Harari people

Page semi-protected
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Harari
ሀረሪ
Tigrinya • Siltʼe • Zay • other Habesha peoples[3]

The Harari people (

South Ethiopic grouping within the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic languages
.

History

Richard Burton's illustration of the Harari people's costumes.

The

Hadhrami stock.[10]

Ethiopian–Adal war, some Harari militia (malassay) settled in Gurage territory, forming the Siltʼe people.[26] Hararis once represented the largest concentration of agriculturalists in East Africa.[27]

In the sixteenth century, walls built around the city of Harar during the reign of Emir

Sultanate of Harar under duress.[29] Hararis confined in the walled city became the last remnants of a once large ethnic group that inhabited the region.[30][31] According to Ulrich Braukämper, the Harla-Harari were most likely active in the region prior to the Adal Sultanate
's Islamic invasion of Ethiopia.

The sixteenth century saw Oromos invading regions of the

Horn of Africa from the northern areas of Hargeisa to its southern portions such as Lower Juba, incorporating the Harari people.[32] Hararis were furious when Muhammad Gasa decided to move the Adal Sultanate's capital from Harar to Aussa in 1577 in response to Oromo threats. In less than a year after its relocation Adal would collapse.[33] Harari imams continued to have a presence in the southern Afar Region in the Imamate of Aussa until they were overthrown in the eighteenth century by the Mudaito dynasty, who later established the Sultanate of Aussa.[34]

Among the assimilated peoples were

Lij Iyasu, and his presumed efforts to make Harar the capital of an African Islamic empire.[40] Iyasu was however overthrown in 1916, and many of his Harari followers were jailed.[41]

Harari woman in traditional attire

Chafing under imperial Ethiopian rule, Hararis made several attempts to cut ties with Ethiopia and unify

Somalis.[51] The aftermath of the Ogaden war resulted in 200,000 Hararis being held at southern Somalia's refuge camps in 1979.[52] Today Hararis are outnumbered in their own state by the Amhara and Oromo peoples. Under the Meles Zenawi administration, Hararis had been favored tremendously. They acquired control of their Harari Region again, and have been given special rights not offered to other groups in the region.[53] According to academic Sarah Vaughan, the Harari People's National Regional State was created to overturn the historically bad relationship between Harar and the Ethiopian government.[54]

Some Hararis as well as the Somali

Sheekhal and Hadiya Halaba clans assert descent from Abadir Umar ar-Rida, also known as Fiqi Umar, who traced his lineage to the first caliph, Abu Bakr. According to the explorer Richard Francis Burton, "Fiqi Umar" crossed over from the Arabian Peninsula to the Horn of Africa ten generations prior to 1854, with his six sons: Umar the Greater, Umar the Lesser, the two Abdillahs, Ahmad and Siddiq.[55] According to Hararis, they also consist of seven Harla subclans: Abogn, Adish, Awari, Gidaya, Gatur, Hargaya, and Wargar.[56] The Harari were previously known as "Adere", although this term is now considered derogatory.[57]

Sidama.[60][61] Moreover, the Habar Habusheed, a major branch of the Somali Isaaq clan family consisting of the Habr Je'lo, Sanbur, Ibran and Tol Je'lo clans in Somaliland and Ethiopia, hold the tradition that they originate from an intermarriage between a Harari woman and their forefather Sheikh Ishaaq.[62]

Language

Harari pendant, held at the Museum of Natural History and Ethnography in Colmar.

The Harari people speak the

Harla language.[63][64] Old Harari already had many Arabic loanwords, proven by the ancient texts.[65] Northern Somali dialects use Harari loanwords.[66] The Zeila songs of thirteenth century origin, popular in Somaliland are considered to be using Old Harari.[67] Historians states the language spoken by the Imams and Sultans of Adal would closely resemble contemporary Harari language.[68][69]

Modern Harari is influenced more by Oromo than Somali and the presence of Arabic is still there.[70] After the eighteenth century Egyptian conquest of Harar, numerous loanwords were additionally borrowed from Egyptian Arabic.

Gafat language, now extinct, was once spoken in the Blue Nile was related to a Harari dialect.[71] Harari language has some form of correlation with Swahili and Maghrebi Arabic.[72] Prior to Oromo encircling the Harar region, its postulated Harari speakers were in direct contact with Sidama, Afar and Somali.[73][74]

The first known Harari language dictionary in English was published by British traveler Henry Salt in 1814.[75]

The Harari language was historically written using the

Ge'ez script. Harari is also commonly written in Latin outside of Ethiopia.[77]

The 1994 Ethiopian census indicates that there were 21,757 Harari speakers. About 20,000 of these individuals were concentrated outside Harar, in Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa.[78]

Most Harari people are bilingual in Amharic and Oromo, both of which are also Afro-Asiatic languages. According to the 1994 Ethiopian census, about 2,351 are monolingual, speaking only Harari.[78]

Religion

Virtually all Harari are Sunni

non-denominational Islam.[80]

Diaspora

Hararis comprise under 10% within their own city, due to

Washington D.C., Atlanta, Toronto, Dallas, Los Angeles, and Memphis. Furthermore, a minority of the Harari people live in Europe in countries such as Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and also outside of Europe in Australia
.

