Wikipedia:Jewish Encyclopedia topics/P2

501 – 520

1. Precentor (JE | WP GWP G) -- See H458: Ḥazzan
2. Precious Stones (JE | WP GWP G) -- See G131: Gems
3. Predestination (JE | WP GWP G) the belief that the destiny of man is determined beforehand by God. "Predestination" in this sense is not to be confounded...
4. Preexistence (JE | WP GWP G
   ) Existence previous to earthly life or to Creation, attributed in apocryphal and rabbinical writings to persons and things...
5. Preexistence of the Soul (JE | WP GWP G) -- See S985
   : Soul
6. Prefaces and Dedications (JE | WP GWP G) the general Hebrew name for a preface is "hakdamah." the saying "A book without a preface is like a body without a soul"...
7. C451
   : Childbirth
8. Premeditation (JE | WP GWP G) -- See I161
   : Intention
9. Shabbethai Premsla (JE | WP GWP G) Galician grammarian and scribe of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; lived at Przemysl. He was the author of a commentary...
10. Prerau (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Town in Moravia. The Judengasse of Prerau is mentioned as early as Charles IV. (1339-1349), but the settlement of Jews in...
11. Benjamin Wolf Prerau (JE | WP GWP G) Moravian Hebraist; lived at Prerau in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He published Bedersi's "Bak&#7731...
12. Presburg (JE | WP GWP G
    ) City of Hungary, situated on the River Danube. Its location on a commercial highroad makes it probable that its Jewish community...
13. Presbyter (JE | WP GWP G) from the time of Moses down to the Talmudic period the "zekenim" (elders) are mentioned as constituting a regular communal...
14. Presbyter Judaeorum (JE | WP GWP G) Chief official of the Jews of England in pre-expulsion times. The office appears to have been for life, though in two or three...
15. Moses Alexandrovich Press (JE | WP GWP G) Russian engineer and technologist; born 1861; died at Sankt Blasien 1901. After passing through the St. Petersburg Institute...
16. P199
    : Periodicals
17. Prester John (JE | WP GWP G) -- See T325: Tribes, The Lost Ten
18. Birds of Prey (JE | WP GWP G
    ) While few clean birds are named in the Old Testament (see Poultry), there are given in Lev. xi. (13-19) and Deut. xiv. (12-21)...
19. Przibram) (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Austrian physician; born at Prague May 11, 1841; educated at the university of his native city (M.D. 1861). He established...
20. Richard Přibram (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Austrian chemist; born at Prague April 21, 1847; educated at the Polytechnic and the University of Prague, and at the University...

1. Julius Mendes Price (JE | WP GWP G) English traveler, artist, and journalist; born in London about 1858; educated at University College (London), at Brussels...
2. Humphrey Prideaux (JE | WP GWP G) English Orientalist; born at Padstow, Cornwall, May 3, 1648; died at Norwich Nov. 1, 1724; educated at Christchurch, Oxford...
3. Priest (JE | WP GWP G) One consecrated to the service of the sanctuary and, more particularly, of the altar. This definition, however, holds true...
4. Priestly Code (JE | WP GWP G) Name given by modern scholars to that stratum of the Pentateuch which deals with ceremonial regulations, especially those...
5. Frilock) (JE | WP GWP G
   ) Polish author of the seventeenth century. He wrote a commentary on the Zohar from the pericope "Shemot" to "Ḥu&#7731...
6. Samuel Primo (JE | WP GWP G) Shabbethaian sectary of the seventeenth century; born in Jerusalem; died probably at Constantinople. He was one of the earliest...
7. Primogeniture (JE | WP GWP G) in the Old Testament as well as in the rabbinical legislation a distinction is made between the first-born of inheritance...
8. M436
   : Mendel
9. Princes of the Captivity (JE | WP GWP G) -- See E548: Exilarch
10. Principal and Agent (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A894: Agency, Law of
11. Nathaniel Pringsheim (JE | WP GWP G
    ) German botanist; born at Wziesko, Oberschlesien, Nov. 30,1823; died at Berlin Oct. 6, 1894. He was educated at the Friedrichs-Gymnasium...
12. Printers; Printing (JE | WP GWP G) -- See T372: Typography
13. Printers' marks (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Signets, coats of arms, or pictures printed, from engravings, at the end of a book or, later, on the title-page. Their use...
14. Priority (JE | WP GWP G) the rules as to priority among deeds conveying the lands of a grantor, or among bonds operating as liens upon all the obligor&#39...
15. Prison (JE | WP GWP G) -- See I121: Imprisonment
16. Right of Privacy (JE | WP GWP G
    ) See Joint Owners; Neighboring Landowners.
17. Private Way (JE | WP GWP G) -- See R295: Right of Way
18. Procedure in Civil Causes (JE | WP GWP G) Jewish jurisprudence, both in Biblical and in Talmudic times, attached the greatest importance to the laws of property and...
19. Process (JE | WP GWP G) -- See P538: Procedure
20. Procurator Ad Capitularia Judaeorum (JE | WP GWP G) -- See F183: Fiscus Judaicus

