Yanmen Pass
| Yanmen Pass | |
|---|---|
Great Wall of China at Yanmen Pass, overlooked by a pagoda | |
| Location | Shanxi, China |
| Coordinates | 39°11′13″N 112°51′48″E / 39.18694°N 112.86333°E |
  | |
| Yanmen Pass | ||
|---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin Yànménguān Cūn | | |
| Wade–Giles | Yen-mên-kuan Tsun | |
| Other names | ||
|---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin Xīxíngguān | | |
| Wade–Giles | Hsi-hsing Kuan | |
| Former names | |
|---|---|
| Shangtian | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Báicǎokǒu Xiāng |
| Wade–Giles | Pai-ts‘ao-k‘ou Hsiang |
Yanmen Pass, also known by its Chinese name Yanmenguan and as Xixingguan, is a
Name
Yanmen Pass, sometimes translated in English to Wild Goose PassChinese Post Office.[4]
Geography
Yanmen is a
Chinese agriculture.[6] The village of Yanmenguan is about 20 kilometers (10 mi) from the county seat Shangguan (Daixian) and about 180 kilometers (110 mi) northeast of the provincial capital Taiyuan.[1] Once far distant, it now lies near the outskirts of the expanding metropolis of Datong to its northeast.[7]
History
Ancient China
Chinese history,[1] the ramparts raised under King Yong did not run through it but along the northern extent of his territory closer to today Hohhot in Inner Mongolia.[10][11] Yanmen itself was defended, but by a fort and garrison on a local hill.[1]
Imperial China
At some point during the reign of the
Eastern Han by the 1st century AD.[18]
Yuwen Yun (posthumously the "Jing" or "Silent Emperor"), refortified the wall between Yanmen and Jieshi in 579 to protect Northern China from the Blue Turks and the Khitans.[19] Upon Yuwen Chan's death in 580, his father-in-law Yang Jian seized power, eventually declaring himself the first emperor of the Sui.[19]
The
s 萧啜里, Xiāo Chuòlǐ), won Song innumerable horses and war equipment, and secured its new conquests and northern border.[20]
Under the
Inner Great Wall in 1374 and these are the defensive works seen today.[1] It is one of the few stone stretches of the wall left in Shanxi.[21]
Modern China
During the
supply column the next day. This supposedly took out around 200 Japanese and "hundreds" of vehicles.[23] The Japanese were then obliged to begin air assaults and dedicate the Ushiromiya Division to push He's men further north.[23]
Following the war, Yanmen Pass was reckoned as part of the boundary of China's "Third Front", which was used by national authorities in planning infrastructure investment and military defenses. Yanmen Township was created in 2001 from the merger of parts of some of Dai County's smaller settlements, particularly Shangtian and Baicaokou. The Yanmen Pass Scenic Area was named a AAAAA attraction by the China National Tourism Administration in 2017.[24]
Administrative divisions
Yanmenguan Township oversees Yanmenguan and 27 other
villages:[25]
| Name | Simp. |
Trad. |
Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shangtian | 上田村 | 上田村 | Shàngtiáncūn |
| Dianshang | 殿上村 | 殿上村 | Diànshǎngcūn |
| Chenjiazhuang | 陈家庄村 | 陳家莊村 | Chénjiāzhuāng Cūn |
| Xiduan | 西段村 | 西段村 | Xīduàncūn |
| Beixinzhuang | 北新庄村 | 北新莊村 | Běixīnzhuāng Cūn |
| Yezhuang | 野庄村 | 野莊村 | Yězhuāngcūn |
| Beiwangzhuang | 北王庄村 | 北王莊村 | Běiwángzhuāng Cūn |
| Zhangjiahe | 张家河村 | 張家河村 | Zhāngjiāhé Cūn |
| Xiwa Yaotou | 西瓦窑头村 | 西瓦窯頭村 | Xīwǎ Yáotóu Cūn |
| Qianyaopu | 前腰铺村 | 前腰鋪村 | Qiányāopù Cūn |
| Nankou | 南口村 | 南口村 | Nánkǒucūn |
| Taihe Lingkou | 太和岭口村 | 太和嶺口村 | Tàihé Lǐngkǒu Cūn |
| Shidaoshi | 试刀石村 | 試刀石村 | Shìdāoshí Cūn |
| Baicaokou | 白草口村 | 白草口村 | Báicǎokǒu Cūn |
| Qinzhuang | 秦庄村 | 秦莊村 | Qínzhuāngcūn |
| Wangzhuang | 王庄村 | 王莊村 | Wángzhuāngcūn |
| Xiaogou | 小沟村 | 小溝村 | Xiǎogōucūn |
| Dongshuiquan | 东水泉村 | 東水泉村 | Dōngshuǐquán Cūn |
| Zhaozhuang | 赵庄村 | 趙莊村 | Zhàozhuāngcūn |
| Mabu Daigou | 麻布袋沟村 | 麻布袋溝村 | Mábù Dàigōu Cūn |
| Houyaopu | 后腰铺村 | 後腰鋪村 | Hòuyāopù Cūn |
| Gao'ergou | 高二沟村 | 高二溝村 | Gāo'èrgōu Cūn |
| Yanmenguan | 雁门关村 | 鴈門關村 鴈門關村 |
Yànménguān Cūn |
| Dayugou | 大峪沟村 | 大峪溝村 | Dàyùgōu Cūn |
| Liulin | 柳林村 | 柳林村 | Liǔlíncūn |
| Laoxinggou | 老杏沟村 | 老杏溝村 | Lǎoxìnggōu Cūn |
| Hongqiang | 红墙村 | 紅牆村 | Hóngqiángcūn |
| Xintian | 新田村 | 新田村 | Xīntiáncūn |
Sites
Yanmen was formerly reckoned as the first of the "Nine Passes under Heaven".[1] The preserved Ming fortifications are about 1 kilometer (0.6 mi) long and 4 meters (13 ft) high.[1] It includes three fortified gatehouses. The western gate is called Dili ("Chosen Battleground"), the central gate is Yanmen proper, and the eastern gate is Tianxian ("Impregnable Fortress").[1] They are open to the public from 8 am to 6:30 pm.[1][26]
The fortifications in the Yanmen Pass form part of the defenses of the "
.The
generals of the Yang Clan line one of the pathways of the site.[7]
The ruins of
urns.[6]
Transportation
The Datong–Yuncheng Expressway runs through part of Yanmen Pass. The village of Yanmenguan is connected to the county seat Daixian by bus. The main fortification is about 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) outside of town, reached by walking[1] or shuttle bus.[26] The general inconvenience of transportation to the site means that it is less crowded than other well-known sites along the wall.[1][2]
Popular media
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2018) |
The Battle of Yanmen Pass is an important moment in the
.References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n CIIC (2015).
