Walker–Warburg syndrome
Walker–Warburg syndrome | |
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Other names | HARD syndrome,Warburg syndrome |
Walker–Warburg syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. | |
Specialty | Ophthalmology, neurology, medical genetics |
Walker–Warburg syndrome (WWS), also called Warburg syndrome, Chemke syndrome, HARD syndrome (Hydrocephalus, Agyria and Retinal Dysplasia), Pagon syndrome, cerebroocular dysgenesis (COD) or cerebroocular dysplasia-muscular dystrophy syndrome (COD-MD),
Presentation
The clinical manifestations present at birth are generalized
Genetics
Several genes have been implicated in the etiology of Walker–Warburg syndrome,
Diagnosis
Laboratory investigations usually show elevated creatine kinase, myopathic/dystrophic muscle pathology and altered α-dystroglycan. Antenatal diagnosis is possible in families with known mutations. Prenatal ultrasound may be helpful for diagnosis in families where the molecular defect is unknown.[9]
Prognosis
No specific treatment is available. Management is only supportive and preventive. Those who are diagnosed with the disease often die within the first few months of life. Almost all children with the disease die by the age of three.[9]
Eponym
WWS is named for Arthur Earl Walker and Mette Warburg (1926-2015), a Danish ophthalmologist.[10][11][12] Its alternative names include Chemke’s syndrome and Pagon’s syndrome, named after Juan M. Chemke and Roberta A. Pagon.[13]
References
- ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 236670
- PMID 16887026.
- ^ "Walker-Warburg syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
- ^ "Walker-Warburg syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
- ^ Reference, Genetics Home. "Walker-Warburg syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
- ^ Weiss, Thomas C.. "Walker-Warburg Syndrome - Facts and Information." Disabled World. N.p., 6 Mar. 2010. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. <http://www.disabled-world.com/disability/types/mobility/md/walker-warburg.php>.
- PMID 12369018.
- ^ Maroofian R, Riemersma M, Jae LT, Zhianabed N, Willemsen MH, Wissink-Lindhout WM, Willemsen MA, de Brouwer APM, Mehrjardi MYV, Ashrafi MR, Kusters B, Kleefstra T, Jamshidi Y, Nasseri M, Pfundt R, Brummelkamp TR, Abbaszadegan MR, Lefeber DJ, van Bokhoven H (2017) B3GALNT2 mutations associated with non-syndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability reveal a lack of genotype-phenotype associations in the muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathies. Genome Med 9(1):118. doi: 10.1186/s13073-017-0505-2
- ^ PMID 16887026.
- Who Named It?
- .
- PMID 4950916.
- ^ "Walker-Warburg syndrome".
Further reading
- HARD syndrome; Walker–Warburg syndrome; Chemke syndrome; COD (cerebroocular dysgenesis) at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases