William Farrar Smith

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William Farrar Smith
William Farrar "Baldy" Smith
Born(1824-02-17)February 17, 1824
St. Albans, Vermont, US
DiedFebruary 28, 1903(1903-02-28) (aged 79)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
Place of burial
Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance United States (Union)
Service/branchUnited States Army
Union Army
Years of service1845–1867
Rank Major General
Commands heldVI Corps
IX Corps
XVIII Corps
Battles/warsAmerican Civil War

Gettysburg Campaign

Chattanooga Campaign

Overland Campaign

Signature

William Farrar Smith (February 17, 1824 – February 28, 1903), known as "Baldy" Smith, was a

Chattanooga Campaign in the autumn of 1863. Leading the first operation against Petersburg, Smith's caution, possibly illness-related, may have cost the Union a prime opportunity for a quick end to the war. He was relieved of command shortly thereafter.[1]

Early life

Smith, known to his friends as "Baldy", was born at

first lieutenant on March 3, 1853.[3]

During his service in the Corps, Smith conducted surveys of the Great Lakes, the states of Texas, Arizona, and Florida, as well as much of Mexico. While serving in Florida, Smith was stricken with the infectious disease malaria. Although he would recover at the time, the illness affected his physical health for the rest of his life. In 1856 Smith began his involvement in the lighthouse service, which was headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, and eventually rose to become the Engineer Secretary of the Lighthouse Board.

Smith was also twice assistant professor of

captain on July 1, 1859.[3]

Civil War

Smith was commissioned the colonel of the Third Vermont on July 23, 1861, but dated from April 27, making him the ranking officer of Vermont troops. On August 13, 1861, he was appointed a brigadier general in the Union Army after helping organize the 1st Vermont Brigade. He was appointed a brevet lieutenant colonel in the regular army for his gallantry at the Battle of White Oak Swamp in the Seven Days Battles. On July 4, 1862, he received promotion to the rank of major general in the Union Army. Smith led his division with conspicuous valor during the Battle of Antietam, and was again brevetted in the regular army. When his corps commander, Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin, was reassigned to a superior command, Smith was placed at the head of the VI Corps of the Army of the Potomac, which he led at the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg.[4]

The recriminations that followed Fredericksburg led to a famous general order in which army commander Maj. Gen.

Gen. Robert E. Lee back to the Potomac River. He followed this in division command in West Virginia
.

On October 3, 1863, Smith was assigned to duty as chief engineer of the

Chattanooga. Of this action the House Committee on Military Affairs reported in 1865 that "as a subordinate, General WF Smith had saved the Army of the Cumberland from capture, and afterwards directed it to victory." Smith was then renominated for the rank of major general of volunteers. Ulysses S. Grant, who was much impressed with Smith's work, insisted strongly that the nomination should be confirmed, which was accordingly done by the Senate on March 9, 1864. Grant, according to his own statement "was not long in finding out that the objections to Smith's promotion were well grounded," but he never said what the grounds were, while Smith, contributing to a major series of war memoirs,[5] maintained that they were purely of a personal character.[4]

General William Farrar Smith and staff

For the

Edward W. Hinks) were ordered to take the city. Remembering the debacle at Cold Harbor, Smith performed exhaustive reconnaissance. Determining that the section of the defensive line was manned primarily by artillery, he ordered an attack. The attack was successful in capturing several Confederate batteries and over a mile of entrenchments. However, by the time this was accomplished, Smith determined that darkness prevented him from effectively moving further. Both the time it took to prepare for the attack and suspending the attack at night has led some historians to see the outcome of the battle as a missed opportunity to shorten the war by nearly a year. But the fault may also lay with General Grant who failed to communicate with Smith, Major General George Gordon Meade and Major General Winfield Scott Hancock the full picture of the battle's true objective and provide the time to develop an effective operational plan. Smith's personal and professional differences with Generals Butler and Meade led General Grant to relieve Smith from command of the XVIII Corps on July 19, 1864. Smith spent the remainder of the war serving on military commissions, including one that discover significant corruption in the Department of the Gulf.[1]

Postbellum career

Smith resigned from the volunteer service in 1865, and from the U.S. Army in 1867. From 1864 to 1873 he was president of the International Telegraph Company, and from 1875 to 1881 served on the board of police commissioners of New York City, becoming its president in 1877. After 1881 he was engaged in civil engineering work in Pennsylvania.[4] He died at Philadelphia in 1903 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[6] His Autobiography of Major General William F. Smith, 1861–1864 was published posthumously in 1990.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4766-8613-4
  2. ^ "Vermont Historical Society" (PDF). vermonthistory.org.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1
  4. ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
  5. ^ Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence C. Buel, eds. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884–1888.
  6. ^ Burial Detail (directions): Smith, William F – ANC Explorer
  7. ISBN 978-0-89029-534-2

Further reading

External links
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