annexed. More likely, it was his grandson Jamal ad-Dīn or perhaps even his great-grandson Abūd. In 1288 Sultan Wali Asma successfully conquered Hubat, Adal and other Muslim states in the region. Making Ifat the most powerful Muslim kingdom in the Horn of Africa.[38]
In 1332, the Sultan of Ifat,
Sultans of Ifat
Ruler Name | Reign | Note | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Sulṭān ʿUmar Dunya-Hawaz | 1197–1276 | Founder of the Walashma dynasty, his nickname was ʿAdūnyo or Wilinwīli. He started a military campaign to conquer the Sultanate of Shewa. The Sheikh Yusuf al-Kowneyn is his 5th ancestor. |
2 | Sulṭān ʿAli "Baziyu" Naḥwi ʿUmar | 1276–1299 | Son of ʿUmar Dunya-Hawaz, he led many successful campaigns the most notable of which being the Conquest of the Shewa and burning of their capital marking the end of the Makhzumi dynasty. |
3 | Sulṭān ḤaqqudDīn ʿUmar | 12??–12?? | Son of ʿUmar Dunya-Hawaz |
4 | Sulṭān Ḥusein ʿUmar | 12??–12?? | Son of ʿUmar Dunya-Hawaz |
5 | Sulṭān NasradDīn ʿUmar | 12??–12?? | Son of ʿUmar Dunya-Hawaz |
6 | Sulṭān Mansur ʿAli | 12??–12?? | Son of ʿAli "Baziyu" ʿUmar |
7 | Sulṭān JamaladDīn ʿAli | 12??–12?? | Son of ʿAli "Baziyu" ʿUmar |
8 | Sulṭān Abūd JamaladDīn | 12??–12?? | Son of JamaladDīn ʿAli |
9 | Sulṭān Zubēr Abūd | 12??–13?? | Son of Abūd JamaladDīn |
10 | Māti Layla Abūd
|
13??–13?? | Daughter of Abūd JamaladDīn |
11 | Sulṭān ḤaqqudDīn Naḥwi | 13??–1328 | Son of Naḥwi Mansur, grandson of Mansur ʿUmar |
12 | Sulṭān SabiradDīn Maḥamed "Waqōyi" Naḥwi | 1328–1332 | Son of Naḥwi Mansur, defeated by Emperor Amde Seyon of Abyssinia, who replaced him with his brother JamaladDīn as a vassal.
|
13 | Sulṭān JamaladDīn Naḥwi | 1332–13?? | Son of Naḥwi Mansur, vassal king under Amde Seyon
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14 | Sulṭān NasradDīn Naḥwi | 13??–13?? | Son of Naḥwi Mansur, vassal king under Amde Seyon
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15 | Sulṭān "Qāt" ʿAli SabiradDīn Maḥamed | 13??–13?? | Son of SabiradDīn Maḥamed Naḥwi, rebelled against Emperor Amde Seyon , but the rebellion failed and he was replaced with his brother Aḥmed
|
16 | Sulṭān Aḥmed "Harbi Arʿēd" ʿAli | 13??–13?? | Son of ʿAli SabiradDīn Maḥamed, accepted the role of vassal and did not continue to rebel against Newaya Krestos, and is subsequently regarded very poorly by Muslim historians |
17 | Sulṭān Ḥaqquddīn Aḥmed | 13??–1374 | Son of Aḥmed ʿAli |
18 | Sulṭān SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed | 1374–1403 | Son of Aḥmed ʿAli, killed in the Abyssinian invasion of Ifat under Dawit I or Yeshaq I[a] |
Sultanate of Adal
Adal was a general term for a region of lowlands inhabited by Muslims east of the province of Ifat. It was used ambiguously in the medieval era to indicate the Muslim inhabited low land portion east of the Ethiopian Empire. Including north of the Awash River towards Lake Abbe as well as the territory between Shewa and Zeila on the coast of Somaliland.[42][21][43] According to Ewald Wagner, Adal region was historically the area stretching from Zeila to Harar.[44][45] In the late fourteenth century Walasma princes Haqq ad-Din II and Sa'ad ad-Din II relocated their base to the Harari plateau in Adal forming a new Sultanate.[46]
The last Sultan of Ifat,
Adal's headquarters were relocated in the following century, this time to
The Walashma sultans of Ifant and Adal also apparently had a fair taste for luxury, the commercial relations that existed between the Adal Sultanate and the rulers of the Arab peninsula allowed Muslims to obtain luxury items that Christian Ethiopians, whose relations with the outside world were still blocked, could not acquire, a Christian document describing Sultan Badlay relates:
"And the robes [of the sultan] and those of his leaders were adorned with silver and shone on all sides. And the dagger which he [the sultan] carried at his side was richly adorned with gold and precious stones; and his amulet was adorned with drops of gold; and the inscriptions on the amulet were of gold paint. And his parasol came from the land of Syria and it was such beautiful work that those who looked at it marveled, and winged serpents were painted on it."[53]
Sultans of Adal
Name | Reign | Note | |
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1 | Sulṭān SabiradDīn SaʿadadDīn