541 – 560

1. Salvidenus JE, Tiberianus JE (JE | WP GWP G
   ) Title of the governors who were appointed by Rome over Judea after the banishment of Archelaus in the year 6 C.E., and over...
2. Production of Documents (JE | WP GWP G) -- See E530: Evidence
3. Profanation and Profanity (JE | WP GWP G
   ) See Cursing; Desecration.
4. Professions (Statistics) (JE | WP GWP G
   ) Until quite recent times the Jews were debarred from all professional occupations except that of medicine. Till entrance to...
5. Profiat (JE | WP GWP G) Name used by Jews in Provence and northern Spain. In Hebrew it is written in various forms: , ; or , with the substitution...
6. Prognostication (JE | WP GWP G) -- See O61: Omen
7. Prometheus (JE | WP GWP G) See Adam; Fire.
8. Promissory Notes (JE | WP GWP G) -- See E542
   : Exchange, Bills of
9. Modern pronunciation of Hebrew (JE | WP GWP G
   ) Like Syriac, and probably under its influence, Hebrew has been handed down with a twofold pronunciation, the Ashkenazic and...
10. Proof (JE | WP GWP G) -- See E530: Evidence
11. P402
    : Polemics and Polemical Literature
12. C390
    : Chattels
13. False Prophet (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Deuteronomy is the only book containing laws concerning the false prophet (xiii. 2-6 [A. V. 1-5], xviii. 20-22). He is designated...
14. Prophets and Prophecy (JE | WP GWP G) Though many ancient peoples had their prophets, the term has received its popular acceptation from Israel alone, because,...
15. Prosbul (JE | WP GWP G
    ) An abbreviated form of the Greek phrase πρὸς βουλῇ βου&#955...
16. Proselyte (JE | WP GWP G) Term employed generally, though not exclusively, in the Septuagint as a rendering for the Hebrew word "ger," designating a...
17. Moser Proser (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Russian Hebraist; born at Keidani, government of Kovno, Jan. 1, 1840. Proser pursued the conventional course of Hebrew education...
18. Proskurov (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Russian town, in the government of Podolia. The Jewish community there has one large and eight smaller synagogues, and a Talmud...
19. Prossnitz (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Austrian manufacturing town, in the province of Moravia. Probably its earliest Jewish settlement dated from the latter half...
20. Löbele (Prostiz) Prossnitz JE (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Cabalistic impostor; born about the end of the seventeenth century at Brody, Galicia; died about 1750. He left his native...

