Battle of White Oak Swamp
Battle of White Oak Swamp | |||||||
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Part of the Alfred R. Waud, artist, June 1862 | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
United States (Union) | CSA (Confederacy) | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
William B. Franklin | Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson | ||||||
Units involved | |||||||
Units from Army of the Potomac | Units from Army of Northern Virginia | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
~100[1] |
15 total 3 killed 12 wounded Peninsula Campaign | ||||||
The Battle of White Oak Swamp took place on June 30, 1862, in
Background
Military situation
The
Most elements of McClellan's army had been able to cross White Oak Swamp Creek by noon on June 30. About one third of the army had reached the James River, but the remainder was still marching between White Oak Swamp and Glendale.[4]
Lee ordered his Army of Northern Virginia to converge on the retreating Union forces, bottlenecked on the inadequate road network. Stonewall Jackson was ordered to press the Union rear guard at the White Oak Swamp crossing while the largest part of Lee's army, some 45,000 men, would attack the Army of the Potomac in mid-retreat at Glendale, about 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest, splitting it in two.[5]
Stonewall Jackson had acquired fame for his brilliant
The last Union unit to travel south through White Oak Swamp, and thus Jackson's target, was the VI Corps under Brig. Gen. William B. Franklin, consisting of the divisions of Brig. Gens. William F. "Baldy" Smith and Israel B. Richardson.[8]
Opposing forces
Union
Confederate
Battle
Jackson's men marched south on the White Oak Road with their artillery chief, Colonel Stapleton Crutchfield, at the head of the column. They marched slowly because they were accompanied by thousands of wounded Union prisoners and many of the stores that they obtained at Savage's Station. They found that the single bridge over the swamp had been burned two hours earlier. Jackson arrived at noon and approved Crutchfield's gun emplacement that was designed to fire diagonally from a ridge across the swamp against the Union batteries and infantry positions that they saw about 300 yards (270 m) away. At 2 p.m. on June 30, seven Confederate batteries of 31 guns opened fire, catching the Union troops by surprise and disabling several of their cannons.[9]
After ordering his engineers to begin rebuilding the bridge, Jackson directed Col.
Munford reported that he found a ford (Fisher's Ford) a quarter of a mile downstream that would be suitable for the infantry to cross. Brig. Gen. Wade Hampton found a closer point at which a simple bridge could be built for infantry. Jackson ordered him to build the bridge, but took no specific action to cross the swamp, having decided that it was infeasible to attack if he could not cross his artillery. While the artillery duel across the swamp escalated to over 40 guns, and while the battle at Glendale raged less than 3 miles (4.8 km) away, Jackson sat beneath a large oak tree and fell asleep for over an hour.[11]
Aftermath
Jackson's inaction allowed some units to be detached from Franklin's corps in late afternoon to reinforce the Union troops at Glendale. Jackson did not inform Lee of his situation and Lee did not send anyone to find Jackson until it was too late to make a difference. Although Jackson's wing of the Army and Franklin's corps comprised tens of thousands of men, the action at White Oak Swamp included no infantry activity and was limited to primarily an artillery duel. The Confederates lost 3 artillerymen killed and 12 wounded, but there is no exact record of the number of Union casualties; historian Brian K. Burton estimates as many as 100 Union casualties, with the highest losses in the
After dinner with his staff that night, Jackson fell asleep again, with a biscuit clenched between his teeth. Upon awakening he announced, "Now, gentlemen, let us at once to bed, and rise with the dawn, and see if tomorrow we can do something." Two weeks later he offered an explanation for his unusually lethargic conduct at the battle: "If General Lee had wanted me, he could have sent for me."[12] Lee never criticized Jackson's performance in the battle.[13]
Edward Porter Alexander, the prominent Confederate artillery commander and postwar historian, lamented about the great lost opportunity at Glendale and White Oak Swamp: "When one thinks of the great chances in General Lee's grasp that one summer afternoon, it is enough to make one cry ... to think that our Stonewall Jackson lost them."[14]
See also
- Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862
- List of costliest American Civil War land battles
- Richmond in the Civil War
- Virginia in the American Civil War
- List of American Civil War battles
- List of Virginia Civil War units
Notes
- ^ Burton, p. 257.
- ^ a b Burton, p. 257; Salmon, p. 119.
- ^ Salmon, p. 64.
- ^ Eicher, pp. 290-91; Kennedy, p. 98; Salmon, p. 113.
- ^ Eicher, p. 291; Salmon, pp. 113-15.
- ^ See, for instance, Freeman, R.E. Lee, vol. 2, p. 247: "... by every test, Jackson had failed throughout the Seven Days."
- ^ Salmon, pp. 64-65.
- ^ a b Salmon, p. 117.
- ^ Robertson, p. 493; Salmon, p. 117.
- ^ Robertson, p. 494; Salmon, p. 117.
- ^ Robertson, pp. 494-95; Salmon, pp. 117-19.
- ^ Robertson, pp. 495-96.
- ^ Sears, p. 278.
- ^ Robertson, p. 496.
References
- Burton, Brian K. Extraordinary Circumstances: The Seven Days Battles. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-253-33963-4.
- ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
- OCLC 166632575.
- Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
- ISBN 0-02-864685-1.
- Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.
- ISBN 0-89919-790-6.
- National Park Service battle description
- CWSAC Report Update
External links
- Seven Days Campaign of 1862: Maps, histories, photos, and preservation news (Civil War Trust)
- Animated history of the Peninsula Campaign