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1415–1422 | Son of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed, He returned to the Horn of Africa from Yemen to reclaim his father's realm. He subsequently became the first ruler and founder of the new Adal dynasty winning many victories before dying of natural causes. |
2 | Sulṭān Mansur SaʿadadDīn | 1422–1424 | Son of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed. He launched an expedition against |
3 | Sulṭān JamaladDīn SaʿadadDīn | 1424–1433 | Son of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed. He won numerous important battles against Yeshaq I before killing him in the battle of Harjah. Famed for piety and justice he was killed by jealous cousins in 1433. |
4 | Sulṭān Sihab ad-Din Ahmad Badlay "Arwe Badlay" | 1433–1445 | Son of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed, also known as "Arwe Badlay" ("Badlay the beast"). Badlay embarked on a full scale conquest of Abyssinia successfully invaded the Ethiopian Empire and capturing Bali before being killed by the forces of Zara Yaqob at the Battle of Gomit. Badlay also founded a new capital at Dakkar, near Harar. |
5 | Sulṭān Maḥamed AḥmedudDīn | 1445–1472 | Son of AḥmedudDīn "Badlay" SaʿadadDīn, Maḥamed asked for help from the Mameluk Sultanate of Egypt in 1452, though this assistance was not forthcoming. He ended up signing a very short-lived truce with Baeda Maryam I. |
6 | Sulṭān ShamsadDin Maḥamed | 1472–1488 | Son of Maḥamed AḥmedudDīn, he attacked the Emperor Eskender of Abyssinia army in 1479, and slaughtered the majority of his army. |
7 | Sulṭān Maḥamed ʿAsharadDīn | 1488–1518 | Great-grandson of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed of Ifat, he continued to raid the Abyssinians especially during Lent with Mahfuz enslaving innumerable numbers of Abyssinians and Killing King Na’od. He was assassinated after a failed campaign in 1518 |
8 | Sultan Maḥamed Abūbakar Maḥfūẓ | 1518–1519 | Very popular leader who attempted to recapture Fatagar |
9 | Sulṭān Abūbakar Maḥamed | 1518–1526 | He killed Garād Abūn and restored the Walashma dynasty, but Garād Abūn's cousin Imām Aḥmed Gurēy avenged his cousin's death and killed him. While Garād Abūn ruled in Dakkar, Abūbakar Maḥamed established himself at Harar in 1520, and this is often cited as when the capital moved. Abūbakar Maḥamed was the last Walashma sultan to have any real power. |
10 | Garad Abogn Adish
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1519–1525 | Successor to Maḥamed Abūbakar Maḥfūẓ |
11 | Sulṭān ʿUmarDīn Maḥamed | 1526–1553 | Son of Maḥamed ʿAsharadDīn, Imām Aḥmed Gurēy put Maḥamed ʿAsharadDīn's young son ʿUmarDīn on the throne as puppet king in Imām Aḥmed Gurēy's capital at Harar. This essentially is the end of the Walashma dynasty as a ruling dynasty in all but name, though the dynasty hobbled on in a de jure capacity. Many king lists don't even bother with Walashma rulers after this and just list Imām Aḥmed Gurēy and then Amīr Nūr Mujahid. |
12 | Sulṭān ʿAli ʿUmarDīn | 1553–1555 | Son of ʿUmarDīn Maḥamed |
13 | Sulṭān Barakat ʿUmarDīn | 1555–1559 | Son of ʿUmarDīn Maḥamed, last of the Walashma Sultans, assisted Amīr Nūr Mujahid in his attempt to retake Dawaro. He was killed defending Harar from Emperor Gelawdewos' forces, ending the dynasty. |
Family tree
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See also
Notes
- ^ He was killed either in 805 AH / 1402-3 CE during the reign of Dawit I (according to al-Maqrizi) or in 817 AH / 1414-5 during the reign of Yeshaq I (according to Cerulli, ed. (1931). "History of the Walashmaʿ". R.R.A.L. Ser. vi. Vol. iv. p. 45.)[41] Some historians pick one of the two possible dates (e.g. Paul Henze selects 1403 in Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia [New York: Palgrave, 2000], p. 67).
References
- ^ Ifat. Britannica.
- ^ Jyee, Dr. Ravi (2016). WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES. New Delhi, India: AFRO-ASIAN-AMERICAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, OCCUPATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ACCORD). p. 360.
Founded in 1285 by the Walashma dynasty, it was centered in Zeila. Ifat established bases in Djibouti and Somalia, and from there expanded southward to the Ahmar Mountains.
- ^ ISBN 9231017098.