1. A421
   : Abraham ben David Provençal
2. Moses ben Abraham Provençal (JE | WP GWP G) -- See M839
   : Moses ben Abraham Provençal
3. Provence (JE | WP GWP G) Province of ancient France lying between the Rhone, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Maritime Alps, although medieval Jewish...
4. Proverbs (JE | WP GWP G
   ) Wise, witty, and pithy maxims or aphorisms. Jewish proverbs are derived from the following sources: (1) Biblical collections...
5. Book of Proverbs (JE | WP GWP G) One of the Ketubim, or Hagiographa, belonging to the group of "Ḥokmah," or "Wisdom" books. The Masoretic superscription...
6. Midrash to Proverbs JE (JE | WP GWP G
   ) Haggadic midrash to Proverbs, first mentioned, under the title "Midrash Mishle," by R. Hananeel b. Ḥushiel (first half...
7. Providence (JE | WP GWP G) the term occurs only in the Apocryphal books (Wisdom xiv. 3, xvii. 2), and has no equivalent in Biblical Hebrew, the later...
8. Providence (JE | WP GWP G) -- See R262: Rhode Island
9. Provins (JE | WP GWP G) French town, in the department of Seine-et-Marne. Jews were settled there as early as the twelfth century. Thibaut, Count...
10. Prussia (JE | WP GWP G) Kingdom and the largest unit of the German empire. The kingdom of Prussia grew out of the margravate of Brandenburg, which...
11. Pruzhany (JE | WP GWP G) Russian town in the government of Grodno. It had a Jewish community at the end of the sixteenth century, when Joel Sirkes...
12. Przemysl (JE | WP GWP G
    ) City of Galicia; once the capital of Red Russia. While Przemysl is referred toby the Russian chronicler Nestor in the year...
13. Psalmomancy (JE | WP GWP G
    ) the employment of the Psalms in incantations. The general use of the Bible for magic purposes has been discussed under Bibliomancy...
14. Psalms (JE | WP GWP G) Name derived from the Greek ψαλμός (plural ψαλμοί), which signifies...
15. Midrash to Psalms (Midrash Tehillim) (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Haggadic midrash, known since the eleventh century, when it was quoted by Nathan of Rome in his "'Aruk" (s.v. ), by R...
16. The Psalms of Solomon (JE | WP GWP G) Pseudepigraphic work not contained in the Septuagint (and therefore not included in the Apocrypha). At present it exists only...
17. Psaltery (JE | WP GWP G) -- See H298: Harp and Lyre
18. Jacob ben Zelig Psantir (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Rumanian historical writer; born at Botoshani June 6, 1820; died in Bucharest March 22, 1901. From his childhood he devoted...
19. Pseudepigrapha (JE | WP GWP G) Literally "books having false titles," fraudulently or erroneously ascribed to the authors whose names they bear. "Thus Dionysius...
20. Pseudo-Artapanus (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1826: Artapanus

581 – 600

1. Pseudo-messiahs (JE | WP GWP G
   ) Persons who claim to be the deliverers of Israel divinely appointed to bring about the establishment of the promised Messianic...
2. Pseudo-Phocylides (JE | WP GWP G) A Judæo-Hellenistic poet and the author of a didactic poem in epic style of 250 verses. He assumed the name of the ancient...
3. Pseudonymous Literature and Writers (JE | WP GWP G
   ) the habit of adopting literary disguises is a very old one in Hebrew literature. According to the views of higher criticism...
4. Ptolemy (JE) >> 1) JE
   Ptolemy (son of Abubus) (WP GWP G
   ) Strategus of Jericho; son of Abubus...
5. Ptolemy I (JE | WP GWP G
   ) At first satrap (322-307 B.C.), then king (305-285), of Egypt. He founded the dynasty of the Ptolemies, which, from his father&#39...
6. Ptolemy II (JE | WP GWP G
   ) King of Egypt from 285 to 247 B.C. He continued the struggle for Cœle-Syria and Palestine and established himself permanently...
7. Ptolemy III (JE | WP GWP G
   ) King of Egypt from 247 to 222 B.C.; referred to in Dan. xi. 7-9. According to that passage, the Egyptian king made great conquests...
8. Ptolemy IV (JE | WP GWP G
   ) King of Egypt from 222 to 205 B.C.; hero of the events described in Dan. xi. 11-12. The passage in question refers to battles...
9. Ptolemy V (JE | WP GWP G
   ) King of Egypt from 205 to 182 B.C. He was a child of five when he came to the throne. The protracted struggle for the possession...
10. Ptolemy VII (JE | WP GWP G
    ) King of Egypt from 182 to 146 B.C.; eldest son of Ptolemy V. With him the power over Egypt passes into unworthy hands. Philometor...
11. Ptolemy IX (JE | WP GWP G
    ) King of Egypt from 146 to 117 B.C. After the death of Ptolemy Philometor, his brother, Euergetes II., tried to overthrow his...
12. Ptolemy Macron (JE | WP GWP G) General of King Antiochus Epiphanes of Syria; sent by the prefect Lysins with two other generals, Nicanor and Gorgias, to...
13. Puah (JE | WP GWP G
    ) One of the two midwives who were ordered by Pharaoh to kill all the Hebrew male children (Ex. i. 15). Philo ("Quis Rerum Divinarum...
14. Age of
    M91
    : Majority
15. Publican (JE | WP GWP G) Local tax-farmer; the office existed among the Jews under the Roman dominion. The Romans were accustomed to farm out, generally...
16. Solomon Pucher (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi; born 1829 at Neustadt-Sherwint, Poland; died Nov. 23, 1899, at Riga. Educated at the yeshibah of Georgenburg and at...
17. Judah Löb b. Joseph Parzower Puchowitzer (JE | WP GWP G) Russian rabbi, cabalist, and author; lived in the last quarter of the seventeenth century. He was rabbi at Pinsk, and in his...
18. Walter, Count Pückler-Muskau (JE | WP GWP G) German anti-Semitic agitator; born Oct. 9, 1860, at Rogan, near Breslau. He graduated from the University of Breslau with...
19. Pugilism (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A2086: Athletes
20. Pul (JE | WP GWP G) A usurper who ascended the throne of Babylonia in 745 B.C. and reigned until 737; identical with Tiglath-pileser III. He appears...

601 – 620

1. Isaac ben Joseph ibn Pulgar JE (JE | WP GWP G) -- See I37: Ibn Pulgar, Isaac ben Joseph
2. Joseph Pulitzer (JE | WP GWP G) American editor and journalist; born April 10, 1847, at Budapest. Hungary; educated privately. In 1863 he left his native...
3. Pulpit (JE | WP GWP G) in the earliest time a post ("'ammud" was used instead of a pulpit; from it the king spoke to the people, and from it...
4. Pumbedita (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A710: Academies in Babylonia
5. Aaron Elijah b. Aryeh Löb Pumpianski [Wikidata] (JE | WP GWP G
   ) Russian government rabbi and author; born at Wilna in 1835; died at Riga April 26, 1893. He graduated from the rabbinical...
6. Punctuation (JE | WP GWP G) When the Biblical text received its final form in the schools of Palestine during the first and second centuries, and the...
7. Punishment (JE | WP GWP G) It has been shown in the articles Capital Punishment, Crime, Homicide, and Stripes that a court may inflict for the violation...
8. P140
   : Pedagogics
9. Purchase and Sale (JE | WP GWP G) -- See S71
   : Sale
10. Purchase Under Mistake (JE | WP GWP G) -- See F356: Fraud and Mistake
11. Purgatory (JE | WP GWP G) An intermediate state through which souls are to pass in order to be purified from sin before they are admitted into the heavenly...
12. Purification (JE | WP GWP G) -- See T18: Ṭaharah
13. Purim (JE | WP GWP G) Jewish feast celebrated annually on the l4th, and in Shushan, Persia, also on the 15th, of Adar, in commemoration of the deliverance...
14. Purim plays (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Jewish folk-comedies, written for performance in Jewish family circles or before a Jewish public during the month of Adar...
15. Special Purims (JE | WP GWP G
    ) Certain fast- and feast-days specially observed in some Jewish communities, in imitation of the national Purim, to commemorate...
16. Purity of Race (JE | WP GWP G) the question whether the Jews of to-day are in the main descended from the Jews of Bible times, and from them alone, is still...
17. Purple (JE | WP GWP G) Mention is made in the Old Testament of two kinds of purple, or purple dye: (1) "argaman" (Aramaic, "argevan"; Greek, &#960...
18. Pygarg (JE | WP GWP G) Clean animal mentioned in Deut. xiv. 5, following the Septuagint. The identity of the animal has not been established.Bibliography:...
19. Lionel Edward Pyke JE (JE | WP GWP G) English barrister; born at Chatham April 21, 1854; died in Brighton March 26, 1899. He was the second son of Joseph Pyke,...