Wikipedia:Jewish Encyclopedia topics/A3
Directory of articles |
1001 to 1100
1001 – 1020
- Aholibamah (JE | WP GWP G) -- See O41: Oholibamah
- Ahot Ketannah (JE | WP GWP G) A pizmon (ritual poem) of eight stanzas, signed with the acrostic of Abraham Ḥazan, and sung in the Sephardic ritual...
- Ahriman (JE | WP GWP G) in the Mazdian religion, the evil deity, who has his real opposite in Spenta Mainyu, "the beneficent [holy] spirit." the latter...
- Isaac Ahrony (JE | WP GWP G) -- See C831: Courland
- ) Town of Rhenish Prussia, twenty-three miles northwest of Coblenz, on the river Ahr. It is mentioned in the year 1248 as containing...
- Mattithiah Ahrweiler (JE | WP GWP G) German rabbi; born about 1650 at Frankfort-on-the-Main; died at Heidelberg, September 19, 1728. At the time of his birth his...
- Ahub ben Meir Hanasia (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1007: Hanasia, Ahub ben Meir
- Solomon Ahudi (JE | WP GWP G) See Solomon b. Joseph ibn Ayub.
- : Ormuzd
- Ai (JE | WP GWP G) A royal Canaanitish town, eastward from Beth-el in the northern part of the territory of the tribe of Benjamin, the seat of...
- Aibu (Ibu) (JE | WP GWP G) By this name, unaccompanied by patronymic or cognomen, are known four amoraim, three of whom were members of the family of...
- Aibu (Ibu) (JE | WP GWP G) A prominent haggadist of the fourth amoraic generation (fourth century), contemporary of Judah (Judan) b. Simon (b. Pazzi...
- Aibu (Ibu) b. Naggari (JE | WP GWP G) A Palestinian amora of the fourth generation (fourth century), disciple of Hila, and contemporary of Judah b. (Simon b.) Pazzi...
- Ain (JE | WP GWP G) 1. A city given to the Levites in the tribes of Judah and Simeon (Josh. xv. 32, xix. 7, xxi. 16; Neh. xi. 29). The Septuagint...
- ) A well near the Arabah, first seen by Rowlands in 1842. He identified it with the Kadesh Barnea of the Bible. It was not seen...
- Ain Musa (JE | WP GWP G) A small oasis, about seven or eight miles southwest of Suez, Egypt. It is about 250 acres in extent, with luxuriant gardens...
- Aire (JE | WP GWP G) A fortified town on the river Adour, in southern France. There is no certainty that a Jewish community ever existed here;...
- Aix (JE | WP GWP G) A town in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, France, the Aquæ Sextiæ of the Romans, and for a short period...
- ) A city in Rhenish Prussia, in which a Jewish settlement flourished during the time of the Roman empire. in the Carlovingian...
- ) A city in Palestine, from which the adjacent "Valley of Ajalon" took its name (Josh. x. 12). Its location is identical with...
1021 – 1040
- : Ayas
- Akabah, Palestine ((Aqaba)) (JE | WP GWP G) See Eloth.
- ) A religious teacher, probably of the second tannaitic generation (first and second centuries). of his early history nothing...
- Akbarites (JE | WP GWP G) -- See O44: Okbarites
- Akdamut (JE | WP GWP G) A mystical poem, written in Aramaic by Meir ben Isaac Nehorai, which is in the Ashkenazic usage interpolated after the opening...
- ) This Biblical incident plays an important part in the Jewish liturgy. The earliest allusion to it in prayer occurs in the...
- Rachel Akerman JE (JE | WP GWP G) the earliest Jewess to write German poetry; born probably at Vienna, 1522; died at Iglau, Moravia, 1544. She appears to have...
- ) A fortified town of Transcaucasia, in the government of Tiflis, on an affluent of the Kur, 110 miles west of Tiflis. Of the...
- ) Son of Joseph Ḥanoks, a Talmudist and cabalistic writer, one of the refugees who, at the expulsion of the Jews from...
- Akiba Eger the Elder, of Presburg (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1030: Eger, Akiba, the Elder, of Presburg
- : Eger, Akiba, the Younger, of Posen
- Akiba Frankfurt (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1032: Frankfurt, Akiba
- ) Palestinian tanna; born about 50; martyred about 132. A full history of Akiba, based upon authentic sources, will probably...
- ) the title of a Midrash on the names of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Two versions or portions of the same exist: Version...
- Akiba [ben Joseph]'s Book On Letter-ornaments (JE | WP GWP G) According to the Haggadah (Men. 29b), Akiba found a significance in every little ornament or flourish upon the letters of...
- Akiba ben Judah Loeb (JE | WP GWP G) A German rabbi, who lived at Lehren-Steinsfeld, Württemberg, in the beginning of the eighteenth century. He wrote "Ha-Ohel'...
- ) An eminent scholar, who lived in Hungary and Bohemia in the second half of the fifteenth century; died at Prague 1496. His...
- Akiba Trani b. Elijah of Metz (JE | WP GWP G) Glossarist who lived in the eighteenth century. A collection of his casuistic glosses to the Talmudic treatises Zebaḥ...
- Akkad (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A716: Accad
- ) District, town, and village in the government of Bessarabia, Russia, on the right bank of the Dniester estuary, twenty-seven...
1041 – 1060
- Akkez (JE | WP GWP G) -- See H101: Hakkoz
- ) 1. Son of Elioenai, of the Judean royal family (I Chron. iii. 24). 2. A Levite, porter at the east gate of the Temple (I Chron...
- 'Akkum (JE | WP GWP G) An abbreviation formed by the initial letters of ("worshiper of stars and constellations"). 'Akkum therefore came to...
- Joseph ben Judah ibn Aknin (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1044: Joseph ben Judah ibn Aknin
- Abraham ibn Akra JE (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A588: Abraham ben Solomon Akra
- Akrabah (JE | WP GWP G) A city situated one day's journey north from Jerusalem (Ma'as Sheni, v. 2; Beẓah, 5a, where the spelling is...
- Akrabbim (JE | WP GWP G) This is mentioned in connection with the southeastern boundary of Judah (Num. xxxiv. 4; Josh. xv. 3; Judges, i. 36). It is...
- ) Scholar, bibliophile, and editor; born in Spain about 1489; died after 1578. The Arabic form of the name, as Steinschneider...
- Akron, Ohio (JE | WP GWP G) Capital of Summit county, forty miles from Cleveland. This city was first settled by Jews in 1850. The Akron Hebrew Congregation...
- Aksai (Tashkicha) (JE | WP GWP G) A village in the province of Tersk, in the Caucasus, which has a Jewish community of about 1,000 persons. These Jews claim...
- ) Russian Panslavist leader; born October 7, 1823; died at Moscow, February 8, 1886. Aksakov was one of the founders at Moscow...
- Israel Aksenfeld (JE | WP GWP G) A Judæo-German writer; born in Russia in the last quarter of the eighteenth century; died about 1868. He passed the first...
- Akylas (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1674: Aquila
- Alabama (JE | WP GWP G) One of the southern states of the United States; admitted Dec. 14, 1819; seceded Jan. 11, 1861; and was readmitted July, 1868...
- Alabarch JE (JE | WP GWP G) the title of an official who stood at the head of the Jewish population of Alexandria during the Grecian period. The etymology...
- Alabaster (JE | WP GWP G) the Alabaster of the ancients was the stalagmitic variety of carbonate of lime, and differed from what now is commonly known...
- Alaish (JE | WP GWP G) the name of a Spanish-Jewish family, which occurs in various forms; usually preceded by "abu." Abu-al-'aish means in Arabic...
- Ashkenazi Alaman (JE | WP GWP G) Name of a many-branched and wide-spread Jewish family in the Turkish empire, whose ancestor, Joseph ben Solomon of Ofen (Buda)...
- Alameth (JE | WP GWP G) Son of Becher and grandson of Benjamin (I Chron. vii. 8). G. B. L. This...
- Solomon Alami JE (JE | WP GWP G) An ethical writer who lived in Portugal in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; contemporary of Simon ben Zemaḥ...
1061 – 1080
- Alashkar >> Moses Alashkar JE (JE | WP GWP G) A Spanish-Jewish family whose name was probably derived from an Arabic word meaning "red."The first member of the Alashkar...
- Alatino (JE | WP GWP G) A notable family of Jews that settled in Italy in the second half of the sixteenth century, and occupied an important position...
- Crescenzo Alatri JE (JE | WP GWP G) Italian writer; born at Rome, 1825; died February 12, 1897. He was educated in the Talmud Torah of his native city, and graduated...
- Giacomo Alatri JE (JE | WP GWP G) Italian banker and philanthropist; son of Samuel Alatri; born at Rome in 1833; died there March 9, 1889. He was for several...
- Samuel Alatri JE (JE | WP GWP G) Italian politician, communal worker, and orator; born at Rome in 1805; died there May 20, 1889. For more than sixty years...
- Alatrini (JE | WP GWP G) Name of a distinguished Jewish family in Italy, derived from the name of the town Alatri. It has been often transcribed as...
