Whistling duck
| Whistling ducks | |
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| Black-bellied whistling duck | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Anseriformes |
| Family: | Anatidae |
| Subfamily: | Dendrocygninae Reichenbach, 1850 |
| Genus: | Dendrocygna Swainson, 1837 |
| Type species | |
| Anas arcuata Horsfield, 1824
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The whistling ducks or tree ducks are a subfamily, Dendrocygninae, of the duck, goose and swan family of birds, Anatidae. In other taxonomic schemes, they are considered a separate family, Dendrocygnidae. Some taxonomists list only one genus, Dendrocygna, which contains eight living species, and one undescribed extinct species from Aitutaki of the Cook Islands, but other taxonomists also list the white-backed duck (Thalassornis leuconotus) under the subfamily.
Taxonomy and evolution
Whistling ducks were first
Whistling duck taxonomy, including that of the entire order Anseriformes, is complicated and disputed.[4] Under a traditional classification proposed by ornithologist Jean Théodore Delacour based on morphological and behavioral traits,[5][6] whistling ducks belong to the tribe Dendrocygnini under the family Anatidae and subfamily Anserinae.[6][7] Following the revisions by ornithologist Paul Johnsgard, Dendrocygnini includes the genus Thalassornis (the white-backed duck) under this system.[7][8]
In 1997,
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Species
Eight species of whistling duck are currently recognized in the genus Dendrocygna. However, Johnsgard considers the white-backed duck (Thalassornis leuconotus) from Africa and
| Common name | Scientific name [a] | IUCN Red List Status | Distribution | Picture | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Status | Trend | Population[b] | ||||
| West Indian whistling duck | ) | NT IUCN[15] | 
|
6,000 - 15,000 | 
|
_RWD4.jpg)
|
| Wandering whistling duck | Dendrocygna arcuata , 1824)
(Horsfield |
LC IUCN[16] |
|
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| Black-bellied whistling duck | ) | LC IUCN[17] | 
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|
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| Fulvous whistling duck | Dendrocygna bicolor , 1816)
(Vieillot |
LC IUCN[18] |
|
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| Plumed whistling duck | Dendrocygna eytoni , 1838)
(Eyton |
LC IUCN[19] | 
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| Spotted whistling duck | Dendrocygna guttata , 1866
Schlegel |
LC IUCN[20] |
|
6,700 - 17,000 | 
| |
| Lesser whistling duck | Dendrocygna javanica , 1821)
(Horsfield |
LC IUCN[21] |
|
|
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| White-faced whistling duck | Dendrocygna viduata , 1766)
(Linnaeus |
LC IUCN[22] |
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Description
Whistling ducks are found in the tropics and subtropics. As their name implies, they have distinctive whistling calls.[citation needed]
The whistling ducks have long legs and necks, and are very gregarious, flying to and from night-time roosts in large flocks. Both sexes have the same plumage, and all have a hunched appearance and black underwings in flight.[citation needed]
After breeding and pairing with a female, male whistling ducks (especially within the Fulvous whistling duck species) will often help with the construction of nests and will take turns with the female incubating the eggs.
Notes
- ^ A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Dendrocygna.
- ^ Estimate for the number of mature individuals in the wild.
References
- ^ Linnaeus 1758, p. 127–128.
- ^ Swainson 1837, p. 365.
- ^ Eyton 1838, p. 28.
- ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, p. 339.
- ^ Johnsgard 1965, p. 14.
- ^ a b c Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 340.
- ^ a b c Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354.
- ^ a b Johnsgard 2010b, p. 26.
- ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, p. 348.
- ^ Gonzalez, Düttmann & Wink 2009, p. 313.
- ^ Pereira & Baker 2009, p. 416.
- ^ a b Eo, Bininda-Emonds & Carroll 2009, pp. 471–472.
- ^ Johnsgard 2010a, p. 41.
- ^ Steadman 2006, pp. 213 & 218.
- ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Dendrocygna arborea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna arcuata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna autumnalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- .
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna eytoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna guttata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna javanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna viduata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Literature cited
- Donne-Goussé, C.; Laudet, V.; Hänni, C. (2002). "A molecular phylogeny of anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 339–356. PMID 12099792.
- Eo, S.H.; Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P.; Carroll, J.P. (2009). "A phylogenetic supertree of the fowls (Galloanserae, Aves)" (PDF). Zoologica Scripta. 38 (5): 465–481. S2CID 30562724.
- Eyton, T.C. (1838). A Monograph on the Anatidae Or Duck Tribe. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman. p. 183. .
- Gonzalez, J.; Düttmann, H.; Wink, M. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae". Journal of Zoology. 279 (3): 310–318. .
- Johnsgard, P.A. (1965). "Tribe Dendrocygnini (Whistling Ducks)". Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 378.
- Johnsgard, P.A. (2010a). "Whistling Ducks: Tribe Dendrocygnini". Waterfowl of North America, Revised Edition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries. p. 575.
- Johnsgard, P.A. (2010b). "Tribe Dendrocygnini (Whistling or Tree Ducks)". Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World. Lincoln: University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries. p. 404.
- Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ. Vol. 1 (Tenth ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentius Salvius. p. 825.
- Pereira, S.L.; Baker, A.J. (2009). "Waterfowl and gamefowl (Galloanserae)". In Hedges, S.B.; Kumar, S. (eds.). The Timetree of Life (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-19-160898-8.
- Steadman, D.W. (2006). Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Islands Birds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 594. ISBN 0-226-77142-3.
- Swainson, W. (1837). On the Natural History and Classification of Birds. Vol. 2. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. p. 398.
External links
Media related to Dendrocygna at Wikimedia Commons