- ^ a b Evans (2006), p. 183
- ^ Wen (2003), p. 16.
- ^ Stanford (1917), p. 15.
- ^ Hing Ming (2011), p. 197.
- ^ a b c d e Lu (2017).
- ^ a b c Sun & al. (2016).
- ^ a b Di Cosmo (2002), p. 143
- ^ Yü (1990), p. 118
- ^ Jing (2015), pp. 34–5.
- ^ Di Cosmo (2002), p. 147.
- ^ Loewe (2000).
- ^ a b Yü (1967), p. 8.
- ^ Clark (2008), p. 229.
- ^ a b c d Yü (1986), p. 390
- ^ a b Whiting (2002), p. 147.
- ^ a b Whiting (2002), p. 148.
- ^ Knechtges (2010), p. 119.
- ^ a b c d e f Pletcher (2010), p. 94
- ^ a b Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, ch. 21
- ^ a b Evans (2006), p. 194
- ^ Yang (2018).
- ^ a b c Wortzel (1999), s.v. "Yanmen Guan Ambush"
- ^ Hunan (2017).
- ^ "代县行政区划", 《行政区划网》, 21 October 2016. (in Chinese)
- ^ a b c d e f TCG.
Bibliography
- "Yanmen Pass of the Great Wall", Official site, Beijing: China Internet Information Center, 21 April 2015.
- "20 National Tourist Attractions Receive 5A-Level Classification", Official site, Changsha: Hunan Provincial People's Government, 20 February 2017.
- "Yanmenguan Great Wall", Travel China Guide, Xi'an.
- Clark, Anthony E. (2008), Ban Gu's History of Early China, ISBN 9781621969730.
- ISBN 9780521543828.
- Evans, Thammy (2006), Great Wall of China: Beijing & Northern China, Chalfont St Peter: Brandt Travel Guides, ISBN 9781841621586.
- Hung Hing-Ming (2011), The Road to the Throne: How Liu Bang Founded China's Han Dynasty, New York: Algora Publishing, ISBN 9780875868387.
- Jing Ai (2015), Wang Gangliu; et al. (eds.), A History of the Great Wall of China, New York: SCPG Publishing, ISBN 9781938368325.
- Knechtges, David Richard(2010), "Ban Gu", Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Pt. I, Leiden: Brill.
- Li Tao (1183), Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian|《續資治通鑑長編》 [Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, Extended Continuation of the Zizhi Tongjian]. (in Chinese)
- Loewe, Michael (2000), "Ban Yi", A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han, and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24), Handbook of Oriental Studies, Sect. IV: China, No. 16, Leiden: Brill.
- Lu Shunming (19 May 2017), "The Yanmenguan Great Wall", China Scenic, vol. No. 115, Beijing: Chinese National Geography Press
{{citation}}:|volume=has extra text (help). - Pletcher, Kenneth (2010), "Great Wall of China", The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places, Understanding China, New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, pp. 90–97, ISBN 9781615301348.
- Stanford, Edward (1917), Complete Atlas of China, 2nd ed., London: China Inland Mission.
- Sun Ruisheng; et al. (2 November 2016), "Yanmen Fort Helps Shanxi Win the Battle for Its Soul", China Daily Asia, Beijing: China Daily Information Co.
- Wen, Robert K. (2003), Leaves upon the River, ISBN 9780595277094.
- Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD, Lincoln: iUniverse, ISBN 978-0-595-22134-9.
- Wortzel, Larry M. (1999), Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History, ISBN 9780313293375.
- Yang Chan (2018), World War Two Legacies in East Asia: China Remembers the War, Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia, Abingdon: Routledge, ISBN 9781351391504.
- Yü Ying-shih (1967), Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Yü Ying-shih (1986), "Han Foreign Relations", The Cambridge History of China, Vol. I: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
- Yü Ying-shih (1990), "The Hsiung-nu", The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Vol. I: From the Earliest Times to the Rise of the Mongols, ISBN 9780521243049.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Wall of China at Yanmen Pass.
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| In the interior |
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