Basketry Art

Some of the luxurious Harari baskets, called "Mot" (Harari = ጌይ ሞት), today registered and certified as a Harari trademark.
An old Harari woman making a pair of Hamat Mot, one of the most expansive Harari basket.

The Hararis are known to be the masters of basketry in Ethiopia, decorated with complex geometric patterns, and renowned for their quality and beauty. Those baskets are often used for special occasions such as weddings, mournings, but mostly for house decoration. In addition, the Mesob (traditional basketwork table) was invented by the Harari people. Harari baskets are considered valuable handicrafts, mainly used by wealthier Harari families, and are highly appreciated and prized not only locally, but also in the Ethiopian craft market and among crafts collectors from all over the world. They are a remarkable example of traditional Ethiopian craftsmanship and demonstrate the cultural richness of the Harar region.


Harari traditional houses

Harari house doors, carved in stone and wood.
Main room of a Harari house (ጌይ ጋር).
Harari traditional "Aflala" pots in a wealthy Harari house.

Harari houses are known to be richly decorated with beautiful handcrafted wall baskets with very intricate designs (made by Harari women), as well as enameled plates with floral patterns (plates imported to Ethiopia after the Second World War by Japanese traders). The ground floor is dedicated to the kitchen and living room. The main room has large steps covered with carpets and pillows, called "Nedeba", where family members and guests take their seats according to their rank. The floors are devoted to bedrooms. In the wealthiest families, 4 black clay pots, called "Aflala", are placed on a stone shelf, carved into the wall, where all valuable goods were stored, such as gold, coins, medicine and coffee beans.

Notable Hararis

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-9004207295
    . Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  2. ^ "Harari RC Election Results Final - sep 30th.PDF".
  3. ISBN 1581120001
    . The Horn of Africa encompasses the countries of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia. These countries share similar peoples, languages, and geographical endowments.
  4. ISBN 9781847011176
    .
  5. doi:10.3406/ethio.1976.1157
    .
  6. ISBN 9780852554807
    . Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  7. ^ Mordechai, Abir. ETHIOPIA AND THE RED SEA (PDF). Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 9.
  8. ISBN 9782003120749
    .
  9. ISBN 9781136280900
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-19-750787-2
    .
  11. ISBN 9783825856717
    . Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  12. ^ Encyclopaedia Aethiopica (PDF). Harrasowitz Verlag. p. 1015.
  13. doi:10.1017/S0021853700017266
    .
  14. ISBN 9780821444610
    . Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  15. ISBN 9781317649151
    . Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  16. JSTOR 43378336
    .
  17. ^ Marcus, Harold. A History of Ethiopia (PDF). UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. p. 16.
  18. ^ Chekroun, Amelie. Le" Futuh al-Habasa" : ´ecriture de l'histoire, guerre et soci´et´e dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din (PDF). Universit´e Panth´eon-Sorbonne. p. 145.
  19. ^ Zewde, Bahru (1998). A Short History of Ethiopia and the Horn. Addis Ababa University. p. 64.
  20. ^ Begashaw, Kassaye. The Archaeology of Islam in North East Shoa (PDF). Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
  21. JSTOR 41965996
    .
  22. JSTOR 721961
    .
  23. ^ Lindahl, Bernhard. Local history of Ethiopia (PDF). Nordic Africa Institute. p. 37.
  24. ^ Okazaki, Rumi (2012). "A STUDY ON THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT OF HARAR JUGOL, ETHIOPIA". Japan Science and Technology Agency. 77: 951.
  25. ^ Wondimu, Alemayehu. A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE (PDF). Jimma University. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2021.
  26. ^ Environment, livelihood and local praxis in Asia and Africa. Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University. 2005. p. 160. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  27. ^ Hassen, Mohammed (1983). The Oromo of Ethiopia (PDF). University of London. p. 176.
  28. ISBN 9783899429688
    . Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  29. ^ Yasin, Yasin (2010). Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti. UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG. p. 72.
  30. ^ The True Life of Capt. Sir Richard F. Burton. H. S. Nichols. 1896. p. 131. mighty race burton.
  31. JSTOR 43663302
    .
  32. ISBN 978-0-89130-658-0
    .
  33. ISBN 978-1-136-28090-0
    .
  34. ^ Page, Willie. Encyclopedia of africaN HISTORY andCULTURE (PDF). Facts on File inc. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-17. Retrieved 2019-02-17.
  35. ^
    ISBN 978-3825856717
    .
  36. ^ Haberland, Eike. Untersuchungen zum äthiopischen Königtum. Steiner. p. 14.
  37. ISBN 978-3825856717
    .
  38. ISBN 9780821445723
    . Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  39. ISBN 9780748696482
    . Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  40. ^ "How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans". BBC News. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  41. ISBN 9781576075166
    . Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  42. ^
    ISBN 9781576075166
    . Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  43. ^ Carmichael, Tim (1998). Political Culture in Ethiopia's Provincial Administration: Haile Sellassie, Blata Ayele Gebre and the (Hareri) Kulub Movement of 1948. Boston University African Studies Center Press. p. 207.
  44. ISBN 9781569022764
    . Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  45. ISBN 9789994455478
    . Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  46. ISBN 9781136115806
    .
  47. ^ Teshale, Semir. Insurgency in Ethnically Divided Authoritarian-led Societies: A Comparative Study of Rebel Movements in Ethiopia, 1974-2014 (PDF). University of Toronto. p. 155.
  48. ^ Wehib, Ahmed (October 2015). History of Harar and the Hararis (PDF). Harari People Regional State Culture, Heritage And Tourism Bureau. p. 172. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  49. ^ Waldron, Sidney. Afocha A Link Between Community and Administration in Hārar, Ethiopia. Syracuse University. p. 88.
  50. S2CID 157882043. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2020-01-31.
  51. ^ "Horn of Africa". Horn of Africa Journal. 1 (2): 9. 1978. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  52. ^ Jaynes, Gregory (19 November 1979). "Ogaden Refugees Overwhelming Somali Resources". NY times. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  53. ISBN 9789994455478
    . Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  54. ^ a b Vaughan, Sarah. Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia. The University of Edinburgh. p. 235.
  55. ^ Richard Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa, 1856; edited with an introduction and additional chapters by Gordon Waterfield (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 165
  56. ^ Wehib, Ahmed (October 2015). History of Harar and the Hararis (PDF). Harari People Regional State Culture, Heritage And Tourism Bureau. p. 29. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  57. ^ Yimam, Baye (2002). Ethiopian studies at the end of the second millennium. Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University. p. 930. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  58. ^ Braukaemper, Ulrich. A history of the Hadiya in Southern Ethiopia. Universite Hamburg. p. 9.
  59. ISBN 9783825856717
    .
  60. ^ The Ethno-History of Halaba People (PDF). Southern Nations state. p. 164. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-05.
  61. ISBN 9004106618
    .
  62. ISBN 9783825830847
    .
  63. ISBN 9780852554807
    .
  64. ISBN 9783825856717
    .
  65. ISBN 978-9027230980
    .
  66. ISBN 978-3110292343
    .
  67. ^ Abdi, Mohamed (2009). "Chansons de Zeyla". Annales d'Ethiopie. XXIV (24): 306.
  68. doi:10.3406/cea.1961.2961
    .
  69. ^ The Cambridge History of Africa (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
  70. ISBN 9781136115806
    .
  71. ISBN 9780932415196
    .
  72. ISBN 9789004325883
    .
  73. ^ ZHANG, HONGWEI. WHEN THEY CHANGE THE WAY THEY SPEAK: CONTACT-INDUCED WORD ORDER SHIFTS IN SEMITIC. University of Chicago. p. 54.
  74. ^ Banti, Giorgio. "Some Further Remarks on the Old Harari Kitab alfarayid" (PDF). East and West: 275.
  75. ^ Salt, Henry (1814). A Voyage to Abyssinia, and Travels Into the Interior of that Country. F. C. and J. Rivington.
  76. ^ Meyer, Ronny (2016). "The ethiopic script: linguistic features and socio-cultural connotations". Oslo Studies in Language. 8 (1): 160.
  77. ^ Cunningham, Andrew (2009). New Communities Emerging Content (PDF). State Library of Victoria. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  78. ^ a b Ethnologue - Harari language
  79. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N, Volume 3, (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag: 2007), pp.111 & 319
  80. ^ Brugnatelli, Vermondo. "Arab-Berber contacts in the Middle Ages and Ancient Arabic dialects: new evidence from an old Ibadite religious text." African Arabic: approaches to dialectology. Berlin: de Gruyter (2013): 271-291.
  81. ISBN 9780826518521
    .
  82. ISBN 9783319183831
    .
  83. ^ Carmichael, Tim (January 1998). "Political Culture in Ethiopia's Provincial Administration: Haile Sellassie, Blata Ayele Gebre and the (Hareri) Kulub Movement of 1948". Personality and Political Culture in Modern Africa: Studies Presented to Professor Harold G Marcus, ed. By M. Page, S. Beswick, T. Carmichael and J. Spaulding. Boston University African Studies Center Press.
  84. ^ Wehib, Ahmed (October 2015). History of Harar and Harari (PDF). Harari people regional state, culture, heritage and tourism bureau. p. 141. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  85. ISBN 9780313233920
    .
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harari_people&oldid=1218650628"