- ^ ISBN 9781482311174.
- ISBN 978-0-19-821671-1.
- ^ Ibn Haldun. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Trimingham 1965, p. 67.
- ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 323.
- ^ Cerulli, Enrico (1926). Le popolazioni della Somalia nella tradizione storica locale. L'Accademia. "Cerulli suggests that the Saint "Aw Barkhdale" (Yusuf Al Kownayn) can be associated with "Yusuf Barkatla", ancestor of Umar' Walashma, founder of the Ifat dynasty"
- ISBN 9781569021033.
- ^ Somalia; Wasaaradda Warfaafinta iyo Hanuuninta Dadweynaha (1972). The Writing of the Somali Language: A Great Landmark in Our Revolutionary History. Ministry of Information and National Guidance. p. 10.
Aw Barkhadle, he was a native, who lived in about 1,000 years ago and is buried now in a ruined town named after him, Aw Barkhadle, which is a few miles away from Hargeisa.
- ISBN 9781569021033.
- ISBN 9781569021033.
- ^ Trimingham 1965, p. 251.
- ^ Drake-Brockman, R.E. British Somaliland. p. 219.
- ISBN 978-0-429-76924-5.
- ^ Rirash, Mohamed Abdillahi (1988). "Effects of Sixteenth Century Upheavals on the History of the Horn" (PDF). Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Somali Studies: 251.
- ISBN 978-3-447-05341-9.
- .
- ^ Zewde, Bahru (1998). A Short History of Ethiopia and the Horn. Addis Ababa University. p. 64.
- ^ a b Pankhurst 1997, p. 52.
- ^ The Cambridge History of Africa (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–150.
- ISBN 978-92-3-101710-0.
- ISBN 978-2-271-14543-7.
- ^ IV Congresso Internazionale Di Studi Etiopici (Roma, 10-15 Aprile 1972). Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 28 January 1974. p. 623.
- ^ Chekroun, Amélie. Le" Futuh al-Habasa": écriture de l'histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din. Université Panthéon-Sorbonn. pp. 197–198.
- ^ Trimingham 2013, p. 92.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-3873-4.
- ^ Fani, Sara (2017). IslHornAfr 6 th Field Mission Report (PDF) (Report). University of Cophenhagen. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
- ISBN 978-3-643-90892-6.
- ^ Darkwah, Rexford. The rise of the kingdom of Shoa 1813-1889 (PDF). University of London. p. 259.
- ^ Omer, Ahmed. Some Notes on Harar and the local Trade Routes: A Report on the view of ex-merchants of Shäwa (1839-1935) (PDF). Annales d'Ethiopie. pp. 141–142.
- .
- JSTOR 721961.
- ISBN 9783515037167.
- OCLC 318904173.
Like their direct descendants, the Adares of today, the people of ancient Shewa, Yifat, Adal, Harar and Awssa were semitic in their ethnic and linguistic origins. They were neither Somalis nor Afar. But the Somali and Afar nomads were the local subjects of the Adal.
- ISBN 9783825856717. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ^ Trimingham 1952, p. 58.
- ISBN 9004082654.
- ^ The Glorious Victories, p. 107.[full citation needed]
- ^ a b Trimingham 1976, p. 74, note 4 explains the discrepancy in the sources.
- ISBN 9781351668224.
- ISBN 9780810874572.
- ^ Wagner, Ewald. Legende und Geschichte: der Fath Madinat Hara von Yahya Nasrallah. Verlag.
- ^ Trimingham 2013, p. 87.
- ^ Baba, Tamon. NOTES ON MIGRATION BETWEEN YEMEN AND NORTHEAST AFRICA DURING THE 13–15TH CENTURIES (PDF). Kyushu University. pp. 81–82.
- ISBN 978-1-136-28090-0.
- S2CID 154765577. Archived from the originalon 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
- ISBN 978-1841623719.
- ^ ISBN 0852552807.
- JSTOR 27828848.
- ^ Jeremy Black, Cambridge Illustrated Atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792, (Cambridge University Press: 1996), p.9.
- ISBN 978-92-3-201709-3.
- ^ Budge E.a. Wallis (1828). History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia. p. 302.
- ^ Pankhurst 1997, p. 57.
Works cited
- OCLC 4178469.
- Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-19-6.
- Trimingham, John Spencer (1952). Islam in Ethiopia. Oxford University Press. OCLC 3472650.
- Trimingham, John Spencer (1965). Islam in Ethiopia. Frank Cass & Company. OCLC 546800.
- Trimingham, J. Spencer (1976) [1952]. Islam in Ethiopia. London: Routledge. OCLC 858861432.
- Trimingham, J. Spencer (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. ISBN 9781136970290.
Further reading
- Kifleyesus, Abbebe (2006). Tradition and Transformation: The Argobba of Ethiopia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 84. ISBN 978-3-447-05341-9.