- Jacob di Alba (JE | WP GWP G) Italian rabbi; lived at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century. He was rabbi in Florence, and author...
- Solomon ibn Albagal (JE | WP GWP G) A Spanish farmer of taxes who lived in Villa-Real or Ciudad-Real, and held office during the reign of Maria de Molina (1300-10)...
- Isaac Albalag JE (JE | WP GWP G) A philosopher of the second half of the thirteenth century, who, according to Steinschneider ("Hebr. Uebers." pp. 299-306)...
- Albalia (JE | WP GWP G) Name of one of the more ancient Jewish families in Spain. The tradition among its members was that they were descended from...
- Albany, New York (JE | WP GWP G) Capital of the state of New York and of Albany county, situated on the west bank of the Hudson river. As early as 1661, when...
- A449: Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi
- Isaac ben Reuben Albargeloni JE (JE | WP GWP G) See Isaac ben Reuben.
- : Judah ben Barzilai
- Moses ben Maimon Albas (JE | WP GWP G) Cabalist of the sixteenth century; lived in northwest Africa. He was the author of the cabalistic work "Hekal ha-Kodesh"...
- Samuel Albas (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi at Fez; born 1697; died 1749. He was well read in the Talmud and in rabbinical literature, and was highly esteemed by...
- Al-Bataljusi (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1077: Bataljusi, Al-
- Albelda (JE | WP GWP G) A town of Old Castile, in the vicinity of Logroño, which was inhabited by Jews as early as the eleventh century. The...
- Albelda (JE | WP GWP G) A Bible commentator (died 1549) who took his name from the town of Albelda, whence it is thought he or his ancestors must...
- Moses ben Jacob Albelda (JE | WP GWP G) Preacher and philosopher, grandson of the preceding; flourished in Turkey in the sixteenth century. He was a distinguished...
1081 – 1100
- Conrad Alberti (JE | WP GWP G) German novelist, dramatist, critic, and actor; born at Breslau, July 9, 1862. Having finished his education in his native...
- Albertus Magnus (JE | WP GWP G) the most eminent German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages and the real founder of the scientific tendency within...
- Albinus (JE | WP GWP G) Roman procurator of Judea from 61 to 64 (Jos. "Ant." xx. 9, § 1). While on his way from Alexandria to his new post he...
- Joseph Albo (JE | WP GWP G) Spanish preacher and theologian of the fifteenth century; known chiefly as the author of the work on the fundamentals of Judaism...
- Alby (Albi) (JE | WP GWP G) Ancient cathedral town, capital of the department of Tarn, France, forty-two miles northeast of Toulouse. It gave its name...
- ) A town seven miles east of Seville, Spain. At one time it had a small Jewish community, whose synagogue was razed by order...
- Alcalá de Henares (JE | WP GWP G) A walled town in New Castile, Spain, situated on the right bank of the Henares, about seventeen miles from Madrid; birthplace...
- Alcalá la Real (JE | WP GWP G) A town in Jaen, Spain, which sheltered a few Jews in the Middle Ages, and was the birthplace of Alfonso de Alcalá, so...
- Eugène Alcan (JE | WP GWP G) French litterateur, painter, and poet, who embraced Christianity; born in Paris in 1811; died about 1898. He was a brother...
- Félix Alcan (JE | WP GWP G) French publisher and scholar; born at Metz, March 18, 1841; grandson of Gerson Lévy, author of "Orgue et Pioutim," and...
- Michel Alcan (JE | WP GWP G) French engineer, politician, and author; born at Donnelay, in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, 1801; died at...
- Moyse Alcan (JE | WP GWP G) French publisher and litterateur born in 1817; died in Metz, May 14, 1869; father of the Parisian publisher Félix Alcan...
- Alcañiz (JE | WP GWP G) A town in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain; situated sixty-three miles southeast of Saragossa. As early as the thirteenth...
- Alchemy >> Mary the Jewess JE (JE | WP GWP G) the undeveloped chemistry of the Middle Ages, characterized by belief in the transmutation of base metals into gold, the discovery...
- Alcimus (JE | WP GWP G) Leader of the antinational Hellenists in Jerusalem, under Demetrius I. Soter of Syria (Josephus, "Ant." xi. 9, § 7);...
- Alcoholism (JE | WP GWP G) the morbid condition resulting from the excessive or prolonged use of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism and Nervous Disease...
- Alcolea (JE | WP GWP G) City in the province of Jaen, Andalusia, the Jewish congregation of which, like many others of the country, enjoyed special...
- Hanok ben Bahya Alconstantini (JE | WP GWP G) See Enoch (Ḥanok) ben Bachya, Alconstantini. This article is...
- Hanok ben Solomon Alconstantini (JE | WP GWP G) See Enoch (Ḥanok) ben Solomon, al-Constantini.
- Isaac ben Abram Ancona Alconstantini (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1100: Isaac ben Abraham Ancona, Alconstantini
1101 to 1200
1101 – 1120
- Jacob ben Isaac al-Corsono (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1101: Corsono, Al-, Jacob ben Isaac
- Meir ibn Aldabi JE (JE | WP GWP G) Writer of the fourteenth century; son of Isaac Aldabi, "He-Ḥasid" (The Pious); grandson of Asher ben Jehiel, and a descendant...
- Aldeas de los Judíos (JE | WP GWP G) the name given to the villages Aznalfarache, Aznalcazar, and especially Paterna, situated in the neighborhood of Seville,...
- Alfred-Philibert Aldrophe (JE | WP GWP G) A French architect; born in Paris, February 7, 1834. He attended the National School of Design and was a favorite pupil of...
- Abraham ben Ismail Aldubi (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudic scholar and author, who flourished in Spain in the first half of the fourteenth century. He was a pupil of Solomon...
- Aldus Manutius (JE | WP GWP G) Italian publisher; born at Bassiano in 1449 or 1450; died at Venice, Feb. 6, 1515. Aldus studied the Latin classics at Rome...
- Aleksandria (JE | WP GWP G) District, town, and village in the government of Kherson, Russia, on the Inguletz river. In 1897 the Jewish population was:...
- Aleksandrovsk (JE | WP GWP G) District and town in the government of Ekaterinoslav, Russia, on the left bank of the Dnieper, below the rapids. In 1897 the...
- Aleksei JE (JE | WP GWP G) Russian archpriest; convert to Judaism; born probably in Novgorod, 1425; died in Moscow, 1488. In the last quarter of the...
- Aleksander Aleksyeyev (JE | WP GWP G) Author and convert to the Greek Catholic Church; born in 1820, at Nazarinetz, government of Podolsk, Russia, of poor Jewish...
- Alemeth (JE | WP GWP G) 1. Son of Jehoadah, in the genealogy of Benjamin (I Chron. viii. 36). In I Chron. ix. 42 he is called the son of Jarah. 2...
- ) the last prayer of the daily liturgy in most congregations, so called from its initial word, "'Alenu," which means "It...
- Music of 'Alenu (V01p338001jpg) (JE | WP GWP G) the traditional melody to which the 'Alenu prayer is chanted, while of comparatively late origin, is of suitable breadth...
- Aleph (JE | WP GWP G) the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. For its symbolic meaning, see Mishnah Shabbat, i. It was employed as a numeral to...
- Aleppo (JE | WP GWP G) Town of ancient and of modern Syria, and capital of a Turkish vilayet of the same name, between the Orontes and Euphrates...
- Alessandria (JE | WP GWP G) Fortified town, situated in a province of the same name, in northern Italy, and founded, in 1168, by citizens from Cremona...
- Arnold Aletrino (JE | WP GWP G) A Dutch physician and professor of criminal anthropology at the University of Amsterdam; also served officially as surgeon...
- Ephraim Alex (JE | WP GWP G) Founder of the Jewish Board of Guardians, London; born in Cheltenham, 1800; died in London, Nov. 13, 1882. He was a successful...
- Alexa (JE | WP GWP G) 1. A foreign jurist of the third century, who discussed with the Palestinian amora R. Mana II. the question of collecting...
- Alexander the Great (JE | WP GWP G) the celebrated conqueror of the East, 356-323 B.C. By introducing Hellenic culture into Syria and Egypt, he had probably more...
1121 – 1140
- Alexander I of Judea (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1144: Alexander Jannæus
- Alexander II of Judea JE (JE | WP GWP G) Born about 100 B.C.; died 47 B.C. He was the eldest son of Aristobulus II. and son-in-law of Hyrcanus. Upon the conquest of...
- Alexander, son of Herod (JE | WP GWP G) Born about 35 B.C.; died about 7 B.C. His mother was the Hasmonean princess Mariamne. The unfortunate fate which persistently...
- Pope Alexander II (JE | WP GWP G) Family name Anselmo Baggio; born at Milan; died April 20, 1073. He became pope in 1061, succeeding Nicholas II., and ruled...
- P438: Popes, Attitude of
- Pope Alexander IV (JE | WP GWP G) Was Count Rinaldo di Segni prior to his elevation to the pontifical throne in 1254, at a time of great turbulence; he ruled...
- P438: Popes, Attitude of
- P438: Popes, Attitude of
- P438: Popes, Attitude of
- Alexander I, Pavlovich, Emperor of Russia (JE | WP GWP G) Born at St. Petersburg, Dec. 23, 1777; died at Taganrog, Dec. 1, 1825. During his reign (1801-25) more measures for internal...
- Alexander II, Nikolaievich, Emperor of Russia (JE | WP GWP G) Born at St. Petersburg, April 29, 1818; assassinated there March 13, 1881. He succeeded his father, Nicholas I., March 2,...
- Alexander III, Alexandrovich, Emperor of Russia (JE | WP GWP G) Born at St. Petersburg, March 10, 1845; died at Livadia, Nov. 1, 1894. He ascended the throne March 14, 1881, the day after...
- Alexander (JE | WP GWP G) An English family of printers and translators that flourished during the latter part of the eighteenth century and at the...
- Alexander (JE | WP GWP G) An amora. See Alexandri (Alexandra).
- Alexander of Aphrodisias (JE | WP GWP G) Greek commentator on Aristotle; flourished at the end of the second century and at the beginning of the third, in the reign...
- Alexander Balas, King of Syria (JE | WP GWP G) Date of birth unknown; died 145 B.C. A youth of lowly origin, he was set up as a pretender to the throne of Syria as being...
- Bernhard Alexander (JE | WP GWP G) Hungarian writer and professor of philosophy and esthetics; born at Budapest April 13, 1850. He was educated in his native...
- The False Alexander (JE | WP GWP G) A pretender to the throne of Judea. About 4 B.C., a Jewish youth living in Sidon and reared by a Roman freedman claimed the...
- Alexander de Franciscis, Hebraeus (JE | WP GWP G) Author and bishop at Forli; lived in Rome in the sixteenth century. His Jewish name was Elisha de Roma. After his baptism...
- Alexander the Great (JE | WP GWP G) See page 341.
1141 – 1160
- ) An English theologian and a member of the Franciscan order; born in the county of Gloucester; died in Paris, 1245. He was...
- Isaac Alexander (JE | WP GWP G) German author; lived in South Germany in the second half of the eighteenth century, and wrote on philosophical subjects from...
- ) Grand duke of Lithuania and king of Poland; born 1460; died at Wilna, 1506. He was the son of King Casimir IV. He ascended...
- Alexander Jannaeus (Jonathan) (JE | WP GWP G) King of Judea; born about 126 B.C.; died 76 B.C. He was the third son of John Hyrcanus, by his second wife, and ascended the...
- Lionel Lindo Alexander (JE | WP GWP G) Political and communal worker; born in London May 14, 1852; died Jan. 31, 1901. He was educated at the St. Marylebone'...
- Alexander Lysimachus (JE | WP GWP G) Alabarch; brother of the philosopher Philo, and father of Julius Alexander and Tiberius Julius Alexander. He held office under...
- Maurice Alexander (JE | WP GWP G) An Australian politician; born in London, Nov. 30, 1820; died in Sydney, N. S. W., January 27, 1874. He arrived in Sydney...
- ) First Anglican bishop of Jerusalem; born of Jewish parents at Schönlanke, in the grand duchy of Posen, May, 1799; died...
- ) Flourished between 105 and 40 B.C. He was the author of a book entitled Περὶ Ιονδ...
- Alexander (Sender) ben Mordecai (JE | WP GWP G) Associate rabbi of Prague in the second half of the seventeenth century. His work, "Shechiṭot u-BediḲot,"...
- Alexander ben Moses Ethausen (JE | WP GWP G) -- See E496: Ethausen
- Samuel Alexander (JE | WP GWP G) Metaphysician and psychologist; born in Sydney, New South Wales, July 6, 1859. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne...
- ) Roman emperor from 222 to 235; was especially friendly to both Jews and Christians. It was on this account, and not because...
- Alexander (Sender) Shor (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1120: Shor, Alexander
- ) One of the most important Talmudists of his time; flourished in the first half of the fourteenth century. He was rabbi first...
- Alexander Süsskind ben Moses of Grodno JE (JE | WP GWP G) A great cabalist of the eighteenth century; died at Grodno, Lithuania, in 1794. He wrote "Yesod we-Shoresh ha-'Abodah"...
- Alexander Süsskind ben Moses Kantshiger (JE | WP GWP G) Biblical scholar of the eighteenth century. He was the author of "Miẓnefet Bad" (The Linen Miter), Zolkiev, 1747, a...
- Alexander Süsskind ben Samuel Zanwil (JE | WP GWP G) A grammarian and cabalist; born at Metz about the end of the seventeenth century. In 1717-18 he published at Köthen (Anhalt...
- Tiberius Julius Alexander (JE | WP GWP G) Roman general of the first century; son of the alabarch Alexander, who gave him the name of Tiberius, probably in honor of...
- ) King of Syria, 124-122 B.C. He was the young son of a merchant, but he allowed himself to be proclaimed by the Egyptian king...
1161 – 1180
- Alexander the Zealot (JE | WP GWP G) One of the chiefs of the political party of Zealots about the year 50 of the common era. Led by him and his colleague Eleazar...
- Jonathan Alexandersohn (JE | WP GWP G) German rabbi; born at Grätz, in Posen, about the beginning of the nineteenth century; died at Altofen (Old Buda), Hungary...
- Daniel Alexanderson (ben Alexander) (JE | WP GWP G) Theological writer of the seventeenth century. He embraced the Christian faith at Rouen (France) on April 21, 1621, and wrote...
- Alexandra DAB (JE | WP GWP G) Daughter of King Aristobulus II.; brought to Rome with her parents and brothers as prisoners of war by Pompey in the year...
- Alexandra JE (JE | WP GWP G) Daughter of Hyrcanus II., and wife of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II. She was one of the strongest and shrewdest supporters... -- needs expansion 2010-04-27
- Alexandra DAB (JE | WP GWP G) Palestinian haggadist of the fourth century, contemporary of R. Levi. Commenting on Cant. iii. 1, R. Levi observes: "The congregation...
- Alexandra JE (JE | WP GWP G) the only Jewish queen regnant with the exception of the usurper Athaliah; born 139 B.C.; died 67 B.C.; she was the wife of...
- ) Chess-player; born at Hohenfeld-on-the-Main, Germany, about 1766; died in London, Nov. 16, 1850. Most of his life was spent...
- Édouard Alexandre (JE | WP GWP G) French organ manufacturer and inventor; born in Paris December 4, 1824; died, 1888. He learned his trade in the factory established...
- Alexandri (JE | WP GWP G) There were probably two amoraim of this name, unaccompanied either by patronymic or cognomen; and as both were Palestinians...
- Ancient Alexandria, Egypt (JE | WP GWP G) Historic city situated on the Mediterranean sea; fourteen miles west of the Canopic mouth of the Nile.The history of the Jews...
- ) the Jewish community of Alexandria, numbering (in 1900) 10,000 persons, is governed by an elective body of prominent men called...
- Alexandria, Louisiana (JE | WP GWP G) City on the south bank of the Red river, 360 miles northwest of New Orleans. The foundation of a Jewish community in Alexandria...
- ) While there were many earlier settlements of Jewish immigrants in Egypt, it was reserved for King Ptolemy I. to establish...
- Alexandrian ships (JE | WP GWP G) the ships of the Alexandrians are mentioned several times in the Mishnah as used by Jews (Kelim, xv. 1; Ohalot, viii. 1, 3)...
- Alexandrians in Jerusalem (JE | WP GWP G) in consequence of the active relations of the Alexandrian Jews with Palestine, many of them made their permanent home in Jerusalem...
- Alexandrium REF:JE (JE | WP GWP G) A fortified castle in Palestine, situated on one of the mountains between Scythopolis and Jerusalem, and, judging from its...
- ) Second czar of the Romanof dynasty; born at Moscow, March 29, 1629; died February 9, 1676. He succeeded his father, Michael...
- Alexius (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1109: Aleksei
- Don Zulema (Solomon) Alfahan (JE | WP GWP G) Spanish chief rabbi over the communities under the jurisdiction of the archiepiscopal see of Toledo. Don Pedro Tonorio, the...
1181 – 1200
- Alfakar (JE | WP GWP G) the name of one of the oldest Spanish-Jewish families, distinguished for its social position and scholarship; originally of...
- Moses Alfalas (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1305: Alpalas, Moses
- ) A family of eastern rabbis prominent in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, found in Smyrna, Constantinople, and Jerusalem...
- Alfaquin (JE | WP GWP G) A surname given in Spain generally to the physician, and also to the secretary and interpreter, of the king. In Spain, Portugal...
- Aaron Alfaquin (JE | WP GWP G) A physician at Pamplona, who received from Charles III. of Navarre in 1413 a monthly stipend of 9 florins, as a reward for...
- Joseph Alfaquin (JE | WP GWP G) A physician to Don Sancho of Navarre in the twelfth century, and colleague of Don Moses ben Samuel. In gratitude for his services...
- Mosse (Moses) Alfaquin (JE | WP GWP G) A physician of Perpignan; mentioned in 1377.Bibliography: Rev. Ét. Juives, xv. 37, xvi. 180.M. K. ...
- Samuel Alfaquin, of Pamplona (JE | WP GWP G) A physician who, in 1379, treated an English knight, Sir Thomas Trivet, with such skill and success, that at the instance...
- Solomon Alfaquin (JE | WP GWP G) A physician to King Sancho the Wise of Navarre, who valued the former's art so highly that he presented him with seven...
- ) Arabian philosopher; born in Farab, Turkestan, about 870; died in Damascus about 950. He studied at Bagdad, then the seat...
- ) Eminent Talmudist; born in 1013 at Kala't ibn Ḥamad, a village near Fez, in North Africa (whence his surname, which...
- Isaac ben Joseph Alfasi (JE | WP GWP G) Descendant of a Spanish family; flourished in Adrianople in the sixteenth century. He translated Ghazzali's work, "Mishkat...
- Isaac ben Reuben Alfasi (JE | WP GWP G) Sometimes stated to be a grandson of Isaac Alfasi. He is frequently cited as the author of "Sha'are Shebu'ot," a work...
- Masa'ud Raphael Alfasi (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi in Tunis at the end of the eighteenth century; died in 1776. He is the author of "Mishcha de-Rabuta" (Oil of Anointing)...
- ) A controversialist and physician in ordinary to King Alfonso VI. of Castile; born at Huesca, Aragon, in 1062, and died in...
- ) A series of astronomical tables giving the exact hours for the rising of the planets and fixed stars; compiled at Toledo at...
- P464: Portugal
- P464: Portugal
- : Spain
- ) A mathematician of uncertain date, author of a treatise on squaring the circle, extant in a manuscript in the British Museum...
1201 to 1300
1201 – 1220
- : Alfonso de Zamora
- A341: Abner of Burgos
- Alfonso Complutensis (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1206: Alfonso de Zamora
- : Spina, Alfonso de
- A341: Abner of Burgos
- Alfonso de Zamora (JE | WP GWP G) Spanish Marano of the sixteenth century; Hebraist and polemical writer; born in Zamora about 1474, and baptized in the Catholic...
- ) the name taken by the Latin translator or adapter of an anti-Jewish pamphlet, originally written in Arabic by Samuel abu Naṣ...
- Alfual (JE | WP GWP G) the family name of a number of Spanish Jews (Steinschneider, "Jew. Quart. Rev." xi. 587), of whom the following are known:Abraham...
- ) Translator into Hebrew of the celebrated medieval romance, "Amadis de Gaul." the translation probably appeared at Constantinople...
- Abraham ben Solomon Algazi (JE | WP GWP G) Supposed to have lived at Smyrna in 1659, and to have been the son of the author of the book, "Shema' Shelomoh" (Solomon'...
- Hayyim Algazi (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi in Constantinople in the seventeenth century. He was a disciple of Joseph di Trani, and the author of a commentary on...
- Hayyim Isaac Algazi (JE | WP GWP G) Author of the books: "Derek Eẓ ha-Ḥayyim" (The Way of the Tree of Life), "'En Yamin" (The Right Eye), "Sha'...
- Hayyim ben Menahem Algazi (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi of the island of Rhodes and Smyrna; lived in the seventeenth century; author of "Bene Ḥayyai" (Sons of My Life)...
- Israel Jacob Algazi (JE | WP GWP G) Great-grandson of Solomon Algazi the elder, and rabbi in Jerusalem in the eighteenth century. Besides contributing to dialectical...
- Moses ben Abraham Algazi (JE | WP GWP G) A rabbinical writer who flourished in Smyrna in the seventeenth century. He was the brother of Solomon Algazi the elder, and...
- Moses Joseph Algazi (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi at Cairo, Egypt; born 1764; died after 1840, in which year he became prominent through the energetic support which he...
- Samuel ben Isaac ben Joseph Algazi (Alghasi), of Candia (Crete) (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudical commentator and historian, died shortly before 1588. He came of a family of scholars, both father and grandfather...
- Solomon Nissim Algazi, the Elder JE (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi in Smyrna and in Jerusalem in the seventeenth century. He must not be confused with his grandson and namesake, a rabbi...
- Yom-Tob ben Israel Jacob Algazi (JE | WP GWP G) Commentator; lived at Jerusalem in the eighteenth century; author of a commentary on Nachmanides' "Hilkot Bekorot"...
- Science of M259: Mathematics
1221 – 1240
- Algeria (JE | WP GWP G) Country on the coast of North Africa, now a French colony, but formerly belonging successively to Carthage, Rome, the Saracens...
- Algiers (JE | WP GWP G) A seaport of northern Africa; capital of the French colonial province of Algeria. The origin of its Jewish community, like...
- Meir b. Solomon Alguadez (JE | WP GWP G) A Castilian court physician and chief rabbi of the fifteenth century; exact dates of birth and death unknown. He was presumably...
- Algum (JE | WP GWP G) A tree, the identity of which is uncertain. Jastrow, "Dict." s.v., suggests that it may be coral-wood; others, that it may...
- Alhadib (JE | WP GWP G) Name of a family of which representatives are known from the beginning of the fourteenth to the end of the seventeenth century...
- 'Al ha-Rishonim (JE | WP GWP G) A passage in the Morning Prayer coming between the Shema' and the 'Amidah. In the Northern rituals a variant is substituted...
- ) A celebrated Hebrew poet of the early part of the thirteenth century, who lived in Spain and traveled in the Orient. Neither...
- ) the longer confession of sin (Widdui), each sentence of which begins with the formula, "Forgive us for the sin we have committed...
- Ali b. Abraham al-Tawil (JE | WP GWP G) Karaite scholar; flourished at Ramleh, Egypt, in the twelfth century. He was the author of a commentary on the Bible, no longer...
- Ali ha-Levi ben Solomon (JE | WP GWP G) Gaon; head of the academy at Bagdad in the first half of the twelfth century. His name occurs in an old Arabic responsum (Harkavy...
- ) Physician and writer on medical subjects in Irak about the middle of the ninth century; born in Taberistan. His father, Sahl...
- Ali Sulaiman (JE | WP GWP G) -- See D102: David of Fez
- Alibi (JE | WP GWP G) A form of defense by which the accused undertakes to show that he was elsewhere when the crime was committed. Such a defense...
- Alienation and Acquisition (JE | WP GWP G) the act of causing a thing to become the property of another—Alienation—is, in Roman and English law, the general...
- Aliens (JE | WP GWP G) There are several designations for Aliens in the Old Testament. Of these, and mean specifically "foreign," a person outside...
- Alimony (JE | WP GWP G) "The allowance made to a woman by an order of court, from her husband's estate or income, for her maintenance after her...
- Isaac ben Moses Alisch (JE | WP GWP G) -- See E306: Elles, Isaac ben Moses
- Alityros (Aliturus) (JE | WP GWP G) Actor, of Jewish birth, at the court of Nero. Through him Josephus became acquainted with the empress Poppæa—whose...
- ) in synagogal services, the going up, or being called up, to the reading-desk (almemar), for the reading of a portion of the...
- Aljama JE (JE | WP GWP G) A Spanish term of Arabian origin used in old official documents to designate the self-governing communities of Moors and Jews...
1241 – 1260
- Moses ben Solomon Alkabiz (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1241: AlḲabiẓ, Solomon ben Moses ha-Levi
- Solomon ben Moses ha-Levi Alkabiz (JE | WP GWP G) A cabalist and liturgical poet born in Safed, who flourished in the first half of the sixteenth century and who was a contemporary...
- Abraham Alkabizi (JE | WP GWP G) Editor at Constantinople during the first quarter of the sixteenth century. In 1516 he, together with Judah Sason and Joseph...
- Abraham ben Samuel Alkalai (JE | WP GWP G) Casuist, who lived in Turkey in the latter part of the eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth. He wrote "Zekor...
- Isaac ben Joseph Alkalai (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1192: Alfasi, Isaac ben Joseph
- Joseph ben David Alkalai (JE | WP GWP G) Lived in Turkey in the early part of the nineteenth century. Author of "Amar Yoseph," containing notes to Maimonides and alphabetically...
- ) Rabbi in Semlin, Croatia; died October, 1878. He became noted through his propaganda in favor of the restoration of the Jews...
- Moses ben David Alkalai (JE | WP GWP G) Judæo-Spanish translator, and writer of Hebrew textbooks; lived in Turkey in the nineteenth century. With his father...
- Alphonse Alkan (JE | WP GWP G) French printer, bibliographer, and author; born in Paris, 1809, died at Neuilly-sur-Seine, 1889. He first worked as a practical...
- ) French pianist and composer; born in Paris, Nov. 30, 1813; died there, March 29, 1888. On attaining his sixth year he was...
- Napoléon Alexandre (Morhange) Alkan (JE | WP GWP G) French pianist and composer; born in Paris, 1826. He was a brother of Charles Valentin Alkan, and, like him, entered the Conservatory...
- Alkimus Jakim (JE | WP GWP G) High priest, leader of the Hellenists. See Alcimus.
- Allariz (JE | WP GWP G) A Spanish town in the province of Orense, Galicia, in which, as in Coruña, Ferrol, and Pontevedra, there were Jews as...
- Isaac ben Abraham ibn Latif Allatif (JE | WP GWP G) See Latif, Ibn.
- P199: Periodicals
- ) That explanation of a Scripture passage which is based upon the supposition that its author, whether God or man, intended...
- Allegory in the Old Testament (JE | WP GWP G) Allegory is a sustained description or narration, treating directly of one subject, but intended as an exposition of another...
- Abraham Allegri (JE | WP GWP G) A contemporary of Moses Benveniste; lived at Constantinople about the middle of the seventeenth century. He wrote a commentary...
- ) A cabalist who flourished in the second half of the fifteenth century; born in Constantinople. He migrated to Italy, and became...
- John Allen (JE | WP GWP G) English dissenting minister, educator, and author; born at Truro in 1771 and educated in the city of his birth by Dr. Cardue...
1261 – 1280
- ) Town in the district of Königsberg, eastern Prussia. The small Jewish community there was established Feb. 25, 1862....
- ) A German journal devoted to Jewish interests; founded in 1837 by Dr. Ludwig Philippson(1811-89); published first in Leipsic...
- Allgemeines Archiv des Judenthums (JE | WP GWP G) A monthly publication, devoted, as its title indicates, to the general history of the Jews. It was founded and edited by Jeremiah...
- Alliance Israélite Universelle (JE | WP GWP G) A society founded in 1860 for the protection and improvement of the Jews in general, but mainly devoted to the interests of...
- Alliance (JE | WP GWP G) New Jersey: An agricultural colony situated in the southeastern part of Salem county, New Jersey, four miles from Vineland...
- Alliteration and Kindred Figures (JE | WP GWP G) Successive use or frequent recurrence of the same initial letter or sound at the beginning of two or more words; specifically...
- Allon (JE | WP GWP G) 1. Son of Jedaiah, in the genealogy of Simon (I Chron. iv. 37). 2. One of those who returned with Zerubbabel (I Esd. v. 34)...
- Allon Bachuth (JE | WP GWP G) An oak near Bethel, at the foot of which Deborah, the nurse of Rebekah, was buried (Gen. xxxv. 8). In Judges, iv. 5 a tree...
- Joshua ben Joseph ibn Vives Allorqui (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1269: Ibn Vives Allorqui, Joshua ben Joseph
- Alluf (JE | WP GWP G) in the Babylonian colleges, title of the chief judge, third in rank below the gaon. As a special distinction it was granted...
- Allufe ha-Kehillah (JE | WP GWP G) A general name for prominent members of any congregation, and typically used in regard to the leaders of the community in...
- Almagest (JE | WP GWP G) the Arabic title of the astronomical work of Claudius Ptolemy (flourished 150), entitled by him μαθημ...
- Joseph Almalia (JE | WP GWP G) Italian rabbi, of the beginning of the nineteenth century, whose responsa "ToḲfo shel Yosef" (The Strength of Joseph)...
- Joseph b. Aaron Almalih (JE | WP GWP G) One of the patrons mentioned by Abraham Ankawa in the preface to his responsa, "Kerem Ḥemed" (Leghorn, 1869-71). Kaufmann...
- Almanac (JE | WP GWP G) An annual table, book, or the like, comprising a calendar of days, weeks, and months. Among the Jews it was the holy prerogative...
- Aron de Almanza (JE | WP GWP G) A Marano born at Salamanca, Spain, of Jewish parents. His first wife was Leonore de los Rios Sotte, whom he married in 1696...
- Almanzi (JE | WP GWP G) A family that, according to Luzzatto, derives its name from the city of Almansa in Murcia, Spain. The earliest member of the...
- Joseph Almanzi (JE | WP GWP G) Bibliophile and poet; born at Padua, March 25, 1801; died at Triest, March 7, 1860. The eldest son of Baruch Ḥayyim...
- ) A Marano of Saragossa, and private secretary to King Ferdinand of Aragon. He was burned at the stake on the accusation of...
- ) One of the conspirators against the inquisitor Pedro d'Arbuez. He escaped death by flight, but his wife Isabella, together...
1281 – 1300
- Isaac Almeida (JE | WP GWP G) Turkish rabbi and author; born in the latter half of the seventeenth century; died between 1723 and 1739. He was associate...
- Lopez d'Almeida (JE | WP GWP G) Head of the embassy sent by Alfonso V. of Portugal to Pope Sixtus IV., in the year 1472. His mission was twofold: to congratulate...
- ) Corrupted from the Arabic al-minbar, "the chair," "the pulpit," is an elevated platform in the synagogue, on which the desk...
- Jose Henriques de Almeyda (JE | WP GWP G) A writer in Amsterdam in the early part of the eighteenth century. He published in Portuguese: "Anagrama Achrostica do Sagrado...
- Adam Almiliby (JE | WP GWP G) A Portuguese Jew who, together with Isaac Belamy, was appointed a farmer of the royal taxes in 1353 by King Alfonso IV. By...
- Almodad (JE | WP GWP G) the eldest son of Joktan (Gen. x. 26, I Chron. i. 20). The meaning of the name is uncertain. The first element, "Al," may...
- ) A Moorish dynasty in north-western Africa and in Spain during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. With the rise of the Almohades...
- Almoli, Almuli >> Solomon Almoli JE (JE | WP GWP G) A Spanish-Jewish family name derived from the Arabic al-mu'alli ("the one who raises up"). In addition to those referred...
- A487: Abraham ben Judah Elimelech
- Almon (JE | WP GWP G) A city in the territory of Benjamin given to the priests (Josh. xxi. 18); now called 'Almit. Found also in the corresponding...
- Almond (JE | WP GWP G) A term applied to a tree (Jer. i. 11, Eccl. xii. 5), to a fruit (Gen. xliii. 11, Num. xvii. 23 [A. V. 8]), and to a bud or...
- Almon Diblataim (JE | WP GWP G) A stopping-place in Moab in the Israelites' journey from Egypt (Num. xxxiii. 46, 47). Called Beth Diblataim in Jer. xlviii...
- ) A Moorish dynasty in northwestern Africa and in Spain in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The rise of this dynasty marked...
- Almosnino >> Moses Almosnino JE, Joseph Almosnino JE (JE | WP GWP G) A distinguished Jewish family originally dwelling in Aragon. The name, according to Jellinek (see Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl...
- Alms (JE | WP GWP G) A word derived from the Greek ἐλεημοσύνη (mercifulness), used by Greek-speaking...
- : Algum
- ) A Hebrew scholar of the gaonic period; probably of Nehardea. He is the author of a rimed alphabetical treatise in Hebrew on...
- Isaac ben Joseph Alnakif (JE | WP GWP G) Liturgical poet of the thirteenth century (in Spain?), who composed a zulat (liturgical poem between the Shema' and '...
- ) An important family of Spanish Jews, the first mention of whom occurs late in the twelfth century. In Hebrew the name is written...
- ) See Alnaqua, Ephraim.
1301 to 1400
1301 – 1320
- ) Translation of , occurring four times in the Old Testament (Num. xxiv. 6, Ps. xlv. 8, Prov. vii. 17, Cant. iv. 14), and of...
- Alonzo de la Calle (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1385: America, Discovery of
- Alonzo de Cartagena (JE | WP GWP G) Marano; born in Burgos, Spain, in 1385. Alonzo, together with his father, Salomon ha-Levi, or Paul de Burgos, and his brothers...
- ) Cabalist, philosopher. See Herrera, Alonzo de.
- Moses Alpalas (Alfalas) (JE | WP GWP G) A Jewish preacher at Salonica about the middle of the sixteenth century. Of his many homiletic and theological writings, there...
- Alpha (JE | WP GWP G) the Greek name for Aleph was, according to the older tradition of R. Ishmael (SheḲalim, iii. 2; compare Aleph), used...
- Alpha and Omega (JE | WP GWP G) An expression found in several places in the Revelation of John (xxi. 6, xxii. 13, i. 8), a book which is to-day almost universally...
- The ) the characters of the Hebrew Alphabet are derived from the so-called Phenician or Old Semitic letters, to which almost all...
- : Ben Sira, Alphabet of
- Jacob Alpron (JE | WP GWP G) Italian translator; died Dec. 22, 1622. He adapted and translated into Italian Benjamin ben Abraham of Solnik's "Miẓ...
- ) Jewish poet of the Banu al-Nadhir in Medina, who flourished shortly before the Hegira (622). His family was in possession...
- Alroy JE (JE | WP GWP G) A pseudo-Messiah who lived about 1160; born at Amadia in Kurdistan. He became thoroughly proficient in Biblical and Talmudic...
- Alsace (JE | WP GWP G) A German territory which, together with Lorraine, forms a Reichsland, or imperial territory. It lies between the River Rhine...
- Al-Sameri (JE | WP GWP G) the man who made the golden calf in the wilderness.See Sameri. This article...
- Jacob Alsari (JE | WP GWP G) Teacher of Hebrew and grammarian, who for eighteen years lectured in Hebrew in Zerkowo, Prussian Poland, near the Russian...
- : Fürst, Julius
- ) Rabbi in Safed, Palestine, in the second half of the sixteenth century, and son of Ḥayyim Alshech. He was a disciple...
- Levi b. Jacob ibn al-Tabban (JE | WP GWP G) Grammarian and poet, flourished at Saragossa in the beginning of the twelfth century. He was the friend and elder contemporary...
- Abraham al-Tabib (JE | WP GWP G) Spanish physician who lived in Castile in the first half of the fourteenth century. He was the contemporary of Abraham ibn...
- Altar (JE | WP GWP G) in the book of Genesis it is often said that altars were erected (viii. 20, xii. 7, xiii. 8, xxvi. 25, xxxiii. 20, etc.)....
1321 – 1340
- Jonas (Jonathan ha-Levi) Altar (JE | WP GWP G) Bohemian rabbi; born 1755; died March 25, 1855, in Goltsch-Jenikau. He represented the strictest orthodoxy as evidenced by...
- Meir ha-Levi Altar (JE | WP GWP G) Son of preceding; born in Goltsch-Jenikau, Bohemia, 1803; died there in 1868. He translated into German the Yoẓerot...
- Altaras (JE | WP GWP G) A family name variously spelled: and . It is not certain whether this is the same name as that borne by the Spanish Karaite...
- David ben Solomon Altaras (JE | WP GWP G) An Italian rabbi and editor who flourished at Venice, 1675-1714. He wrote the short Hebrew grammar in the quarto Bible (Venice...
- Jacques Isaac Altaras (JE | WP GWP G) French ship-builder and philanthropist; born in Aleppo, Syria, in 1786, and died at Aix (Department of Bouchesdu-Rhône...
- Moses Altaras (JE | WP GWP G) An Italian rabbi of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; known as the author of a translation into Judæo-Spanish...
- Solomon Altaras (JE | WP GWP G) Venetian rabbi of the eighteenth century, probably the son of David Altaras, edited among other works a collection of prayers...
- ) Ancient fortified city in the grand duchy of Baden, Germany; the scene of Jewish persecution.In the fourteenth century, when...
- Altenkunstadt (JE | WP GWP G) See Burgkunstadt.
- Jacob (Koppel) ben Zebi Altenkunstadt (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi at Verbo, Hungary; lived in the first half of the nineteenth century. He wrote "Ḥiddushe Yabeẓ" (novellæ...
- P494: Prague
- ) Old Hungarian city, now incorporated in Budapest as the third district. The earlier history of the Jews in AltOfen begins...
- Altona (JE | WP GWP G) City and port, situated on the Elbe, adjoining Hamburg, in Holstein, which was formerly a Danish duchy, but is now a part...
- Altruism (JE | WP GWP G) A term derived from the late Latin alter hic ("this other"); dative, alteri huic, contracted to alteruic. It seems to have...
- ) Various forms of a family name borne by Ashkenazic Jews in many countries. Though each of these forms now represents groups...
- Alupka (JE | WP GWP G) Village on the southern shores of the Crimea, Russia; mentioned in the letter of Joseph, king of the Chazars, to Ḥasdai...
- Alushta (JE | WP GWP G) Village on the southeastern shore of the Crimea, in the district of Yalta, Russia. Some ruins exist of the fort Aluston built...
- Alva (JE | WP GWP G) Fernando Alvarez de Toledo: born, 1508; died at Thomar, Portugal, 1582. A famous Spanish general who fought in the various...
- Samuel Alvalensi (JE | WP GWP G) Spanish author; born, 1435; died, 1487. He was the son of the learned Abraham Alvalensi, of Toledo, and pupil of Isaac Campanton...
- Samuel Alvalensi (JE | WP GWP G) Perhaps the grandson of the above; was born in Spain at the end of the fifteenth century, was taken after the expulsion of...
1341 – 1360
- Alvarez (JE | WP GWP G) Name of a Hispano-Portuguese family which has included among its members many scholars, distinguished men, and martyrs. Branches...
- ) A gifted Spanish statesman of the fifteenth century who attained the highest military rank, that of Grand Constable. With...
- Jacob Alyashar (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudist; born at Wilna, Russia, about 1735; died in Safed about 1785. The congregation at Hebron in 1765 sent him as their...
- ) Ḥakam Bashi (chief rabbi) of Jerusalem; born at Safed, June 1, 1817. He was taken to Jerusalem in 1823. His teacher...
- Alypius of Antioch (JE | WP GWP G) Eminent geographer of the fourth century; intimate friend of the Roman emperor, Julian the Apostate. Alypius, of noble and...
- Alzey (JE | WP GWP G) A town in Rhein-Hessen (Germany), on the Setez. While the first traces of the residence of Jews in the Palatinate, to which...
- Amadeo of Rimini (JE | WP GWP G) -- See J185: Jedidiah ben Moses of Recanati
- ) A town in Asiatic Turkey, vilayet of Bagdad, north of Mosul, the birthplace of the pseudo-Messiah, David Alrui (Alroy). In...
- Joshua Judah Amado (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudist, of a Spanish family settled at Salonica in the early part of the nineteenth century. He wrote "Ohole Yehudah" (The...
- ) Spanish historian of the Jews in Spain and Portugal, and archeologist; born 1818; died at Seville, 1878. De los Rios was for...
- ) Name of a nomadic nation south of Palestine. That the Amalekites were not Arabs, but of a stock related to the Edomites (consequently...
- Aman (JE | WP GWP G) 1. This name is found only in the Apocrypha, Tobit, xiv. 10. He is there mentioned as the persecutor of Achiacharus, but even...
- Amana (JE | WP GWP G) 1. River rising in Anti-Lebanon and flowing through Damascus, the modern Nahr Barada (II Kings, v. 12, where there is a variant...
- Isaac Bekor Amaragi (JE | WP GWP G) Translator and historical writer of the nineteenth century, who lived in Salonica. He translated, from the Hebrew into Judæ...
- Moses Amaragi (JE | WP GWP G) Physician in ordinary to the court of Sultan Murad IV. (1623-40) in Constantinople. He was rich and learned and a patron of...
- 'Am ha-Arez (JE | WP GWP G) A term used in common parlance in the sense of "ignoramus," applied particularly to one ignorant of Jewish matters. Compare...
- Amariah (JE | WP GWP G) 1. The great-grandfather of the prophet Zephaniah (Zeph. i.) 2. The son of Azariah, who was high priest-in Solomon's temple...
- Aaron ben Solomon Amarillo (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudic author of the eighteenth century. He was a descendant of the Amarillos, a family of scholars that gave several great...
- Abraham Amarillo (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi at Salonica about the beginning of the nineteenth century. His sermons on the Pentateuch were published under the title...
- ) Rabbi at Salonica during the first half of the eighteenth century. He edited, and often annotated, the works of his father...
1361 – 1380
- Samuel Amarillo (JE | WP GWP G) Collector of royal taxes at Tudela, Navarre, from 1380 to 1391, particularly of the duties paid by the Jews and the Moors...
- Solomon ben Joseph Amarillo (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbi at Salonica, who died in 1722. Amarillo was the father-in-law of Solomon Abdallah and an intimate friend of the learned...
- Amarkol (JE | WP GWP G) A title applied to "a Temple trustee superintending the cashiers" (Jastrow, "Dict."; see Shek. v. 2). While the three—...
- Amasa (JE | WP GWP G) 1. According to II Sam. xvii. 25, the son of Ithra, an Israelite; I Chron. ii. 17 calls his father Jether, the Ishmaelite...
- Amasai (JE | WP GWP G) 1. Son of Elkanah, a Levite of the Kohathite family (I Chron. vi. 10, 20; II Chron. xxix. 12). 2. Chief of the captains who...
- ) A priest who dwelt at Jerusalem (Neh. xi. 13). G. B. L. This article is...
- Amasia, Amasieh (JE | WP GWP G) City in Asia Minor, on the Yeshil-Irmak (the ancient Iris). The population in 1900 was 23,000. The city is now of little importance...
- Amathus (JE | WP GWP G) A fortress near the Jordan, north of the river Jabbok and 21 miles south of Pella. At the beginning of the first century...
- Amatus (Habib) Lusitanus JE (JE | WP GWP G) Physician. See Juan Rodrigo de Castel-Branco.
- Amatuni (JE | WP GWP G) Members of one of the most powerful of the old Armenian clans, whose habitation was along the slopes of Mount Ararat. Their...
- Amaziah (JE | WP GWP G) 1. Priest at Beth-el in the reign of Jeroboam II. When the prophet Amos came to Beth-el, and there prophesied the death of...
- ) Son of Joash and father of Azariah (II Kings, xv. 1); came to the throne about 795 B.C. As soon as his kingdom was established...
- Amber (JE | WP GWP G) the Hebrew word Ḧashmal, rendered "amber" by the A. V., occurs only in Ezekiel (three times). Its meaning has puzzled...
- Amberg (JE | WP GWP G) A town in the district of the Upper Palatinate and Regensburg (Ratisbon), Bavaria; inhabited by Jews from the thirteenth century...
- Ambron, Ambran (JE | WP GWP G) An Italian family, prominent since 1492, at which period they emigrated from Spain ("Rev. Ét. Juives," ix. 70, 74). Of...
- ) A philosophical writer; lived in Rome in the first half of the eighteenth century. His life-work was a book on the universe...
- Ambrose (JE | WP GWP G) Church father and author; born about 340 at Treves; died 397 in Milan. This audacious prelate—who as bishop of Milan...
- Moses Ambrosius (JE | WP GWP G) One of the earliest Jewish settlers in New York, then called New Amsterdam. He was one of a party of twenty-three Jews who...
- Ambrosoli (JE | WP GWP G) An ecclesiastic dignitary of Rome, the events of whose life touched the history of the Jews of that city in 1848. He distinguished...
- Menahem Mann ben Solomon ha-Levi Amelander (Amlander) (JE | WP GWP G) A Dutch writer of the eighteenth century. He must have died before 1767, since in the edition of the Pentateuch published...
1381 – 1400
- Amemar (JE | WP GWP G) A compound word, of which the first element is the prenomen, the second a title often found among the Jewish sages in Babylonia...
- Amemar b. Mar Yanuka (Yanka) (JE | WP GWP G) A Babylonian teacher of the fifth and sixth amoraic generations, who, together with the exilarch (Resh Galuta) Huna Mar II...
- Amen (JE | WP GWP G) A word used at the conclusion of a prayer, or in other connections, to express affirmation, approval, or desire. It is derived...
- ) the name "America" is used in this article in its broadest signification, as applied to the entire western world; that is...
- The ) Among the various discoveries of the fifteenth century, none is more intimately connected with the Jews and their history...
- ) Judaism in America—by its logical and historical development of Judaism in its most recent sphere of activity—...
- The American Hebrew (JE | WP GWP G) A weekly journal, the first number of which was published in New York city, Nov. 21, 1879. It was founded chiefly through...
- The American Israelite ((under History of the Jews in Cincinnati JE)) (JE | WP GWP G) A weekly journal established in Cincinnati, O., in July, 1854, by Isaac Mayer Wise under the title of "The Israelite." It...
- The American Jewess (JE | WP GWP G) A monthly (afterward quarterly) magazine printed in Chicago and New York. There were nine volumes, the first appearing in...
- American Jewish Historical Society (JE | WP GWP G) A society organized at New York city, June 7, 1892, at a meeting convened by Cyrus Adler, of Washington, D. C. About forty...
- ) A society formed for the dissemination of Jewish literature, and the first of its kind in the United States; founded at Philadelphia...
- ) An association founded in 1873 by a number of New York Jews: Leopold Bamberger, Benjamin I. Hart, Myer Stern, Edward Morrison...
- Sadie American (JE | WP GWP G) Corresponding secretary of the Council of Jewish Women; born at Chicago, March 3, 1862.Miss American has been connected with...
- Amethyst (JE | WP GWP G) A variety of quartz of a clear purple or bluish violet color, much used as a precious stone. It is generally accepted that...
- Ami (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1407: Ammi
- P199: Periodicals
- Joseph Amico (JE | WP GWP G) Learned and influential rabbi born in Tunis (?); who went to Italy after the year 1550, when Moses Provençal was chief...
- : Shemoneh 'Esreh
- Abraham Amigo JE (JE | WP GWP G) A noted rabbi of Palestine; flourished about the middle of the seventeenth century. He was a contemporary of Moses ben Nissim...
- Meir Amigo (JE | WP GWP G) A Spanish Jew, who lived in the second half of the eighteenth century at Temesvar (Hungary). He was nicknamed "Re chico" (the...
1401 to 1500
1401 – 1420
- Amiltai (JE | WP GWP G) in Greek mythology, the goat, whose horn overflowing with nature's riches has become the symbol of plenty (the cornucopia)...
- Amittai (JE | WP GWP G) Father of the prophet Jonah (II Kings, xiv. 25; Jonah, i. 1). According to rabbinical sources (Yer. Suk. v. 55a; Gen. R. xcviii...
- C183: Caro, David
- Amittai ben Shephatiah (JE | WP GWP G) A wellknown liturgical poet, who flourished at Oria, Italy, in the beginning of the tenth century. The time of his activity...
- 'Ammi, 'amm (JE | WP GWP G) A name applied to Semitic gods and found in Biblical names like Amminadab, Ammiel, Ammishaddai. The word 'amm, 'am...
- David b. Samuel Ammar (JE | WP GWP G) An author of Leghorn, who wrote "Tefilah le-David" (A Prayer of David) on the hundred daily benedictions (Salonica, 1777;...
- Ammi JE (JE | WP GWP G) the name of several amoraim. In the Babylonian Talmud the first form only is used; in the Palestinian Talmud all three forms...
- Ammianus Marcellinus (JE | WP GWP G) Roman historian; born at Antioch, Syria, about 320; died about 395. He wrote a history of Rome, from Nerva to Valens, in which...
- Ammiel (JE | WP GWP G) A name of the following persons in the Old Testament: 1. A Danite (Num. xiii. 12). 2. Father of Machir, of Lodebar (II Sam...
- Ammihud (JE | WP GWP G) 1. Father of Elishama, the chief of Ephraim in the second year after the exodus (Num. i. 10, ii. 18); appears also in the...
- Ammihur (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1410: Ammihud
- Amminadab (JE | WP GWP G) 1. The father of Aaron's wife Elisheba (Ex. vi. 23) and of Nahshon, the "head of the tribe of Judah" (Num. i. 7, ii....
- ) Name of the father of the Danite Ahiezer, in Num. i. 12, ii. 25, etc. Gray, "Hebrew Proper Names," pp. 194 et seq., 245,...
- ) A nation in eastern Palestine. As to their origin from Lot, compare Gen. xix. 38, in which "Ben-ammi" (son of my paternal...
- Amnon (JE | WP GWP G) 1. The eldest son of David and Ahinoam, the Jezreelitess (II Sam. iii. 2). As heir presumptive to the throne he was an object...
- ) Subject of a medieval legend that became very popular. It treats of R. Amnon, a wealthy and respected Jew of Mayence, whom...
- Amolo, Bishop of Lyons (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1446: Amulo
- Amon (JE | WP GWP G) An Egyptian god, whose name occurs in Jer. xlvi. 25 ("Amon of No," R. V.) and in Nahum, iii. 8 (No-Amon). He was originally...
- Amon (JE | WP GWP G) 1. Governor of Samaria during the reign of Ahab (I Kings, xxii. 26; II Chron. xviii. 25). To him Ahab handed over Micaiah...
- ) the Biblical accounts of Amon are found in II Kings, xxi. 18-26 and in II Chron. xxxiii. 20-25; and he is mentioned in I Chron...
1421 – 1440
- Amora (JE | WP GWP G) A word signifying "the speaker," or "the interpreter," derived from the Hebrew and Aramaic verb amar ("to say," or "to speak")...
- Amorites (JE | WP GWP G) the descendants of the fourth son of Canaan (Gen. x. 16, I Chron. i. 14). They form part of the ancient inhabitants of Palestine...
- Amos (JE | WP GWP G) Jewish prophet of the eighth century B.C.; date of birth and death unknown. Among the minor prophets there is none whose personality...
- Book of Amos (JE | WP GWP G) This Biblical book, one of the twelve so-called "Minor Prophets," opens with the announcement of God's intention to punish...
- Amoz (JE | WP GWP G) Father of the prophet Isaiah. See Isaiah.
- Amram (JE | WP GWP G) One of the sons of Bani mentioned in Ezra x. 34, in the list of those having foreign wives (I Esd. ix. 34; Omærus; R...
- ) A son of Kohath, and grandson of Levi. He married his own aunt, Jochebed, Kohath's sister, by whom he became the father...
- David Werner Amram (JE | WP GWP G) American lawyer; son of Werner David Amram; born at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1866; educated at the public schools and at the...
- Amram Hasida (The Pious) (JE | WP GWP G) A Babylonian amora of the third generation (fourth century), a contemporary of R. NaḦman (B. B. 151a). In addition...
- Hayyim Amram (JE | WP GWP G) Commentator who lived in Palestine in the first half of the nineteenth century. He published "Ḳorban PesaḦ" (Passover...
- Ibn Amram (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A654: Joseph ibn Amram
- Amram ben Isaac ibn Shalbib (JE | WP GWP G) Ambassador of Alfonso VI., of Leon and Castile, in the eleventh century. The position occupied by the Jews in Christian Spain...
- Amram of Jerusalem (JE | WP GWP G) Two scholars are known under this name. 1. A contemporary of Rashi (eleventh century), who maintained a learned correspondence...
- ) A saint and rabbi of whom the following legend is told. After having been the head of a school at Mayence, his native place...
- Nathan ben Hayyim Amram (JE | WP GWP G) Palestinian scholar and author who flourished at Hebron in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Amram was selected...
- ) A Babylonian amora of the third generation (fourth century); contemporary of Ḥisda, NaḦman, and Abba bar Memel...
- ) Samaritan liturgical poet. A number of prayers by him are incorporated in a liturgy, a fragment of which is in the Bodleian...
- Amram ben Sheshna JE (JE | WP GWP G) Head of the Sura Academy; died about 875. He was a pupil of Naṭronai II., Gaon of Sura, and was exceptionally honored...
- Amram b. Simon b. Abba (JE | WP GWP G) the son of a scholar, and the nephew of R. Ḥiyya ben Abba; he seems to have remained without distinction in the scholarly...
- Amraphel (JE | WP GWP G) A king of Shinar (Gen. xiv. 1, 9), who invaded the West in conjunction with Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and others, and destroyed...
1441 – 1460
- Amschel (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1562: Anschel
- Amsterdam (JE | WP GWP G) One of the capital cities of the Netherlands founded as a fishing village in the thirteenth century. No Jews lived there...
- Amsterdam, New York (JE | WP GWP G) City of Montgomery county, New York, on the Mohawk river, 33 miles northwest of Albany; population in 1900, 20,929.The earliest...
- Amu (JE | WP GWP G) the ancient Egyptian designation for the Semites, frequently quoted in popular literature. The correct form in Hebrew letters...
- Amulet (JE | WP GWP G) the word "Amulet" used to be considered as derived from an imaginary Arabic word "hamalet" (something hung on); but it is...
- ) Archbishop of Lyons (841) in the reign of Charles the Bald; died 852. From his master and predecessor, Agobard, he learned...
- Amusements (JE | WP GWP G) See Games, Pastimes.
- Anab (JE | WP GWP G) A city in the hills of southern Judea, lying in the domain of Judah (Josh. xv. 50), from which Joshua exterminated the Anakim...
- ) Antipope to Innocent II. from 1130 to 1138. By reason of his Jewish descent, which prompted Voltaire to call him ironically...
- Anagram (JE | WP GWP G) the letters of a word so transposed as to make a different word or phrase. The use of anagrams by the Jews dates back to...
- Anah (JE | WP GWP G) 1. Mother of Aholibamah, one of the wives of Esau and daughter of Zibeon (Gen. xxxvi. 2, 14, 18, 25). The Septuagint, the...
- ) 1. A supporter of Ezra (Neh. viii. 4), who is called Ananias in I Esd. ix. 43. 2. A prominent man who sealed the covenant...
- Anakim (JE | WP GWP G) A pre-Canaanite tribe, dwelling (according to Josh. xi. 21, 22, and Judges i. 10, 20) in the hill country of Judah and in...
- Analogy (JE | WP GWP G) Talmudic Rule of Interpretation. See Talmud, Hermeneutics of. This article...
- Anamim (JE | WP GWP G) A Mizraimite people, unidentified, mentioned in Gen. x. 13 and in I Chron. i. 11, who dwelt probably in Egypt or some neighboring...
- Anammelech (JE | WP GWP G) A god worshiped by the Sepharvites in Samaria under the Assyrian régime, along with the god Adrammelech (II Kings, xvii...
- Anan (JE | WP GWP G) Babylonian amora of the third century, disciple of Mar Samuel (Yeb. 83b, Ḳid. 39a), and contemporary of Rab Huna and...
- Anan, son of Anan (JE | WP GWP G) Born about the beginning of the common era (compare Josephus, "B. J." iv. 3, §§ 7 and 10); was appointed high priest...
- Anan, son of Ananias, the High Priest (JE | WP GWP G) He was strategus, or governor of the Temple at Jerusalem (Josephus, "B. J." ii. 12, § 6; "Ant." xx. 6, § 2), and...
- Anan ben David JE (JE | WP GWP G) in the second half of the seventh century and in the whole of the eighth, as a result of the tremendous intellectual commotion...
1461 – 1480
- Anan ben Marinus ha-Kohen (JE | WP GWP G) Rabbinical authority in Siponte; born probably about 1040. Conjointly with his somewhat older colleague, Kalonymus ben Shabbethai...
- Salvatore Anan (JE | WP GWP G) Italian writer, pamphleteer, and revolutionary leader; born at Ferrara, 1807; died at Genoa, 1874. In recognition of his patriotic...
- Anan, son of Seth (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1554: Annas
- Ananel (JE | WP GWP G) See Hananel.
- Ananel (Hananeel) Di Foligno (JE | WP GWP G) Baptized Jew; lived at the middle of the sixteenth century. Joseph ha-Kohen reports in his "'Emek ha-Baka" that...
- ) A Palestinian amora of the third century, contemporary of R. Ammi. He rarely discussed Halakot, and his discussions of them...
- Ananias (JE | WP GWP G) This name stands in the Septuagint and New Testament as the equivalent for different Hebrew names, one (I.) with initial ח...
- Ananias of Adiabene (JE | WP GWP G) A Jewish merchant, probably of Hellenic origin, who, in the opening years of the common era, was prominent at the court of...
- ) High priest, appointed by Herod of Chalcis. He officiated from about 47 to 59, and was deprived of his office by Agrippa II...
- Ananias, son of Onias IV JE (JE | WP GWP G) On account of the persecutions under Antiochus IV., Onias IV. fled from Jerusalem to Egypt, won the favor of Ptolemy VI.,...
- Ananias, son of Zadok (JE | WP GWP G) According to Josephus ("B. J." ii. 17, § 10; "Vita," 66-67), one of the deputies of high rank from among the Pharisees...
- ) District, town, and village in the province of Kherson, Russia. In 1897 the Jewish population was: in the town 7,650 (50 per...
- Anapa (JE | WP GWP G) Town in the province of Kuban, Russia, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. Jews are said to have lived here in the first...
- Anarchism (JE | WP GWP G) This term is used so loosely in the United States by writers and public speakers that a scientific definition appears to be...
- ) the name of an ancient war-goddess of the western group of Semites. The Egyptian way of writing the name of the Phenician-Israelitish...
- : Shamgar
- Anathema (JE | WP GWP G) A term used both in the sense of consecration and of condemnation. The old Greek 'Aνάθημα...
- Anathoth (JE | WP GWP G) A town in the territory of Benjamin in Palestine, included among the original Levitical cities (Josh. xxi. 18; compare I Chron...
- Anatoli ben David Casani (JE | WP GWP G) -- See A1479: Casani, Anatoli ben David
- ) Hebrew translator of Arabic scientific literature; flourished about 1194-1256 (see "Journal Asiatique," xiv. 34). Anatolio...
1481 – 1500
- Anatomy (JE | WP GWP G) the science dealing with the structure of organisms, especially that of the human body. The information given in the Bible...
- The Anavim (JE | WP GWP G) the name of a sect or party. See Ḥasidim.
- Anaw (JE | WP GWP G) the name of a Jewish family that settled in Italy, and which was originally resident at Rome. According to a family tradition...
- Abraham ben Jehiel ha-Rofe Anaw (JE | WP GWP G) Physician and rabbi in Rome at the beginning of the thirteenth century. He was the father of Zedekiah, author of "Shibbole...
- ) A liturgical poet, Talmudist, and commentator of the thirteenth century; older brother of Zedekiah b. Abraham. Perhaps the...
- ) Author of ritualistic works; younger brother of Benjamin b. Abraham Anaw; lived at Rome in the thirteenth century; received...
- ) Among the many foreigners who held positions at the court of Prince Andrei Bogolyubski, in Kiev, toward the end of the twelfth...
- ) the same homage and adoration paid to deceased parents and more remote ancestors as usually given to deities. Many anthropologists...
- Juan de Anchias (JE | WP GWP G) Associate and first private secretary of the Inquisition in Spain (1485-90). He was understood to be especially familiar with...
- Ancient of Days (JE | WP GWP G) A poetical epithet for God. It is an incorrect rendering of the Aramaic 'attik yomin (Dan. vii. 9) or 'attiḳ...
- Ancona (JE | WP GWP G) Ancient city of Italy, capital of a province bearing its name, situated on the Adriatic; said to have been founded by Syracusan...
- ) Historian of Italian literature and philologist; born at Pisa (Tuscany), Feb. 20, 1835. He is the youngest of five brothers...
- Jacob ben Elia D'Ancona (JE | WP GWP G) Copyist; lived at the end of the fifteenth century. Steinschneider states ("Hebr. Bibl." xx. 126) that Ancona copied some...
- Andalusia (JE | WP GWP G) the largest of the ancient divisions of southern Spain, comprising the Moorish kingdoms of Seville, Cordova, and Granada,...
- Andernach (JE | WP GWP G) An ancient city in the Prussian governmental district of Coblenz. From very early times a Jewish community was sheltered within...
- Andi (JE | WP GWP G) One of the wild Lesghian tribes of the province of Tersk (Terek) and northern Daghestan. Like the Tabassarans and other Caucasian...
- Salvador d'Andrada (JE | WP GWP G) One of the earliest Jewish settlers in New York, his name being first encountered in 1655. He appears to have been more wealthy...
- Abraham Andrade (JE | WP GWP G) French rabbi; born in the last quarter of the eighteenth century; died at Bordeaux, 1836. During the Reign of Terror (1793-94)...
- Velosino Jacob de Andrade (JE | WP GWP G) Physician; born in Pernambuco 1657, of Portuguese parents, who had, like many other Maranos, fled to Brazil after it had become...
- : Joseph Ẓarfati
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